A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance varies with light intensity, utilizing semiconductive materials that allow electrons to break free and conduct electricity when light is absorbed. LDRs can be classified into intrinsic and extrinsic types based on their material composition and have a wide range of applications, including in photographic light meters and automatic street lighting. The operation of an LDR involves the principle of photoconductivity, where the absorption of light increases the conductivity of the material, resulting in decreased resistance.

1. PRESENTATION BY
NAVEEN KOREDDI (M Tech)
I S T JNTUK

2. DEFINITION
 A light dependent resistor also know as a LDR,
photo resistor, photoconductor or photocell, is a
resistor whose resistance increases or decreases
depending on the amount of light intensity.

3. CONSTRUCTION
 The way an LDR works is that they are
made of many semi-conductive materials
with high resistance.
 The reason they have a high resistance is
that are very few electrons that are free and
able to move because they are held in a
crystal lattice and are unable to move.
 When light falls on the semi conductive
material it absorbs the light photons and the
energy is transferred to the electrons, which
allow them to break free from the crystal
lattice and conduct electricity and lower the
resistance of the LDR.

4. WORKING
 A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo
conductivity. Photo conductivity is an optical phenomenon in
which the materials conductivity is increased when light is
absorbed by the material.
 When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the
electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor material
are excited to the conduction band.
 These photons in the incident light should have energy
greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material to
make the electrons jump from the valence band to the
conduction band.
 Hence when light having enough energy strikes on the
device, more and more electrons are excited to the conduction
band which results in large number of charge carriers.
 The result of this process is more and more current starts
flowing throgh the device when the circuit is closed and hence
it is said that the resistance of the device has been decreased.
This is the most common working principle of LDR.

5. TYPES OF LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS
 Light dependent resistors are classified based on
the materials used.
 Intrinsic Photo Resistors
 These resistors are pure semiconductor devices
like silicon or germanium. When the light falls on
the LDR, then the electrons get excited from the
valence band to the conduction band and number
of charge carriers increases.
 Extrinsic Photo Resistors
 These devices are doped with impurities and these
impurities creates a new energy bands above the
valence band. These bands are filled with
electrons. Hence this decrease the band gap and
small amount of energy.

6. RESISTANCE VS ILLUMINATION

7. USES
 Light dependant resistors have many uses, many of the
uses have to do with objects that have to work in certain
levels of light. Some of the uses of the LDR are in
 photographic light meters,
 streetlights and various alarms,
 light burglar alarms,
 re alarms and smoke alarms.

8. APPLICATIONS
 Analog Applications
 Camera Exposure Control
 Auto Slide Focus - dual cell
 Photocopy Machines - density of toner
 Colorimetric Test Equipment
 Densitometer
 Electronic Scales - dual cell
 Automatic Gain Control – modulated light source
 Automated Rear View Mirror
 Digital Applications
 Automatic Headlight Dimmer
 Night Light Control
 Oil Burner Flame Out
 Street Light Control
 Absence / Presence (beam breaker)
 Position Sensor

9. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

10. oLDR CONTROLLED TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT
THE CIRCUIT SHOWN ABOVE SHOWS A SIMPLE WAY OF CONSTRUCTING
A CIRCUIT THAT TURNS ON WHEN IT GOES DARK.
IN THIS CIRCUIT THE LDR AND THE OTHER RESISTOR FORM A SIMPLE
'POTENTIAL DIVIDER' CIRCUIT, WHERE THE CENTRE POINT OF THE
POTENTIAL DIVIDER IS FED TO THE BASE OF THE NPN TRANSISTOR.
WHEN THE LIGHT LEVEL DECREASES, THE RESISTANCE OF THE LDR
INCREASES.
AS THIS RESISTANCE INCREASES IN RELATION TO THE OTHER
RESISTOR, WHICH HAS A FIXED RESISTANCE, IT CAUSES THE VOLTAGE
DROPPED ACROSS THE LDR TO ALSO INCREASE. WHEN THIS VOLTAGE
IS LARGE ENOUGH (0.7V FOR A TYPICAL NPN TRANSISTOR), IT WILL
CAUSE THE TRANSISTOR TO TURN ON.
THE VALUE OF THE FIXED RESISTOR WILL DEPEND ON THE LDR USED,
THE TRANSISTOR USED AND THE SUPPLY VOLTAGE.

11. TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUITS

13. REFERENCES
 Sensor report.
 What is a Light Dependent Resistor and Its
Applications.
 Construction of a LDR.
 Automatic Street Light Control System.
 Light Dependent Resistor – LDR.