Data Communication Unit 1
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This document discusses analog and digital signals. It describes the parameters that define simple periodic analog signals like sine waves. It also discusses composite signals, which are made up of multiple sine waves, and how they appear in the time and frequency domains. The document provides examples of calculating the bandwidth of periodic and non-periodic composite signals. It concludes with discussing transmission modes for communicating signals, including parallel, serial, asynchronous and synchronous transmission. It also covers types of communication systems and transmission impairments.
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This document provides an overview of analog and digital data and signals. It discusses the key differences between analog and digital data, periodic and nonperiodic signals, and how signals can be represented in the time and frequency domains. It also covers topics like bandwidth, attenuation, distortion, and noise which can impair signals during transmission.
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Ch3 1 v1
This document discusses analog and digital data and signals. It defines analog data as continuous and digital data as discrete. Analog signals can have an infinite number of values while digital signals are limited. Periodic signals like sine waves can be simple or composite made of multiple sine waves. Frequency is the rate of change over time, while period is the inverse of frequency. Phase describes the position of a waveform. Composite signals can be periodic or nonperiodic. Bandwidth is the range of frequencies in a signal. Fourier analysis decomposes signals into sine waves to transform between time and frequency domains.
Transmission units
Signals traveling through transmission media experience impairment due to attenuation, distortion, and noise. Attenuation refers to the loss of signal energy as it travels through the medium. Distortion changes the signal's waveform. Noise is any unwanted random signal from the environment. These transmission impairments are measured using metrics like decibels (dB) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Decibels quantify loss or gain on a logarithmic scale, while SNR indicates the strength of the signal relative to noise power.
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Channel capacity
Mathematical Explanation of channel capacityHere we can see that the channel capacity is measured with the multiplication of pulses per second and information. This is how we can measure the channel capacity.
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Signals traveling through transmission media experience impairment due to attenuation, distortion, and noise. Attenuation refers to the loss of signal energy as it travels through the medium. Distortion changes the signal's waveform. Noise is any unwanted random signal from the environment. These transmission impairments are measured using metrics like decibels (dB) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Decibels quantify loss or gain on a logarithmic scale, while SNR indicates the strength of the signal relative to noise power.
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Hai I'm Senthilkanth, doing MCA in Mepco Schlenk Engineering College..
The following presentation covers topic called Wireless Communication and Networking
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Chapter 2
Electromagnetic Signal
Function of time
Can also be expressed as a function of frequency
Signal consists of components of different frequencies
Time-Domain Concepts
Analog signal - signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion over time
No breaks or discontinuities in the signal
Digital signal - signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period of time and then changes to another constant level
Periodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that repeats over time
s(t +T ) = s(t ) -¥< t < +¥
where T is the period of the signal
Time-Domain Concepts
Aperiodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that doesn't repeat over time
Peak amplitude (A) - maximum value or strength of the signal over time; typically measured in volts
Frequency (f )
Rate, in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) at which the signal repeats
Time-Domain Concepts
Period (T ) - amount of time it takes for one repetition of the signal
T = 1/f
Phase () - measure of the relative position in time within a single period of a signal
Wavelength () - distance occupied by a single cycle of the signal
Or, the distance between two points of corresponding phase of two consecutive cycles
Sine Wave Parameters
General sine wave
s(t ) = A sin(2ft + )
Figure 2.3 shows the effect of varying each of the three parameters
(a) A = 1, f = 1 Hz, = 0; thus T = 1s
(b) Reduced peak amplitude; A=0.5
(c) Increased frequency; f = 2, thus T = ½
(d) Phase shift; = /4 radians (45 degrees)
note: 2 radians = 360° = 1 period
Sine Wave Parameters
Time vs. Distance
When the horizontal axis is time, as in Figure 2.3, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in space as a function of time
With the horizontal axis in space, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in time as a function of distance
At a particular instant of time, the intensity of the signal varies as a function of distance from the source
Frequency-Domain Concepts
Fundamental frequency - when all frequency components of a signal are integer multiples of one frequency, it’s referred to as the fundamental frequency
Spectrum - range of frequencies that a signal contains
Absolute bandwidth - width of the spectrum of a signal
Effective bandwidth (or just bandwidth) - narrow band of frequencies that most of the signal’s energy is contained in
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Mixed presenration
Shannon's theorem provides an upper bound on channel capacity for a communication link. It states that capacity C is equal to bandwidth B multiplied by the logarithm of 1 plus the signal-to-noise ratio. Capacity increases with higher bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. Nyquist's theorem gives the maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel based on the number of signal levels and bandwidth. While higher signal levels allow more data transmission, they also increase the probability of errors in noisy channels. The Shannon capacity and Nyquist rate together determine the optimal performance limits.
Radio Frequency Waves ,Data communication & Networks
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that propagate through free space. They have a wavelength between 1mm and 30km and a frequency between 10KHz and 300GHz. Information such as sound and images can be transmitted using radio waves by modifying properties of the wave like its amplitude or frequency. Radio waves can propagate through different modes including ground waves, sky waves, and line-of-sight. Various factors can impair radio wave transmission over long distances including attenuation, noise, multipath propagation, and refraction in the atmosphere. Radio waves are generated by oscillating electric and magnetic fields produced by accelerating charges and can encode both analog and digital information.
Communication systems week 2
This document discusses key concepts in communication systems including:
1. The goals of communication system design such as maximizing transmission rate and minimizing bit error rate.
2. Noise figure and external/internal noise sources that can degrade signals.
3. Relationships between data rate, bandwidth, and channel capacity as defined by Nyquist's formula and Shannon's capacity formula.
4. Common transmission impairments like attenuation, attenuation distortion, delay distortion, and noise that can distort signals.
Wireless Networks Lecture No One notes from The Virtual University Lahore
This document provides an introduction to a course on wireless communication networks. The course objectives are to introduce basics of wireless communication, the evolution of modern wireless systems, wireless networks, and emerging research issues. The course syllabus covers topics such as introduction to wireless communication, evolution of systems, medium access, propagation models, error control techniques, cellular systems, wireless networks, and emerging networks. The document also provides background on concepts relevant to wireless communication such as time and frequency domain signals, electromagnetic spectrum, and design challenges in wireless systems related to channel fading and interference.
Comm-system.ppt
This document summarizes key concepts in communication systems including:
1) It describes different communication systems such as beacons, telegraph, cable TV, mobile phones in terms of the signal, carrier, data transmission rate, and bandwidth.
2) It explains the source-journey-detector model of communication systems using visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves.
3) It discusses how optical fiber systems use infrared light and the principles of total internal reflection using Snell's law to transmit signals through fibers.
Comm-system.ppt
This document summarizes key concepts in communication systems including:
1) It describes different communication systems such as beacons, telegraph, cable TV, mobile phones in terms of the signal, carrier, data transmission rate, and bandwidth.
2) It explains the source-journey-detector model of communication systems using visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves.
3) It discusses how optical fiber systems use infrared light and the principles of total internal reflection using Snell's law to transmit signals through fibers.
Basic of Communication System, Dsescribe
This document discusses key concepts in communication systems including:
1) It describes different communication systems such as beacons, telegraphs, cable TV, mobile phones in terms of the signal, carrier, and data transmission rate.
2) It explains the source-journey-detector model of communication systems using different mediums like visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves.
3) It discusses how optical fiber systems use infrared light and the principles of total internal reflection using Snell's law to transmit signals through fibers.
chapter 1-part 1.pdf
This document provides an introduction to communication systems, including:
- Defining communication as the exchange of information between humans or machines through electronic means.
- Describing the basic components of a communication system including a transmitter, receiver, and transmission channel which can be affected by noise.
- Explaining key concepts such as modulation, demodulation, multiplexing, and the electromagnetic spectrum.
- Detailing different types of communication signals and systems including analog, digital, simplex, duplex, and more.
Unit-1_Analog Communication_PPT (1).pptx
Analog modulation is used to transmit analog signals over communication channels. It involves varying characteristics of a high-frequency carrier signal using an analog baseband signal. There are three main types of analog modulation: amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Modulation is necessary to reduce antenna size, allow for multiplexing of signals, avoid equipment limitations, and make the signal less susceptible to noise interference.
Basic Communication systems overview.ppt
This document discusses key concepts in communication systems including:
1) Communication systems can be described using a source-journey-detector model and are characterized by their signal, carrier, noise, range, data transmission rate, and bandwidth.
2) Common communication systems use different carriers like radio waves, microwaves, infrared or visible light to transmit signals using techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation or digital encoding.
3) Key factors that influence communication systems include noise, data transmission rate, range, modulation/encoding techniques, and available bandwidth.
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Wireless Communication and Networking by WilliamStallings Chap2
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Radio Frequency Waves ,Data communication & Networks
Radio Frequency Waves ,Data communication & Networks
Wireless Networks Lecture No One notes from The Virtual University Lahore
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More from Anjuman College of Engg. & Tech.
Digital Communication Unit 1
Vector space concepts can be used to represent energy signals. Any set of signals can be represented as linear combinations of orthogonal basis functions in an N-dimensional vector space. Each signal is determined by its vector of coefficients. This geometric representation in vector spaces allows defining properties like vector lengths, angles between vectors, and inner products. It provides a mathematical basis for analyzing signals and noise in communication systems.
Digital Communication Unit 3
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), offset QPSK, frequency-shift keying (FSK), and minimum-shift keying (MSK). It covers topics such as the generation and detection of BPSK and QPSK signals, their error probabilities and power spectra, and the implementation of MSK transmitters and receivers.
Unit 6 dcom
This document discusses characteristics of real-time interactive audio/video including jitter introduced by packet delay, timestamps, playback buffers, ordering, multicasting, translation, mixing, the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) packet format, payload types, HTTP transactions using requests and responses, and client-side scripting of active documents.
DATA COMMUNICATUION Unit 5
Each frame of a video is divided into pixels that are sampled and encoded. Image compression techniques like JPEG break images into blocks and use transformations, quantization, and compression to reduce file size. Specifically for JPEG, the transformation creates a table that represents the average pixel value and changes between pixels, quantization reduces bits by dropping fractions, and compression encodes the quantized values. Video compression builds on image compression by encoding multiple frames using techniques like those in JPEG across consecutive frames in MPEG format.
Unit 4 bandwidth utilization
This document discusses multiplexing and spreading techniques for bandwidth utilization and privacy/anti-jamming. It covers frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), statistical TDM, inverse multiplexing, frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). Examples are provided for combining voice channels using FDM, optical signal multiplexing with WDM, and modulating data streams for transmission using TDM, FHSS, and DSSS. Common applications discussed include radio/TV broadcasting, fiber optic networks, telephone systems, and digital subscriber lines.
Unit 3 communication media
This document discusses various communication media including twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, wireless transmission, and cellular networks. It describes the different types of each medium, their applications, and key technical aspects like bandwidth and range. The document covers transmission media for both wired systems like Ethernet and telephone networks as well as wireless technologies including radio, satellite, and cellular communication systems from 1G to 3G.
Data Communication Unit 2
This document discusses various methods for digital-to-digital conversion including line coding techniques like unipolar schemes, polar schemes, and bipolar schemes. It also discusses analog-to-digital conversion techniques like pulse code modulation which involves sampling, quantization, and encoding of analog signals into digital form. Additionally, it covers digital-to-analog conversion and analog-to-analog conversion methods like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation.
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Data Communication Unit 1
- 1. ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS
- 2. SIMPLE PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS A sine wave can be represented by three parameters: the peak amplitude, the frequency, and the phase.
- 3. peak amplitude Period and Frequency
- 8. BANDWIDTH Fig: Bandwidth of periodic composite signal Fig: Bandwidth of non-periodic composite signal
- 9. Q) If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz. what is its bandwidth? Draw the spectrum, assuming all components have maximum amplitude of 10 V. Solution:-
- 10. Q)A non-periodic composite signal has a bandwidth of 200 kHz, with a middle frequency of 140 kHz and peak amplitude of 20 V. The two extreme frequencies have amplitude of 0. Draw the frequency domain of the signal. Solution:-
- 16. Type of Communication Systems 1) Simplex 2) Full Duplex 3) Half Duplex
- 18. Attenuation
- 19. Distortion
- 20. Noise