Dandruff is the shedding of dead skin cells from the scalp, which can be caused by factors like dry skin, oily buildup, or skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Effective treatments include shampoos with ingredients like salicylic acid, coal tar, and zinc pyrithione, and it's recommended to rotate products to prevent ineffectiveness. A suggested weekly regimen includes alternating between different medicated shampoos to achieve optimal results.