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Poster by DM Senerwa, N Mtimet, J Lindahl, EK Kang'ethe and D Grace presented at the First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013.
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A not-for-profit Public-Private Partnership – registered charity
Sponsored by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and with projects funded by BMGF, DFID and EC.
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Meat borne diseases can be of various origins such as bacteria, viral, parasitic and also allergens.
It is important to note that 60% of pathogens that affect man are from animals, this is referred to as zoonosis.
The implication of this is that our association with animals make us susceptible to certain diseases which can easily be prevented with the right knowledge.
The failure to carry out the right action is the cause of several unexplainable deaths and chronic conditions.
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Poster prepared by Silvie Mireille Kouamé-Sina, Kohei Makita, Delia Grace, Adjehi Dadié, Marcellin Dje and Bassirou Bonfoh for the 5th Congress of European Microbiologists (FEMS 2013), Leipzig, Germany, 21-25 July 2013.
The public health importance of improving the red meat value chainHenrietta Ojuri
Meat hygiene is of paramount importance in the red meat value chain because of meat borne diseases.
Meat borne diseases refers to conditions that originates from consuming diseased meat.
Meat borne diseases can be of various origins such as bacteria, viral, parasitic and also allergens.
It is important to note that 60% of pathogens that affect man are from animals, this is referred to as zoonosis.
The implication of this is that our association with animals make us susceptible to certain diseases which can easily be prevented with the right knowledge.
The failure to carry out the right action is the cause of several unexplainable deaths and chronic conditions.
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Presented by Delia Grace, Johanna Lindahl, Christine Atherstone and Erastus Kang’ethe at the Virtual briefing for the Global Donor Platform on Rural Development, 22 July 2014
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Food systems, food security and environmental changeIIED
This is a presentation given by Dr John Ingram of Oxford University's Environmental Change Institute (ECI) to a Critical Theme organised by the International Institute for Environment and Development on 12 February 2015.
Dr Ingram leads the Environmental Change Institute's Food Systems Research and Training Programme, which aims to increase understanding of the interactions between food security and environmental change. The programme's research products have been adopted by national and international organisations, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the UK and Dutch governments.
In his presentation, Ingram looked at food system activities and 'planetary boundaries' – the safe operating space for humanity with respect to the earth's biophysical systems. If these planetary boundaries are crossed, then important subsystems, such as a monsoon system, could shift into a new state. Such shifts could have damaging consequences, including undermining the environmental conditions and the natural resource base on which our food security depends.
IIED hosts Critical Themes meetings to explore new ideas, introduce new research and broaden the knowledge of its staff.
More details: bit.ly/1CkRJ9K.
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Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
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Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
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Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Foodborne diseases from dairy products in developing countries: Hazards and health implications
1. Photo Credit Goes Here
Arie Havelaar, Delia Grace, FeliciaWu
University of Florida, International Livestock Research Institute, Michigan State University
June 26, 2019 – ADSA, Cincinnati, OH
Photo credit: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) & Heifer International
FOODBORNE DISEASES FROM DAIRY
PRODUCTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:
HAZARDS AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
2. BURDEN OF FOODBORNE DISEASE
Illnesses, deaths
Disability-Adjusted LifeYears (DALYs)
1 DALY = 1 healthy life year lost
Summary measure of population health
Morbidity + mortality
Disease occurrence + disease severity
DALY =YLD +YLL
YLD =Years Lived with Disability
= Number of incident cases (N) × Duration (D) × Disability Weight
(DW)
YLL =Years of Life Lost
= Number of deaths (M) × Residual Life Expectancy
3. DALY = YLD + YLL
o YLD = Years Lived with Disability = N×D×DW
o YLL = Years of Life Lost = M×RLE
3
20 60
Age
DW
0
1
0
90
40 × 0.25
= 10 YLDs
30 × 1
= 30 YLLs
0.25
10 + 30 = 40 DALYs
4. GLOBAL BURDEN OF FOODBORNE DISEASE, 2010
Hazard
group
Foodborne
illnesses
(millions)
Foodborne
deaths
(thousands)
Foodborne
DALYs
(millions)
All 600 420 33
Diarrheal 549 230 18
Invasive 36 117 8
Helminths 13 45 6
Chemicals 0.2 19 0.9
5. Disease burden per
100,000 population for
13 (k) biological hazards
in 194 (i) countries
𝑇𝐵#$%&',)
Foodborne disease
burden per 100,000
population for 13
biological hazards in 194
countries
𝐹𝐵#$%&',)
Proportions of diseases
attributable to food
versus non-food
exposure routes for 31
hazards in 194 countries
estimated by structured
expert elicitation
𝑝,-',)
Burden per 100,000
population of 13
biological hazards
attributed to 8 ASF
groups in 194 countries
𝐴𝑆𝐹#$%&',),0
Proportions of FBD for
13 biological hazards
attributable to 8 (l) ASF
groups, in 194 countries
estimated by structured
expert elicitation
𝑝$1,2,),0
ESTIMATINGTHE GLOBAL BURDEN OF ASF
13. GLOBAL BURDEN OF DAIRY PRODUCTSGLOBAL BURDEN OF DAIRY PRODUCTS
Global average
20 DALYs per 100,000
~12% of foodborne burden
14. TOXIC CHEMICALS OF POTENTIAL CONCERN
• Dioxins
Global burden 3 DALYs/100,000
High disease burden in Southeast Asia (14 DALYs/100,000)
High levels found in dairy products, meat, fish and shellfish
Burden from dairy products not quantified
• Heavy metals
Lead, arsenic, methylmercury
Global burden of 20-70 DALYs/100,000
Contribution of dairy products to human exposure unknown.
• Adulteration (e.g. melamine in infant formula in China)
• Aflatoxin M1
15. • Produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus
– Maize, peanuts, tree nuts, cottonseed
– Exposure highest in warm regions where maize &
peanuts are dietary staples (Africa, Asia)
• Human health effects
– Liver cancer
• Synergizes with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection
• 25,000-172,000 cases/yr worldwide caused by aflatoxin
(Liu & Wu 2010, Liu et al. 2012)
– Childhood stunting
– Acute aflatoxicosis: liver failure & death at high doses
– Immune system dysfunction
15
AFLATOXIN B1
16. ØAFM1 appears in milk 2-3 days after
animal eats AFB1
ØConversion of AFB1 in animal feed
to AFM1 in milk: 0.3%-6.2%
ØAFM1 has 10% cancer potency of
AFB1 (JECFA 2001)
ØFDA regulates AFM1 at 0.5 μg/kg
allowable in dairy (EU: 0.05 μg/kg)
ØCauses cytotoxicity, & suggestive
risk of genotoxicity à IARC
classifies as Group 2B carcinogen
(possible carcinogen), 2002
Major contamination/exposure routes of AF and
health risks to humans (Alshannaq et al. 2018)
AFLATOXIN M1 IN MILK
17. • Human studies
– Carcinogenic effect - Dose-response relationship between
serum/urinary AFM1 levels and risk of liver cancer in chronic hepatitis
B virus patients in Asia & Africa
• Animal studies
– Immune effects in T cells from spleens in the mice exposed to AFM1
• Reduced proliferation of splenocytes (lower spleen weight),
decreased IFN-ƴ , increased IL-10
– Intestinal function disorders - Increase DNA fragmentation & change
gene expression in mice
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AFM1
18. Country Dairy food
Min–Max
(μg/kg)
Brazil Cheese 0.091–0.3
Burundi Yogurt 8.2–63.2
Democratic Republic
of Congo
Yogurt 4.8-26
Cheese 18.5-261.1
Iran
White cheese 0.052-0.75
Cream cheese 0.058-0.79
Yogurt n.d-0.087
Kuwait White cheese 0.024–0.45
Lebanon
Cheese n.d-0.32
Yogurt n.d.
Libya Cheese 0.11-0.52
Pakistan
White cheese 0.004-0.6
Cream cheese 0.004–0.46
Butter 0.004–0.41
Yogurt 0.004-0.62
Saudi Arabia Cheese 0.024–0.452
Serbia Milk products 0.27-0.95
Spain
Yogurt n.d-0.051
Cheese n.d.
Turkey
Cheese 0.012–0.38
Dairy dessert 0.0015–0.08
Butter 0.01-7.0
Cream cheese 0-4.1
Yogurt 0.01–0.48
OCCURRENCE OF
AFM1 IN DAIRY
PRODUCTS
WORLDWIDE
19. Country Type of milk Min-Max
Brazil Pasteurized milk 0.01-0.2 µg/L
China Pasteurized milk 0.023-0.15 µg/L
Croatia Raw milk 0.006-0.027 µg/L
Egypt Raw milk 0.023-0.073 µg/L
India Pasteurized milk 0.063–1.01 µg/L
Iran Pasteurized milk 0.0056-0.53 µg/L
Italy Pasteurized milk 0.005-0.03 µg/L
Japan Raw milk 0.007–0.13 µg/L
Jordan Buttermilk 7.97–2027 ng/kg
Lebanon Pasteurized milk 0.001-0.12 µg/L
Morocco Fresh milk 0.407–0.95 µg/L
Nigeria Skimmed milk 0.25–2.51 µg/L
Pakistan Fresh milk 0.02-3.09 µg/L
Portugal Raw milk n.d–0.069 µg/L
Saudi Arabia Pasteurized milk 0.06-1.2 µg/L
Serbia Raw milk 0.08-1.2 µg/L
Spain Raw bulk milk 0.009-1.36 µg/L
South Africa Raw milk 0.002-0.08 µg/L
South Korea Raw milk 0.22-6.9 µg/L
Sudan Pasteurized milk 0.008-0.77 µg/L
Syria Raw milk 0.026-2.007 µg/L
Tanzania UHT milk n.d – 0.544 µg/L
Turkey Raw milk 0.011-0.1 μg/L
AFM1
CONTAMINATION
IN DIFFERENT
TYPES OF BOVINE
MILK
WORLDWIDE
Of interest: No AFM1 monitoring data
publicly available in US dairy foods.
20. • AFM1 in dairy products may cause human health risks, especially for children
who consume large quantities of milk and have lower body weight
– But risk is much lower than that of “parent” aflatoxin (AFB1) in corn and
nuts: not all aflatoxins are created equal!
– Exposure to AFB1 from other foods much higher than AFM1 from dairy
• High occurrence of AFM1 demonstrates need for monitoring in dairy products
to reduce risk of toxicity to humans
• Most effective way to prevent AFM1 in dairy foods: reduce AFB1 in animal feed
– Monitor AFB1 in corn, nuts, & cottonseed fed to dairy animals, or switch
to other feed crops with low aflatoxin
• Communication challenge
– Achieving strict Western standards end goal
– Benefits of consuming milk far outweigh risks of AFM1 so consumption
should not be discouraged
IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN HEALTH FROM
AFM1 EXPOSURE
21. CONCLUSIONS
• The global burden of unsafe foods is substantial
• Low- and middle-income countries have the highest burden
• Animal-source foods contribute ~ 35% to this burden and dairy products ~ 12%
• Priority ASF groups and pathogens vary by country
• The main pathogens in dairy are Mycobacterium bovis, non-typhoidal Salmonella spp.
and Campylobacter spp.
• Brucella spp. are of concern in the Eastern Mediterranean region
• The burden of toxic chemicals in dairy products is unquantified
• Aflatoxin M1 is frequently found in dairy products in low- and middle-income
countries at levels exceeding US or EU standards
• The risk of liver cancer from current exposure levels to AFM1 is likely to be
extremely low and the benefits of consuming dairy outweigh these risks
• Managing contamination of animal feed with AFB1 and pro-active risk
communication are necessary
22. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Min Li; University of Florida
Brecht Devleesschauwer,; Sciensano, Belgium
Chen Chen, Nikita Saha Turna; Michigan State University
FERG Core Group
FERG members
Resource advisers
Attribution experts
WHO secretariat
IHME, Seattle,WA
ECDC, Solna, Sweden
Stakeholders
Funding:World Bank, USAID, Netherlands, Japan, CDC, FDA, FSIS, individual scientists,
WHO member states supporting FERG experts
25. SOURCE ATTRIBUTION
Determine for each hazard the proportion of the disease burden that is attributable
to food
Identify – if possible quantify - the reservoirs and/or food commodities leading to
illness
Expert elicitation was applied to all hazards that are not (almost) 100% originating
from a single food source/reservoir
Hazards included were prioritised by the thematic task forces
Cooke’s classical model (performance-based weights)
Food
Specific food sources
26. RANKING OF FOODBORNE HAZARDS
GLOBAL DALYS
The Global Burden of Foodborne Disease
28. CHILDREN UNDER FIVEYEARS OF AGE …
• … make up 9% of the world population
• … suffer from 38% of all foodborne illnesses
• … succumb to 30% of foodborne deaths
• … bear 40% of global foodborne DALYs
29. PEOPLE LIVING INTHE POOREST AREAS OFTHEWORLD
…
• … make up 41% of the world population
• … suffer from 53% of all foodborne illnesses
• … succumb to 75% of foodborne deaths
• … bear 72% of global foodborne DALYs
• D and E subregions: high child and high – very high adult mortality
The Global Burden of Foodborne Disease
30. FOODBORNE DISEASE IN HIGH-INCOME
COUNTRIES
• High-income countries have largely controlled foodborne deaths
• Foodborne disease incidence in these regions is only 3-4 fold lower than
the global average
• Main causes of foodborne disease burden in these regions are non-
typhoidal S. enterica, Campylobacter spp., Toxoplasma gondii, norovirus and
Listeria monocytogenes
• Incidence of foodborne disease due to norovirus in these regions is
similar to the global average, but incidence of deaths is much lower
• Safe food requires 100% commitment from all
involved in production, distribution and
preparation, every day!
31. COMPARISONWITH OTHER ESTIMATES
• FERG Foodborne diseases: 33 million DALYs
• IHME Global Burden of Disease 2010
Dietary risk factors: 254 million DALYs
Unimproved water and sanitation: 211 million DALYs
HIV/AIDS: 82 million DALYs
Malaria: 82 million DALYs
Air pollution: 76 million DALYs
Tuberculosis 49 million DALYs
• WHO Global Health Observatory 2012
HIV/AIDS 92 million DALYs
Malaria: 55 million DALYs
Tuberculosis: 44 million DALYs
• Methodological differences!!
The Global Burden of Foodborne Disease