The document discusses operators in Java, including unary, binary, arithmetic, bitwise, shift, and instanceof operators. It provides examples of how to use various operators like increment, decrement, arithmetic assignment, bitwise AND, OR, NOT, XOR, right shift, left shift, and unsigned shift. It also covers operator precedence and demonstrates how operators in an expression are evaluated based on their predetermined precedence order.

1. Operators in Java
Pre-assessment Questions
1. Predict the output of the expression, 16 % 3?
a. 5
b. 0
c. 1
d. 4
• What is the default value of the float data type?
a. 0.0
b. 0
c. 1.0
d. 1
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 1 of 26

2. Operators in Java
Pre-assessment Questions (Contd.)
3. Consider the statements:
Statement A: The name of a variable can begin with a digit.
Statement B: The name of a variable can contain white spaces.
Identify the correct option.
a. Statement A is true and statement B is false
b. Statement A is false and statement B is true
c. Both, statements, A and B, are true
d. Both, statements, A and B, are false
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 2 of 26

3. Operators in Java
Pre-assessment Questions (Contd.)
1. _______variables are the local variables that are accessed by the function in
which the variables are declared.
a. Static
b. Automatic
c. Instance
d. Class
2. _______literals are enclosed in single quotes
a. String
b. Character
c. Boolean
d. Integer
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 3 of 26

4. Operators in Java
Solutions to Pre-assessment
Questions
1. c.
2. a.
3. d.
4. a.
5. b.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 4 of 26

5. Operators in Java
Objectives
In this lesson, you will learn to:
• Use operators
• Arithmetic assignment operators
• bit-wise operators
• shift operators
• instance-of operator
• Identify the operators precedence
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 5 of 26

6. Operators in Java
Using Unary Operators
• Using the Increment and Decrement Operators
• The increment and decrement operators are unary operators.
• The increment operator (++) increases the value of an operand by 1.
• The decrement operator (--) decreases the value of an operand by 1.
• Prefix Form
• The operator precedes the operand.
• Operator operates on the operand before the value of operand is
used in the expression.
• Postfix Form
• In the postfix form, operator follows the operand.
• Operator operates on the operand after the value of operand is used
in the expression.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 6 of 26

7. Operators in Java
Using the Arithmetic Assignment
Operators
• Arithmetic Assignment Operators
• Addition(+), subtraction(-), multiplication(*), division(/), and modulo(%)
are the arithmetic operators supported by Java.
• Various arithmetic operators, such as +, -, /, *, and % are combined with
the assignment operator (=) and are called arithmetic assignment
operators.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 7 of 26

8. Operators in Java
Using the Arithmetic Assignment
Operators (Contd.)
Operator Use Description
+= op1 += op2 Adds operand, op1 and operand, op2
and assigns the result to op1. This
expression is equivalent to op1 =
op1+op2.
-= op1 -= op2 Subtracts operand, op2 from
operand, op1 and assigns the result
to op1. This expression is equivalent
to op1 = op1 – op2.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 8 of 26

9. Operators in Java
Using the Arithmetic Assignment
Operators (Contd.)
Operator Use Description
*= op1 *= op2 Multiplies operand, op1 and
operand, op2 and assigns value of
the result to op1. This expression
is equivalent to op1 = op1*op2.
/= op1 /= op2 Divides operand, op1 by operand,
op2, and assign the value of the
result to op1. This expression is
equivalent to op1 = op1/op2.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 9 of 26

10. Operators in Java
Using the Arithmetic Assignment
Operators (Contd.)
Operator Use Description
%= op1 %= op2 Assigns the remainder of
division of operand, op1
and operand, op2 to op1.
This expression is
equivalent to op1 = op1%
op2.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 10 of 26

11. Operators in Java
Using Bit-wise Operators
• Bit-wise operators
• Operate on the individual bits of their operand.
• Operands can be various data types like int, short, long, char, and byte.
• Operands are converted into their binary equivalents before operation.
• The result in the binary form after the operation is converted back into
its decimal equivalent.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 11 of 26

12. Operators in Java
Using Bit-wise Operators(Contd.)
• The following table lists the various bit-wise operators in Java:
Operator Use Operation
&(AND) x&y Performs bit-wise AND
operation. It evaluates to 1 if
both bits, x and y are 1. If
either or both bits are 0, the
result is 0.
|(OR) x|y Performs bit-wise OR
operation. It evaluates to 0 if
both bits, x and y are 0. If
either or both bits are 1, the
result is 1.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 12 of 26

13. Operators in Java
Using Bit-wise Operators(Contd.)
Operator Use Operation
~(inversion) ~x Performs unary NOT
operation. Converts all the
1s into 0s and all the 0s into
1s.
^(XOR) x^y Performs bit-wise XOR
operation. It evaluates to 1 if
bits have different values
and 0 if both the bits have
the same value.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 13 of 26

14. Operators in Java
Using Bit-wise Operators (Contd.)
• Using the Bit-wise AND Operator
• The Bit-wise AND operator (&) performs AND operation on two operands.
• Displays 1 if both bits are 1 else 0 in all other cases.
Operation Result
0&0 0
0&1 0
1&1 1
1&0 0
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 14 of 26

15. Operators in Java
Using Bit-wise Operators (Contd.)
• Using the Bit-wise OR Operator
• The Bit-wise OR operator (|) performs OR operation on two operands.
• Displays 0 if both bits are 0 else 1 in all other cases.
Operation Result
0|0 0
0|1 1
1|1 1
1|0 1
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 15 of 26

16. Operators in Java
Using Bit-wise Operators (Contd.)
• Using the Bit-wise NOT Operator
• Bit-wise NOT operator (~) is a unary operator and performs NOT operation
on each bit of binary number.
• The NOT operator inverts or complements each of the bits of a binary
number.
Operation Result
~0 1
~1 0
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 16 of 26

17. Operators in Java
Using Bit-wise Operators (Contd.)
• Using the Bit-wise XOR Operator
• The Bit-wise XOR (^) operator performs XOR operation on two operands.
• The XOR operator applied on two bits results in 1 if exactly one bit is 1 else 0
in all other cases .
Operation Result
0^0 0
0 ^1 1
1^1 0
1^0 1
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 17 of 26

18. Operators in Java
Using Shift Operators
• Works on the bits of data.
• Shifts the bits of it’s operand either to left or right.
Operator Use Operation
>> val1 >> val2 Shifts the bits of the val1 operand
to the right by the number of
(Right Shift)
positions specified by val2.
<< val1<< val2 Shifts the bits of the val1 operand
to the left by the number of
(Left Shift)
positions specified by val2.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 18 of 26

19. Operators in Java
Using Shift Operators (Contd.)
Operator Use Operation
>>> val1 >>> val2 Shifts the bits of the val1 operand
to the right by the number of
(Unsigned Shift
positions specified by val2. A zero
Operator)
value is input in the high-order bit
irrespective of the value of the
high-order bit of val1. The high-
order bit is the leftmost bit of the
binary number.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 19 of 26

20. Operators in Java
Using Shift Operators (Contd.)
• Using the Right Shift and Left Shift Operators
• The right shift and the left shift operators are binary operators.
• The right shift operator shifts all the bits of a binary number in the right
direction.
operand >> num
• The left shift operator, <<, shifts all the bits of a binary number in the
left direction.
operand << num
• Using the Unsigned Shift Operator
• Unsigned shift operator (>>>) is used to shift the bits of a binary number to
the right.
• The operator fills the leftmost bits of a binary value with 0 irrespective of
whether the number has 0 or 1 at the leftmost bit.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 20 of 26

21. Operators in Java
Using instance of Operator
• Used to test whether an object is an instance of a specific class.
• Used at the run time.
• The syntax of the instanceof operator is:
op1 instanceof op2
• op1 is the name of an object and op2 is the name of a class.
• Returns a true value if the op1 object is an instance of the op2 class.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 21 of 26

22. Operators in Java
Operators Precedence
• Each operator in an expression is evaluated in a predetermined order called
operator precedence.
• Operators on the same line have equal precedence.
Operators Category
[], (), . , expr++, expr-- Array index, method call, member
access, and postfix operators
++expr, --expr, +, -, !, ~ Unary postfix operators
*, /, % Multiplicative Arithmetic operators
+, - Additive Arithmetic operators
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 22 of 26

23. Operators in Java
Operators Precedence(Contd.)
Operators Category
<<, >>, >>> Shift operators
>, <, <=, >=, instanceof Relational operators
==, != Equality operator
& Bit-wise AND operator
^ Bit-wise XOR operator
| Bit-wise OR operator
&& Conditional AND operator
|| Conditional OR operator
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= Assignment operators
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 23 of 26

24. Operators in Java
Demonstration-Precedence of
Operators in Java
• Problem Statement
• Create a Java application to understand the order of
precedence of various operators in Java.
• Solution
• The Java application is created using the various operators in
Java.
• To solve the above problem, perform the following tasks:
3. Code an application with an expression having multiple
operators of different precedence
4. Compile and execute the code.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 24 of 26

25. Operators in Java
Summary
• In this lesson, you learned:
• Operators are used to calculate, compare and compute values. The
operators are classified as:
• Unary operators
• Binary operators
• Unary operators operate on one operand, such as increment and
decrement operators.
• Binary operators operate on two operands, such as arithmetic operators
+,-,/,*.
• Arithmetic operators, such as, +, _, combined with assignment
operator(=) are arithmetic assignment operators.
• Bit-wise operators operate on one bit at a time.
• The bit-wise operators operate on data types such as, int, short, long,
char and byte.
• The various bit-wise operators are bit-wise AND (&), bit-wise OR (|), bit-
wise NOT (~), and bit-wise XOR (^).
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 25 of 26

26. Operators in Java
Summary (Contd.)
• Shift operators are used to shift the bits of the number to the left or right.
The various shift operators are right shift (>>), left shift (<<), and unsigned
shift operator (>>>).
• The instanceof operator is used to test that whether an object is an instance
of a particular class.
• An expression can have several operators and each operator is evaluated in
order of their precedence.
©NIIT Java Fundamentals Lesson 3B / Slide 26 of 26