1. The document describes the development and preliminary testing of an electronic pest repeller device that can generate ultrasonic frequencies to repel pests like rodents and insects.
2. An Astable Multi-vibrator timer chip and other integrated circuits are used to generate and vary the ultrasonic frequencies through five steps, which are amplified and transmitted via transducers.
3. In preliminary testing, the device was able to repel mice from 15 meters away, with an average efficiency of 86.5%. The document concludes the device can be useful for small-scale farmers for pest control.
How and Why Pesticides Affect Our Healthmomasunite
Dr. Myrto Ashe, MD, MPH presents scientific evidence that pesticides affect the health of our children. She explains the mechanism of how pesticides disrupt the health of children.
How and Why Pesticides Affect Our Healthmomasunite
Dr. Myrto Ashe, MD, MPH presents scientific evidence that pesticides affect the health of our children. She explains the mechanism of how pesticides disrupt the health of children.
Bioaerosols are small, airborne biological materials & are subcategories of particles released from terrestrial and marine ecosystems into the atmosphere. They are ubiquitous in the environment comprised of aerosols that originated biologically such as live or dead microorganism and their metabolites, toxins, or fragments that exist widely in the environment.
Introduction, Techniques of release of natural enemies, Recovery evaluation of released natural enemies for colonization, Survivorship analysis/ Prediction of Success of released natural enemies for colonization, Conservation of Natural Enemies, Augmentation of Natural Enemies, Ecological manipulations for colonization of natural enemies and colonized natural enemies, Large scale production of bio-control agents.,
Biosecurity issues impact on key crops and environmental values across NZ and Australia. A key outcome for the project team will be the ability of indigenous communities, and relevant regulatory authorities and industries, to better manage the social, environmental and economic impacts of biosecurity threats, and to participate in biosecurity strategies through improved bicultural engagement models that build empowerment and ownership in indigenous communities and their response to those threats. The teams have developed an engagement model adapted to the indigenous peoples and their communities of each country.
Pest control Bangalore , pest control offerings bangalore. Pest manipulate, Pest control offerings, Bangalore, busybizz.com , Pest manage offerings in Bangalore - Get nice rate charges from Pest manipulate offerings in Bangalore, Bedbugs manage in Bangalore, Pest control in Bangalore.
Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistanceBhoj Raj Singh
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have long been believed to fuel antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but new research shows that simply lowering consumption is not enough. Poor sanitation, corruption and low public health spending have a bigger role in pushing up drug-resistant infections in low- and middle-income countries, including India.
ICRISAT Governing Board 2019 PC meeting: Drylands in transition - Seeing the ...ICRISAT
Early-warning systems for plant diseases are valuable when the systemsprovide timely forecasts that farmers can use to inform their pest manage-ment decisions.Pests and diseases remain a major threat in realizing the potential yield of many improved cultivars in ICRISAT mandate crops. Plant protection need new and innovative early detection, identification and assessment systems.
Dr. George Poste, Presentation given at the Fourth Annual Conference on Governance of Emerging Technologies: Law, Policy and Ethics at Arizona State University (25 May 2016)
ROLE OF NANO TECHNOLOGY ON AGRI-GREEN PRODUCT PRODUCTION PROCESS: EMERGING NE...IAEME Publication
Nanotechnology is one of the most important tools in modern agriculture, and in the field of
Agri-Green Technology of product Production .where, Agri-food nanotechnology is anticipated to
become a driving economic force in the near future. Agri-food themes focus on sustainability and
protection of agriculturally produced foods, including crops for human consumption and animal
feeding. Nanotechnology provides new agrochemical agents and new delivery mechanisms to
improve crop productivity, and it promises to reduce pesticide use. Nanotechnology can boost
agricultural production, and its applications include: 1) Nano formulations of agrochemicals for
applying pesticides and fertilizers for crop improvement; 2) the application of
nanosensors/nanobiosensors in crop protection for the identification of diseases and residues of
agrochemicals; 3) nanodevices for the genetic manipulation of plants; 4) plant disease diagnostics;
5) animal health, animal breeding, poultry production; and 6) postharvest management. Precision
farming techniques could be used to further improve crop yields but not damage soil and water,
reduce nitrogen loss due to leaching and emissions, as well as enhance nutrients long-term
incorporation by soil microorganisms. Nanotechnology uses include nanoparticle-mediated gene
or DNA transfer in plants for the development of insect-resistant varieties, food processing and
storage, nanofeed additives, and increased product shelf life. Nanotechnology promises to
Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath, Puspita Acharya, Anoopa Laly and Bishnu Chanran Rout
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 35 editor@iaeme.com
accelerate the development of biomass-to-fuels production technologies. Experts feel that the
potential benefits of nanotechnology for agriculture, food, fisheries, and aquaculture need to be
balanced against concerns for the soil, water, and environment and the occupational health of
workers. Raising awareness of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector, including feed and food
ingredients, intelligent packaging and quick-detection systems, is one of the keys to influencing
consumer acceptance. On the basis of only a handful of toxicological studies, concerns have arisen
regarding the safety of Nanomaterials, and researchers and companies will need to prove that
these nanotechnologies do not have more of a negative impact on the environment.
Bioaerosols are small, airborne biological materials & are subcategories of particles released from terrestrial and marine ecosystems into the atmosphere. They are ubiquitous in the environment comprised of aerosols that originated biologically such as live or dead microorganism and their metabolites, toxins, or fragments that exist widely in the environment.
Introduction, Techniques of release of natural enemies, Recovery evaluation of released natural enemies for colonization, Survivorship analysis/ Prediction of Success of released natural enemies for colonization, Conservation of Natural Enemies, Augmentation of Natural Enemies, Ecological manipulations for colonization of natural enemies and colonized natural enemies, Large scale production of bio-control agents.,
Biosecurity issues impact on key crops and environmental values across NZ and Australia. A key outcome for the project team will be the ability of indigenous communities, and relevant regulatory authorities and industries, to better manage the social, environmental and economic impacts of biosecurity threats, and to participate in biosecurity strategies through improved bicultural engagement models that build empowerment and ownership in indigenous communities and their response to those threats. The teams have developed an engagement model adapted to the indigenous peoples and their communities of each country.
Pest control Bangalore , pest control offerings bangalore. Pest manipulate, Pest control offerings, Bangalore, busybizz.com , Pest manage offerings in Bangalore - Get nice rate charges from Pest manipulate offerings in Bangalore, Bedbugs manage in Bangalore, Pest control in Bangalore.
Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistanceBhoj Raj Singh
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have long been believed to fuel antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but new research shows that simply lowering consumption is not enough. Poor sanitation, corruption and low public health spending have a bigger role in pushing up drug-resistant infections in low- and middle-income countries, including India.
ICRISAT Governing Board 2019 PC meeting: Drylands in transition - Seeing the ...ICRISAT
Early-warning systems for plant diseases are valuable when the systemsprovide timely forecasts that farmers can use to inform their pest manage-ment decisions.Pests and diseases remain a major threat in realizing the potential yield of many improved cultivars in ICRISAT mandate crops. Plant protection need new and innovative early detection, identification and assessment systems.
Dr. George Poste, Presentation given at the Fourth Annual Conference on Governance of Emerging Technologies: Law, Policy and Ethics at Arizona State University (25 May 2016)
ROLE OF NANO TECHNOLOGY ON AGRI-GREEN PRODUCT PRODUCTION PROCESS: EMERGING NE...IAEME Publication
Nanotechnology is one of the most important tools in modern agriculture, and in the field of
Agri-Green Technology of product Production .where, Agri-food nanotechnology is anticipated to
become a driving economic force in the near future. Agri-food themes focus on sustainability and
protection of agriculturally produced foods, including crops for human consumption and animal
feeding. Nanotechnology provides new agrochemical agents and new delivery mechanisms to
improve crop productivity, and it promises to reduce pesticide use. Nanotechnology can boost
agricultural production, and its applications include: 1) Nano formulations of agrochemicals for
applying pesticides and fertilizers for crop improvement; 2) the application of
nanosensors/nanobiosensors in crop protection for the identification of diseases and residues of
agrochemicals; 3) nanodevices for the genetic manipulation of plants; 4) plant disease diagnostics;
5) animal health, animal breeding, poultry production; and 6) postharvest management. Precision
farming techniques could be used to further improve crop yields but not damage soil and water,
reduce nitrogen loss due to leaching and emissions, as well as enhance nutrients long-term
incorporation by soil microorganisms. Nanotechnology uses include nanoparticle-mediated gene
or DNA transfer in plants for the development of insect-resistant varieties, food processing and
storage, nanofeed additives, and increased product shelf life. Nanotechnology promises to
Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath, Puspita Acharya, Anoopa Laly and Bishnu Chanran Rout
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 35 editor@iaeme.com
accelerate the development of biomass-to-fuels production technologies. Experts feel that the
potential benefits of nanotechnology for agriculture, food, fisheries, and aquaculture need to be
balanced against concerns for the soil, water, and environment and the occupational health of
workers. Raising awareness of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector, including feed and food
ingredients, intelligent packaging and quick-detection systems, is one of the keys to influencing
consumer acceptance. On the basis of only a handful of toxicological studies, concerns have arisen
regarding the safety of Nanomaterials, and researchers and companies will need to prove that
these nanotechnologies do not have more of a negative impact on the environment.
The Magic Fairy of Creativity and the "The loaf of bread"Auxi Heredia
The "Reframing Bread" project (3rd Assignment) - A Crash Course on Creativity - Tina Seelig - Stanford University - Autors: Auxi Heredia, Mariya Zhygan, Pit Jarsey and Cristina Bedopoulou.
We Spectrum Industries USA, Inc. are the Leading Manufacturers, Suppliers at Minnesota, USA. We are Manufacturing Coffee Dryer that ensures Uniform drying of the Coffee beans, as the product is gently rotated inside the perforated drum.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The Environmental Impact of Mosquito Control Trapsmdkpest
Mosquitoes are not only a nuisance but also carriers of various diseases, making mosquito control a crucial aspect of public health and well-being. Traditional methods of mosquito control, such as insecticide spraying, have raised concerns about their impact on nontarget species and the environment. In recent years, mosquito traps have emerged as an innovative and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional control methods. This document explores the effectiveness and environmental impact of mosquito traps based on the findings of several studies
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
7aConsidering the Hazards of pesticides and its Direct impact on h.pdfankkitextailes
7a
Considering the Hazards of pesticides and its Direct impact on humans there will be increased in
demand on complete elimination of use of synthetic pesticides.
Hazards of pesticides: If the credits of pesticides include enhanced economic potential in terms
of increased production of food and fiber, and amelioration of vector-borne diseases, then their
debits have resulted in serious health implications to man and his environment. There is now
overwhelming evidence that some of these chemicals do pose a potential risk to humans and
other life forms and unwanted side effects to the environment. No segment of the population is
completely protected against exposure to pesticides and the potentially serious health effects,
though a disproportionate burden, is shouldered by the people of developing countries and by
high risk groups in each country. The world-wide deaths and chronic diseases due to pesticide
poisoning number about 1 million per year.
The high risk groups exposed to pesticides include production workers, formulators, sprayers,
mixers, loaders and agricultural farm workers. During manufacture and formulation, the
possibility of hazards may be higher because the processes involved are not risk free. In
industrial settings, workers are at increased risk since they handle various toxic chemicals
including pesticides, raw materials, toxic solvents and inert carriers.
Eliminating pesticides
Many alternatives are available to reduce the effects pesticides have on the environment.
Alternatives include manual removal, applying heat, covering weeds with plastic, placing traps
and lures, removing pest breeding sites, maintaining healthy soils that breed healthy, more
resistant plants, cropping native species that are naturally more resistant to native pests and
supporting biocontrol agents such as birds and other pest predators. In the United States,
conventional pesticide use peaked in 1979, and by 2007, had been reduced by 25 percent from
the 1979 peak level, while US agricultural output increased by 43 percent over the same period.
Biological controls such as resistant plant varieties and the use of pheromones, have been
successful and at times permanently resolve a pest problem.Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
employs chemical use only when other alternatives are ineffective. IPM causes less harm to
humans and the environment. The focus is broader than on a specific pest, considering a range of
pest control alternatives. Biotechnology can also be an innovative way to control pests. Strains
can be genetically modified (GM) to increase their resistance to pests. However the same
techniques can be used to increase pesticide resistance and was employed by Monsanto to create
glyphosate-resistant strains of major crops. In 2010, 70% of all the corn that was planted was
resistant to glyphosate; 78% of cotton, and 93% of all soybeans
7b
According to an organic food advocacy group, the Environmental Working Group, buying
certain organic food can .
Determination of the Presence of Pesticides Insecticide Residual Concentratio...ijtsrd
The study was designed to experimentally investigate the presence of permethrin and cypermethrin insecticide residue concentrations in serum samples of albino rats. 60 Albino rats were used in this research which were equally divided into three groups, with the first containing Rats placed under no mosquito net as control, the second containing Rats placed under commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net, and the third containing rats placed under experimentally formulated treated insecticide Mosquito net. The presence of the insecticide concentration in Blood serum samples of the Rats were determined after carefully extracting the serum by solvent extraction technique, and analyzing the extracts by Gas Chromatographic method. Permethrin insecticide and cypermethrin insecticide were detected in the serum samples of the albino Rats. ANOVA results of F 2,57 =9.1,P=0.000 indicates significant difference in the concentration level of the insecticide in the three groups of the Rats. The Post hoc test indicates that, those Rats housed under experimentally formulated mosquito net, Mean=0.8,SD=0.02 , and those placed under commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net, Mean=0.5,SD=0.001 , experienced higher level of concentration of insecticide as compared to controls, Mean=0.00,SD=0.00 those in Group A . The Mean ± S.D for permethrin and cypermethrin insecticides were significantly different from that of controls. 0.9±0.011mg L of Permethrin was detected in samples of week two and three of the commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net and 0.32.±0.01mg L in week one of the experimentally formulated treated insecticide Mosquito net, respectively as indicated in Table 1, while cypermethrin has a highest value of 0.1±0.082mg L in week two, six, and seven of the commercially insecticide treated Mosquito net as well as 0.9±0.082mg L in the experimentally formulated treated insecticide Mosquito net respectively. The values recorded for both insecticides used in this work are within the WHO recommended permissible limit of 0.05mg kg 2.0mg kg. Muktar Haruna Dunari | Hussaini Abubakar | Haruna Abubakar Danyaya | Balarabe Sarki Sagagi "Determination of the Presence of Pesticides/Insecticide Residual Concentrations in Serum Blood Samples of Albino Rats Exposed to Mosquito Net Treated Insecticide over a Long Period as a Case Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/chromatography/38484/determination-of-the-presence-of-pesticidesinsecticide-residual-concentrations-in-serum-blood-samples-of-albino-rats-exposed-to-mosquito-net-treated-insecticide-over-a-long-period-as-a-case-study/muktar-haruna-dunari
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 1 ‖ January. 2013 ‖ PP.14-20
www.ijesi.org 14 | P a g e
Development and preliminary testing of an electronic pest
repeller with automatic frequency variation
Simeon M. I, Mohammed A.S, Adebayo S. E.
Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering,
Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT: This study presents the development and preliminary performance evaluation of an improved
electronic pest repeller with automatic frequency variation. The study is aimed at developing a device that is
capable of emitting ultrasonic energy of varied frequencies. These frequencies do affect the auditory senses of
pests such as rodents, avian and nocturnal insects by making them uncomfortable in their abode. However these
frequencies do not affect the hearing ability of man. An Astable Multi-vibrator (AMV), timer NE555 was used
to generate the required ultrasonic frequency and automatically varied in five steps by a pulse generating IC
(CA3130) and a counter (CD4017). A D-type flip-flop IC (CD4013) was used to obtain a symmetrical output
signal which was amplified in push-pull mode by 2-NPN Transistors (BD-139) and 2-PNP transistors (BD140).
Five variable resistors (each 100KΩ) were used to control the different frequencies selection. Two transducers
(tweeters) were employed to produce an efficient sound generated. The unit was tested with three groups of
white foot mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and a female house mouse Mus musculus which all responded positively
from a distance of up to fifteen (15) meters from the source. The average designed efficiency was found to be
86.5%. The device can be utilized by both small and large scale farmers for the purpose of repelling pests. The
performance of the device could be greatly improved with little modifications, for instance, using
microcontrollers and ultrasonic sensors to transmit the ultrasonic sound in a special band of frequency.
Keywords––Development, electronic, pest, frequency, repeller, sound
I. INTRODUCTION
Electronic pest control is the name given to the use of any of the several types of electrically powered
devices designed to repel or eliminate pests, usually rodents or insects.
Numerous electronic pest control devices are readily available throughout the world. Hardware stores
and garden centers usually stock some sort of electronic device advertised to repel a variety of pests and one can
also find them on the internet. Although these devices have been around for at least 20 years, they have only
recently become popular and widely advertised, probably due to their environmentally friendly claims. There is
a wide range of opinion about these devices. Some people claim that they work for them, while others claim
they are not effective at all [1]. Several methods have been used and are still being used for the control of pest;
many of them have been proved ineffective in one way or the other.
The commonest method of pest control is the use of pesticides (chemicals). Pesticides are substances or
a mixture of substances used for destroying, preventing, repelling or mitigating pests. Pesticides are commonly
used in and around homes because they are easy to apply, fast-acting, and effective against a wide variety of
pests. There are instances where the use of pesticides in rodents control may be effective, but there is no
registration which specifically refers to the use of pesticide against pests control which does not constitute a
potential hazard to man and his environment. Chemical method of pest control has been found to be very
effective but quite expensive to maintain. Also, these chemicals are highly poisonous and harsh both to humans
and pests alike as a result of their ability to pollute the air. Air pollution is thought to be one of the most
important risk factors for respiratory diseases, particularly for bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). However, a direct causal relationship is not easy to prove because air pollutants do
not occur as individual entities but in combination. In addition, the concentration and duration of exposure to air
pollutants required for inducing an adverse pulmonary effect have not yet been determined [2]. Moreover, it
adversely affects the environment that it brings about the genetic mutation of the internal make up of these pests
that they produce offspring that are immune to these chemicals that were used on their predecessor. [3]. This,
coupled with society‟s growing concern about environmental risks, makes alternative methods of pest control
increasingly attractive.
2. Development And Preliminary Testing Of An Electronic Pest Repeller With Automatic…
www.ijesi.org 15 | P a g e
An ecofriendly alternative to chemical pesticides is biopesticides, which encompasses a broad array of
microbial pesticides, biochemicals derived from micro-organisms and other natural sources, and processes
involving the genetic incorporation of DNA into agricultural commodities that confer protection against pest
damage. Biopesticides fall into three major classes. The potential benefits to agriculture and public health
programmes through the use of biopesticides are considerable. The interest in biopesticides is based on the
disadvantages associated with chemical pesticides. The total world production of biopesticides is over 3,000
tons/yr, which is increasing at a rapid rate. The market share of biopesticides is only 2.5% of the total pesticide
market. The stress on organic farming and on residue free commodities would certainly warrant increased
adoption of biopesticides by the farmers. Biopesticides being target pest specific are presumed to be relatively
safe to non-target organism including humans [4]. However, correct identification of the pest is the first step in
control, coupled with information on pest biology, ecology, and behavior. This renders this method rather
cumbersome because, its adoption by farmers needs education for maximizing gains.
The mechanical method of controlling pest involves generating sounds mechanically to scare pests
away. It also involves setting of traps, the use of guns and other mechanical means to kill pests. Any pest can be
controlled by sound. Fireworks, acetylene exploders, balls horns and other noise makers have been utilized in
birds‟ control [3]. Each has some applications but there is always one problem or the other which limits the
situation to which it is applicable. Specialized equipment is needed to produce the required sound under
different field conditions.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest
management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices. It is an Ecosystem-based strategy that
focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as
biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. IPM
programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the
environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest
damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the
environment. The IPM approach can be applied to both agricultural and non-agricultural settings, such as the
home, garden, and workplace. IPM takes advantage of all appropriate pest management options including, but
not limited to, the judicious use of pesticides [5]. In contrast, organic food production applies many of the same
concepts as IPM but limits the use of pesticides to those that are produced from natural sources, as opposed to
synthetic chemicals.
An electronic device can utilize sonic or ultrasonic sound waves, ultraviolet or UV rays, visual scare
characteristics or other means to discourage, scare or repel pests. The most popular of these are the ultrasonic
pest repellers. Ultrasonic pest repellers have been extensively promoted for the control of rodent problems,
primarily within buildings. While generally developed for use against rats and mice, some types of ultrasonic
devices are promoted as repelling squirrels, chipmunks (Eutamias spp.), bats (Order Chiroptera), skunks, deer
and/or coyotes. The high-frequency sounds produced by such devices are inaudible to most adult humans,
although it is well established that most rodent species can hear and communicate with such sounds [6].
These devices have suffered quantum of „setbacks‟ as most research results turn down the claims by
their manufacturers about their effectiveness in pest control. For instance, „while rodents may temporarily avoid
areas "covered" with high-frequency sounds, they habituate to them and will feed or nest alongside the operating
devices‟ [6]. „Ultrasonic devices, as demonstrated by many tests, will not drive established rodents out of
buildings or areas‟ [7]. „High-frequency sound is ineffective on the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)‟
[8]. However, some research works gave credence to the effectiveness of ultrasonic devices in pest control. For
instance, the laboratory evaluation of the efficacy of the Pest-A-Cator/Riddex system to Exclude Mice; revealed
that the behavior of wild house mice changed in conjunction with the introduction of the device and signal into
their immediate environment; and concluded that if the same responses occurred in home and office settings,
ultrasonic devices should have application as part of integrated rodent management program [9]. An extensive
study on “ultrasound and Arthropod Pest Control” carried out at Kansas State University confirmed that
ultrasonic sound devices do have both a repellent effect as well as a reduction in mating and reproduction of
various insects. However, the results were mixed and ultrasonic sound had little or no effect on some pests.
Ultrasonic devices were highly effective on crickets while the same devices had little repellent effect on
cockroaches. The conclusion based on the mixed results, revealed that electronic pest devices may not have a
promising future if existing devices are not improved through scientific and market research. „Combination
treatments should be explored: Light + ultrasound; ultrasonic barriers; ultrasound and attractants (push-pull
strategy)‟ [10]. There is also the need to explore frequency ranges and pulse durations that give the best
response. The effectiveness of ultrasonic devices can be increased by continuously varying the frequency of
oscillation [3].
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The objective of this study is to develop an electronic device for pests control that generates multiple
frequencies of oscillation and at the same time covers a broad range of pests. TABLE I gives the frequency
hearing range of selected animals.
Table I: Frequency Hearing Range for Selected Animals
Animalsfrequency range (Hz)
Pig 45-45,000
Ferret 16-44,000
Raccoon 100-40,000
Risso’s dolphin 8,000-100,000
Jamaican fruit bat 2,800-131,000
Rabbit 360-42,000
Human 31-17,000
Guinea pig 54-50,000
Rat 500-64,000
Mouse 2,300-85,000
G gerbil 100-60,000
Manatee 400-46,000
Birds
Pigeon ?-5,800
Chicken 125-2,000
Canary 250-8,000
Cockatiel 250-8,000
Parakeet 200-8,500
Penguin 100-15,000
Owl 200-12,000
Insects
Noctuid moth 1,000-240,000
Grasshopper 100-50,000
Source: (www.Hypertextbook.com, retrieved 23-08-2010) [11]
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Components used are as follows: 1-9volts transformer, 1-9v battery, four diode rectifiers (IN400l),
1- µf capacitor, 3-100kΩ, 2-4.7kΩ. 2-1kΩ, 1-18kΩ (fixed resistors), 5-100kΩ (Variable resistors), 1-470kΩ
(variable resistor), 1-1µF/25v, 1-330pf, 1-10µF (capacitors) 4-ICs (CA3130, CD4017, NE555, CD4013), 2-
NPN transistors (T1=T2= BD139) 3-PNP transistors (T3 =T4= BD140) 2-power switches, 4-iezoelectric tweeters
(transducers) 2-LED. 1-vero board, 1 – casing made of mild steel metal sheet of gauge 16. The device
comprises the power unit, the pulse generator unit, the oscillating unit and the amplifier unit. The most
important units are the oscillating unit. Fig. I, fig. II and fig III show the schematic diagram of the pulse
generator and counter unit, the oscillating unit and the output waveform of the Astable Multivibrator
respectively.
Figure1: schematic diagram of the pulse generator and counter unit
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By using this module, frequency of emission of ultrasonic sound is continuously varied step by step
automatically. Five stages of variation were used. For each clock pulse output from operating ICI CA3130
(which is wired here as a low frequency square wave oscillator), the logic 1 output of IC2 CD4017, which act as
the counter, shifts from the output of D1 to the output of D5. Five presets are set for different values and
connected to the input of the oscillating unit.
Figure2: schematic diagram of the oscillating unit
Pin 7 of IC3 (NE555) is electronically connected to the output of the counter unit. VR1 is used to
change pulse clock rate. IC3 is wired as an astable multivibrator which oscillates at a frequency range of
30kHz-105kHz. Its output is not symmetrical. 1C4 (see fig 2), a D-type flip-flop which delivers symmetrical
50kHz signals at its outputs.
2.1 Design equations and computed values
TH = time high in (sec)
TL = Time low in (sec)
T = Period
Tmax = maximum period in (s)
Tmin = minimum period in (s)
F = Frequency in Hz
TH = 0.693CA (RA + RB) [12] 1
TL = 0.693 CA RB 2
However, RA from the circuit above is
RD1 + VR2 + R5 since these are in series
Where;
RA = the input resistance of the oscillator
RD1= diode resistance (IN4148) = 618Ω
VR2 = the maximum value of each of the variable resistors (100kΩ), R5 = 4.7kΩ
RA(max) = 0.618 + 100 + 4.7 = 105.318kΩ
RB = 18kΩ, CA = C2 = 330 x 10-12
= 330P
Therefore time low = 0.693 x 330 x 10-12
x 18 x 103
µs
TL = 4.12 x 10-6
S = 4.12µs
Time High is;
TH = 0.693 x 330 x10-12
x (105.318x103
+ 18 x 103
)
= 0.693 x 330 x 123.318 x 10-9
= 28.2 x 10-6
S = 28.2µS
Tmax = TL + TH 3
Tmax = (4.12 + 28.2) µS = 32.32µS
Minimum Frequency is
1C3
R5
R6
C3
7
6
15
48
3
Tothecounter
unit
0.01uf
C2
330P
+VCC
4.7K
18K
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Fmin =
1
Tmax
[13] 4
Fmin =
106
32.32
= 30940.594
Fmin = 30.940kHz
Duty circle at Fmin =
TH
Tmax
5
Duty Circle at Fmin =
28.2
32.32
𝑥100% = 87.3%
RA(min) = 4.7 + 0.618 = 5.318
Minimum time high = 0.693 x 330 x 10-12
x (5.318 x 103
+ 18 x 103
)
= 0.693 x 330 x 23.318 x 10-12
x 103
THmin = 5.33 x 10-6
= 5.33µS
Minimum time low = 4.12µS
Minimum period = TL(min) + TH(min) 6
T(min) = (5.33 + 4.12) µS = 9.45µS
Maximum Frequency, Fmax =
1
𝑇(min )
7
F(max) =
106
9.45
= 105820.1058Hz = 105.8kHz
Duty circle at Fmax: D=
TH(min )
𝑇(min )
8
D =
5.33
9.45
x 100 = 56.4%
The output wave form of the Astable Multi-Vibrator (AMV) is shown in fig.3
Figure3: the output waveform of the astable multi-vibrator
Fig.4 gives the complete circuit diagram of the electronic pests repeller
Figure 4 complete circuit diagram of the designed electronic pests repeller
T
T
H
1 00 1
L
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The generated equation and computed values are summarized in TABLE II below
Table II: Generated Equations and Computed Values
Equations Calculated values Unit
TL=0.693CARB 4.21 µs
TH=0.693 CA(RA+RB) 28.2 µs
Tmax (µs)= TL+ TH 32.32 µs
Fmin= 1/Tmax 30.94 kHz
Duty Cycle at Fmin= TH/ Tmax 87.3 %
RA(min)=RD1+R5 5.32 kΩ
TH=0.693 CA(RA(min)+RB) 5.33 µs
Tmin = TL+ TH(min) 9.45 µs
Fmax= 1/Tmin 105.8 kHz
Duty Cycle at Fmax % 56.4 %
Given parameters: RA(max) = 105.82 kΩ, CA= 330*10-12Farads, RB = R6= 18kΩ
2.1 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
The device was designed to generate a frequency range of 31-105kHz. Preliminary test was carried out
using the digital multi-meter, to measure the actual frequencies (lower and upper frequencies) before
amplification and the output impedance after amplification. The results from this test are presented in TABLE
III
Table III: Output Frequencies and Impedance
Designed
frequency
range (kHz)
Actual
frequency
range (kHz)
Output impedance
(Ω)
31-105 30-80 8
Base on the results above, the efficiency of the device in terms of frequency generation is calculated as
Efficiency =
actual value
designed value
x100 10
Efficiency based on minimum frequency =
30
31
x100 = 96.8%
Efficiency based on maximum frequency =
80
105
x 100 = 76.2%
Average efficiency =
96.8+76.2
2
= 86.5%
2.3 Experimental procedure for Laboratory testing of the device on pests
The device was fully tested on three groups of white foot mice over a distance of five (5), ten (10), and
fifteen (15) meters at the biological laboratory of the Federal University of Technology, Minna. The mice were
housed in cages in order to confine their movement, to make food available and to make observation easy. The
device was activated and the reaction of each of the groups was observed simultaneously.
Again, the repelling ability of the device was tested on a female house mouse with a two day old litter of three.
It was activated at a distance of five (5) meters from the mouse and its litter for five (5) minutes after which it
was deactivated.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The actual (measured) minimum and maximum frequencies are respectively 30kHz and 80Khz against
31kHz and 105kHz, the designed frequencies. The average designed efficiency based on frequency generation is
computed to be 86.5%. The output frequency test revealed that there is variation between the designed
frequency and the actual frequencies. This is due to the variation between the actual values of components used
and the theoretical values as presented in TABLE IV. The theoretical values of components were used for the
designed calculation. Comparing efficiency based on minimum frequency with that based on maximum
frequency as computed above, it can be deduced that the device is more efficient in generating lower
frequencies in the selected frequency range than the higher frequencies. This implies therefore, that the device is
more effective in repelling pest that respond to sounds of the lower frequencies range.
Each group of mice shows an abrupt response to the activation of the device. Group A and group B
responded instantly whereas it took group C about thirty seconds to show the same kind of response. In each
case, the mice abandoned their food, stampeding and jumping against the walls of the cage looking for ways of
escape. In the case of the female house mouse, it was observed to display some kind of discomfort, uneasy and
some abnormal behavior such as jumping and became frantic. The moment the device was deactivated, the
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mouse jumped out of its abode, leaving its litter behind. This was accompanied by the death of the offspring
after the second day since their mother never returned to feed them
Table IV: Results on components testing
Resistor Theoretical
resistances (kΩ)
Actual
resistances(kΩ)
difference(kΩ) *Tolerance
%
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5(RA)
R6(RB)
R7
VR1
VR2
100
100
100
4.7
4.7
18
1
470
100
95.9
95.6
96.1
4.7
4.6
17.6
0.99
454
98.2
4.1
4.4
3.9
-
0.1
0.4
0.01
26
1.8
5
5
5
2
2
5
5
5
5
(Source: components testing with the multi-meter). *Tolerances are obtained
as specified by manufacturers with colour coding.
IV. CONCLUSION
An extensive performance evaluation is required to determine the efficacy of the device on different
pests. However, preliminary results obtained from the preliminary performance evaluation revealed that the
device has the potential to eliminate rodents. If the same responses occurred for other pests, the device should be
used in farms to repel pest and should have application as part of integrated rodent management program, which
is in line with earlier findings. The performance of the device could be greatly improved with little
modifications, for instance, using microcontrollers and ultrasonic sensors to transmit the sound in a special band
of frequency. The device can be utilized by both small and large scale farmers for the purpose of repelling pests.
However, for home use, the amplification is not necessary as the sound intensity may cause hearing impediment.
REFERENCES
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