International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Energy aware clustering protocol (eacp)IJCNCJournal
Energy saving to prolong the network life is an important design issue while developing a new routing
protocol for wireless sensor network. Clustering is a key technique for this and helps in maximizing the
network lifetime and scalability. Most of the routing and data dissemination protocols of WSN assume a
homogeneous network architecture, in which all sensors have the same capabilities in terms of battery
power, communication, sensing, storage, and processing. Recently, there has been an interest in
heterogeneous sensor networks, especially for real deployments. This research paper has proposed a new
energy aware clustering protocol (EACP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Heterogeneity is
introduced in EACP by using two types of nodes: normal and advanced. In EACP cluster heads for normal
nodes are elected with the help of a probability scheme based on residual and average energy of the
normal nodes. This will ensure that only the high residual normal nodes can become the cluster head in a
round. Advanced nodes use a separate probability based scheme for cluster head election and they will
further act as a gateway for normal cluster heads and transmit their data load to base station when they
are not doing the duty of a cluster head. Finally a sleep state is suggested for some sensor nodes during
cluster formation phase to save network energy. The performance of EACP is compared with SEP and
simulation result shows the better result for stability period, network life and energy saving than SEP.
The hierarchical routing of data in WSNs is a specific class of routing protocols it encompasses solutions that take a restructuring of the physical network in a logical hierarchy system for the optimization of the consum-ption of energy. Several hierarchical routing solutions proposed, namely: the protocol LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) consist of dividing the network in distributed clusters at one pop in order of faster data delivery and PEGASIS protocol (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems) which uses the principle of constructing a chain’s sensor node. Our contribution consists of a hierarchical routing protocol, which is the minimization of the energy consumption by reducing the transmission distance of data and reducing the data delivery time. Our solution combines the two hierarchical routing approaches: chain based approach and the cluster based approach. Our approach allows for multi-hop communications, intra- and intercluster, and a collaborative aggregation of data in each Cluster, and a collaborative aggregation of data at each sensor node.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Advance in the WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WISENET) technology is energy efficient routing protocols that promises a wide range of potential applications in both civilian and military areas. In the WISNET the sensor node have a limited transmission range and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy sources are limited. So the Equalized Cluster Head Election Routing Protocol (ECHERP) and PEGASIS with Double Cluster Head (PDCH) pursues energy conservation through balanced clustering for Energy Efficiency. In WSN, energy efficient routing protocol is important to increase the network lifetime. ECHERP and PDCH both protocol claims to be energy efficient.
Energy aware clustering protocol (eacp)IJCNCJournal
Energy saving to prolong the network life is an important design issue while developing a new routing
protocol for wireless sensor network. Clustering is a key technique for this and helps in maximizing the
network lifetime and scalability. Most of the routing and data dissemination protocols of WSN assume a
homogeneous network architecture, in which all sensors have the same capabilities in terms of battery
power, communication, sensing, storage, and processing. Recently, there has been an interest in
heterogeneous sensor networks, especially for real deployments. This research paper has proposed a new
energy aware clustering protocol (EACP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Heterogeneity is
introduced in EACP by using two types of nodes: normal and advanced. In EACP cluster heads for normal
nodes are elected with the help of a probability scheme based on residual and average energy of the
normal nodes. This will ensure that only the high residual normal nodes can become the cluster head in a
round. Advanced nodes use a separate probability based scheme for cluster head election and they will
further act as a gateway for normal cluster heads and transmit their data load to base station when they
are not doing the duty of a cluster head. Finally a sleep state is suggested for some sensor nodes during
cluster formation phase to save network energy. The performance of EACP is compared with SEP and
simulation result shows the better result for stability period, network life and energy saving than SEP.
The hierarchical routing of data in WSNs is a specific class of routing protocols it encompasses solutions that take a restructuring of the physical network in a logical hierarchy system for the optimization of the consum-ption of energy. Several hierarchical routing solutions proposed, namely: the protocol LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) consist of dividing the network in distributed clusters at one pop in order of faster data delivery and PEGASIS protocol (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems) which uses the principle of constructing a chain’s sensor node. Our contribution consists of a hierarchical routing protocol, which is the minimization of the energy consumption by reducing the transmission distance of data and reducing the data delivery time. Our solution combines the two hierarchical routing approaches: chain based approach and the cluster based approach. Our approach allows for multi-hop communications, intra- and intercluster, and a collaborative aggregation of data in each Cluster, and a collaborative aggregation of data at each sensor node.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Advance in the WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WISENET) technology is energy efficient routing protocols that promises a wide range of potential applications in both civilian and military areas. In the WISNET the sensor node have a limited transmission range and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy sources are limited. So the Equalized Cluster Head Election Routing Protocol (ECHERP) and PEGASIS with Double Cluster Head (PDCH) pursues energy conservation through balanced clustering for Energy Efficiency. In WSN, energy efficient routing protocol is important to increase the network lifetime. ECHERP and PDCH both protocol claims to be energy efficient.
Design Optimization of Energy and Delay Efficient Wireless Sensor Network wit...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In WSN sensors are randomly deployed in the sensor field which brings the coverage problem and limited energy resources. Hence energy and coverage problem are very scarce resources for such sensor systems and has to be managed wisely in order to extend the life of the sensors and maximizing coverage for the duration of a particular mission. In past a lot of cluster based algorithm and techniques were used. In this paper we propose combination of PSO based algorithm and cluster based Least Spanning Tree algorithm, which are very effective alone for WSN, and we also obtain life of sensor node and data transmission by LST based PSO algorithm. These techniques effectively overcome the problems of low energy and coverage of sensor range. Keywords: Energy efficient clustering, Least Spanning Tree algorithm, PSO algorithm, Wireless Sensor Networks.
ENERGY EFFICIENT GRID AND TREE BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLijwmn
In Wireless Sensor Network, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed and they mainly consume energy
in transmitting data over long distances. Sensor nodes are battery powered and their energy is restricted.
Since the location of the sink is remote, considerable energy would be consumed if each node directly
transmits data to the base station. Aggregating data at the intermediate nodes and transmitting using multihops
aids in reducing energy consumption to a great extent. This paper proposes a hybrid protocol
“Energy efficient Grid and Tree based routing protocol” (EGT) in which the sensing area is divided into
grids. The nodes in the grid relay data to the cell leader which aggregates the data and transmits to the
sink using the constructed hop tree. Simulation results show that EGT performs better than LEACH.
ENERGY EFFICIENT AGGREGATION WITH DIVERGENT SINK PLACEMENT FOR WIRELESS SENSO...ijasuc
In WSN the data aggregation is a means for condensing the energy requirement by reducing number of
transmission by combining the data and sending the final required result to the base station. The lifetime
of the WSN can be improved by employing the aggregation techniques. During the process of aggregation
the numbers of transmission are reduced by combining the similar data from the nearby areas. By using
the clustering technique and aggregating the correlated data greatly minimize the energy consumed in
collecting and disseminating the data. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a novel energy
efficient cluster based aggregation protocol (EECAP) for WSN. The main focus in this proposed work is
to study the performance of our proposed aggregation protocol with divergent sink placements such as
when sink is at the centre of the sensing field, corner of the sensing field or at a location selected
randomly in the sensor field. We present experimental results by calculating the lifetime of network in
terms of number of sensing rounds using various parameters such as – average remaining energy of
nodes, number of dead nodes after the specified number of sensing rounds. Finally the performance of
various aggregation algorithms such as LEACH, SEP and our proposed aggregation protocol (EECAP)
are compared with divergent sink placements. The simulation results demonstrates that EECAP exhibits
good performance in terms of lifetime and the energy consumption of the wireless sensor networks and
which can be as equally compared with existing clustering protocols.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Energy efficient load balanced routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to
business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to
telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment
of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than
ease of use.
However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and
policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are
not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce
and reproduce themselves overtime.
This paper presents the result of a study which focused on the roles of agents in the formulation
of telecommunication infrastructures deployment regulation and policy. In the study, the
interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study
employed the duality of structure, of Structuration theory as lens to understand the effectiveness
of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the
deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
Energy-Efficient Hybrid K-Means Algorithm for Clustered Wireless Sensor Netw...IJECEIAES
Energy efficiency is the most critical challenge in wireless sensor network. The transmission energy is the most consuming task in sensor nodes, specifically in large distances. Clustered routing techniques are efficient approaches used to lower the transmission energy and maximize the network’s lifetime. In this paper, a hybrid clustered routing approach is proposed for energy optimization in WSN. This approach is based on KMeans clustering algorithm and LEACH protocol. The simulation results using MATLAB tool have shown that the proposed hybrid approach outperforms LEACH protocol and optimizes the nodes energy and the network lifetime.
Energy Consumption Reduction in Wireless Sensor Network Based on ClusteringIJCNCJournal
ABSTRACT
One of the important issues in the routing protocol design in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is minimizing energy consumption and maximizing network lift time. Nowadays networks and information systems are one of the main parts of modern life that without them, people cannot live. On the hand, the impairment of these networks leads to great and incalculable costs. In this paper, a new method based on clustering has presented that problem of energy consumption is solved. The proposed algorithm is that energy-based clustering can create clusters of the same energy level and distribute energy efficiency across the WNS nodes. This proposed clustering protocol classify network nodes based on energy and neighbourhood criteria and attempts to better balance energy in clusters and ultimately increase network lifetime and maintain network coverage. Results are shown that the proposed algorithm is on average 40% better than LEACH algorithm and 14% better than IBLEACH algorithm.
KEYWORDS
Wireless Sensor Network, Clustering, LEACH Algorithm, IBLEACH Algorithm
Abstract Link : http://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v11n2/11219cnc03.html
Full Details : http://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V11N2/11219cnc03.pdf
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
An Analysis of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Protocol for ...IJERD Editor
Wireless sensor network is an emerging field leading to the various applications worldwide. Small nodes being used are capable enough to sensing, computation, collection and forwarding the data to the Base Station. Battery source is one of the most prominent concerning issue in making the sensor network running for performing various assigned tasks. This battery source has all business with the routing strategies being employed. Here in this paper the routing protocol LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is being reviewed to explore the advancements in clustering strategies. LEACH is being the first clustering protocol which selects the cluster head in each round and thereby balancing the energy consumption throughout the network. The work in the paper focus to discuss various variants of LEACH aiming to enhance the network life-time.
DYNAMIC RE-CLUSTERING LEACH-BASED (DR-LEACH) PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) contains a large number of sensor nodes equipped with limited energy supplies. In most applications, sensor nodes are deployed in a random fashion. Therefore, battery replacement or charging is considered not practical. As a result, routing protocols must be energy-efficient to prolong the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we propose a new Dynamic Re-clustering LEACH-Based protocol (DR-LEACH) which aims to reduce the energy consumption and extending the network’s lifetime. The idea is to balance energy consumption of Cluster Heads (CHs) by generating clusters with almost equal number of nodes during each round of the network life time. To perform this, we first calculate the optimal number of CHs in each round, and based on that we calculate the optimal size of each cluster. Results show that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime and reduces overall energy consumption compared to LEACH and BCDCP protocols.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IMPROVEMENT OF TRADITIONAL CLUSTERING METHOD IN WIRELESS S...IJCNCJournal
In the traditional clustering routing protocol of wireless sensor network, LEACH protocol (Low Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is considered to have many outstanding advantages in the implementation
of the hierarchy according to low energy adaptive cluster to collect and distribute the data to the base
station. The main objective of LEACH is: To prolong life time of the network, reduce the energy
consumption by each node, using the data concentration to reduce bulletins in the network. However, in the
case of large network, the distance from the nodes to the base station is very different. Therefore, the
energy consumption when becoming the host node is very different but LEACH is not based on the
remaining energy to choose the host node, which is based on the number of times to become the host node
in the previous rounds. This makes the nodes far away from the base station lose power sooner.
In this paper, we give a new routing protocol based on the LEACH protocol in order to improve operating
time of sensor network by considering energy issues and distance in selecting the cluster-head (CH), at that
time the nodes with high energy and near the base station (BS) will have a greater probability of becoming
the cluster-head than the those in far and with lower energy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Packet Loss Rate in Wireless Sensor Network using LEACH ProtocolIJTET Journal
Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is used to collect and send various kinds of messages to a base station (BS). Wireless sensor nodes are deployed randomly and densely in a target region, especially where the physical environment is very harsh that the macro-sensor counterparts cannot be deployed. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical (LEACH) Routing protocol builds a process where it reduces the Packet Loss Rate from 100 % to 55% .Simulations are carried out using NS2 simulator.
Optimizing the Performance of I-mod Leach-PD Protocol in Wireless Sensor Netw...ijsrd.com
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a networks of thousands of inexpensive miniature devices capable of computation, communication and sensing. WSN is being been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, health care monitoring or home automation. In the near future, wireless sensor network is expected to consists of thousand of inexpensive nodes, each having sensing capability with limited computational and communication power which enables to deploy large scale sensor networks. Large scale WSN is usually implemented as a cluster network. Clustering sensors into groups, so that sensors communicate information only to cluster-heads and then the cluster-heads communicate the aggregated information to the base station, saves energy and thus prolongs network lifetime. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is one of the clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. The advantage of LEACH is that each node has the equal probability to be a cluster head, which makes the energy dissipation of each node be relatively balanced. In LEACH protocol, time is divided into many rounds, in each round, all the nodes contend to be cluster head according to a predefined criterion. This paper focuses on how to set the time length of each round, how to adjust threshold based on the residual energy, and the measurement of energy required for transmission, based on the distance of cluster head from the base station, to prolong the lifetime of the network and increase throughput, which is denoted as the amount of data packs sent to the sink node. The functions of residual energy and required energy, and the time length of each round are deduced, thereby modifying the threshold value calculation. These functions can be used to enhance the performance of cluster-based wireless sensor networks in terms of lifetime and throughput.
Design Optimization of Energy and Delay Efficient Wireless Sensor Network wit...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In WSN sensors are randomly deployed in the sensor field which brings the coverage problem and limited energy resources. Hence energy and coverage problem are very scarce resources for such sensor systems and has to be managed wisely in order to extend the life of the sensors and maximizing coverage for the duration of a particular mission. In past a lot of cluster based algorithm and techniques were used. In this paper we propose combination of PSO based algorithm and cluster based Least Spanning Tree algorithm, which are very effective alone for WSN, and we also obtain life of sensor node and data transmission by LST based PSO algorithm. These techniques effectively overcome the problems of low energy and coverage of sensor range. Keywords: Energy efficient clustering, Least Spanning Tree algorithm, PSO algorithm, Wireless Sensor Networks.
ENERGY EFFICIENT GRID AND TREE BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLijwmn
In Wireless Sensor Network, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed and they mainly consume energy
in transmitting data over long distances. Sensor nodes are battery powered and their energy is restricted.
Since the location of the sink is remote, considerable energy would be consumed if each node directly
transmits data to the base station. Aggregating data at the intermediate nodes and transmitting using multihops
aids in reducing energy consumption to a great extent. This paper proposes a hybrid protocol
“Energy efficient Grid and Tree based routing protocol” (EGT) in which the sensing area is divided into
grids. The nodes in the grid relay data to the cell leader which aggregates the data and transmits to the
sink using the constructed hop tree. Simulation results show that EGT performs better than LEACH.
ENERGY EFFICIENT AGGREGATION WITH DIVERGENT SINK PLACEMENT FOR WIRELESS SENSO...ijasuc
In WSN the data aggregation is a means for condensing the energy requirement by reducing number of
transmission by combining the data and sending the final required result to the base station. The lifetime
of the WSN can be improved by employing the aggregation techniques. During the process of aggregation
the numbers of transmission are reduced by combining the similar data from the nearby areas. By using
the clustering technique and aggregating the correlated data greatly minimize the energy consumed in
collecting and disseminating the data. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a novel energy
efficient cluster based aggregation protocol (EECAP) for WSN. The main focus in this proposed work is
to study the performance of our proposed aggregation protocol with divergent sink placements such as
when sink is at the centre of the sensing field, corner of the sensing field or at a location selected
randomly in the sensor field. We present experimental results by calculating the lifetime of network in
terms of number of sensing rounds using various parameters such as – average remaining energy of
nodes, number of dead nodes after the specified number of sensing rounds. Finally the performance of
various aggregation algorithms such as LEACH, SEP and our proposed aggregation protocol (EECAP)
are compared with divergent sink placements. The simulation results demonstrates that EECAP exhibits
good performance in terms of lifetime and the energy consumption of the wireless sensor networks and
which can be as equally compared with existing clustering protocols.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Energy efficient load balanced routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to
business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to
telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment
of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than
ease of use.
However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and
policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are
not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce
and reproduce themselves overtime.
This paper presents the result of a study which focused on the roles of agents in the formulation
of telecommunication infrastructures deployment regulation and policy. In the study, the
interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study
employed the duality of structure, of Structuration theory as lens to understand the effectiveness
of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the
deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
Energy-Efficient Hybrid K-Means Algorithm for Clustered Wireless Sensor Netw...IJECEIAES
Energy efficiency is the most critical challenge in wireless sensor network. The transmission energy is the most consuming task in sensor nodes, specifically in large distances. Clustered routing techniques are efficient approaches used to lower the transmission energy and maximize the network’s lifetime. In this paper, a hybrid clustered routing approach is proposed for energy optimization in WSN. This approach is based on KMeans clustering algorithm and LEACH protocol. The simulation results using MATLAB tool have shown that the proposed hybrid approach outperforms LEACH protocol and optimizes the nodes energy and the network lifetime.
Energy Consumption Reduction in Wireless Sensor Network Based on ClusteringIJCNCJournal
ABSTRACT
One of the important issues in the routing protocol design in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is minimizing energy consumption and maximizing network lift time. Nowadays networks and information systems are one of the main parts of modern life that without them, people cannot live. On the hand, the impairment of these networks leads to great and incalculable costs. In this paper, a new method based on clustering has presented that problem of energy consumption is solved. The proposed algorithm is that energy-based clustering can create clusters of the same energy level and distribute energy efficiency across the WNS nodes. This proposed clustering protocol classify network nodes based on energy and neighbourhood criteria and attempts to better balance energy in clusters and ultimately increase network lifetime and maintain network coverage. Results are shown that the proposed algorithm is on average 40% better than LEACH algorithm and 14% better than IBLEACH algorithm.
KEYWORDS
Wireless Sensor Network, Clustering, LEACH Algorithm, IBLEACH Algorithm
Abstract Link : http://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v11n2/11219cnc03.html
Full Details : http://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V11N2/11219cnc03.pdf
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
An Analysis of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Protocol for ...IJERD Editor
Wireless sensor network is an emerging field leading to the various applications worldwide. Small nodes being used are capable enough to sensing, computation, collection and forwarding the data to the Base Station. Battery source is one of the most prominent concerning issue in making the sensor network running for performing various assigned tasks. This battery source has all business with the routing strategies being employed. Here in this paper the routing protocol LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is being reviewed to explore the advancements in clustering strategies. LEACH is being the first clustering protocol which selects the cluster head in each round and thereby balancing the energy consumption throughout the network. The work in the paper focus to discuss various variants of LEACH aiming to enhance the network life-time.
DYNAMIC RE-CLUSTERING LEACH-BASED (DR-LEACH) PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) contains a large number of sensor nodes equipped with limited energy supplies. In most applications, sensor nodes are deployed in a random fashion. Therefore, battery replacement or charging is considered not practical. As a result, routing protocols must be energy-efficient to prolong the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we propose a new Dynamic Re-clustering LEACH-Based protocol (DR-LEACH) which aims to reduce the energy consumption and extending the network’s lifetime. The idea is to balance energy consumption of Cluster Heads (CHs) by generating clusters with almost equal number of nodes during each round of the network life time. To perform this, we first calculate the optimal number of CHs in each round, and based on that we calculate the optimal size of each cluster. Results show that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime and reduces overall energy consumption compared to LEACH and BCDCP protocols.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IMPROVEMENT OF TRADITIONAL CLUSTERING METHOD IN WIRELESS S...IJCNCJournal
In the traditional clustering routing protocol of wireless sensor network, LEACH protocol (Low Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is considered to have many outstanding advantages in the implementation
of the hierarchy according to low energy adaptive cluster to collect and distribute the data to the base
station. The main objective of LEACH is: To prolong life time of the network, reduce the energy
consumption by each node, using the data concentration to reduce bulletins in the network. However, in the
case of large network, the distance from the nodes to the base station is very different. Therefore, the
energy consumption when becoming the host node is very different but LEACH is not based on the
remaining energy to choose the host node, which is based on the number of times to become the host node
in the previous rounds. This makes the nodes far away from the base station lose power sooner.
In this paper, we give a new routing protocol based on the LEACH protocol in order to improve operating
time of sensor network by considering energy issues and distance in selecting the cluster-head (CH), at that
time the nodes with high energy and near the base station (BS) will have a greater probability of becoming
the cluster-head than the those in far and with lower energy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Packet Loss Rate in Wireless Sensor Network using LEACH ProtocolIJTET Journal
Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is used to collect and send various kinds of messages to a base station (BS). Wireless sensor nodes are deployed randomly and densely in a target region, especially where the physical environment is very harsh that the macro-sensor counterparts cannot be deployed. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical (LEACH) Routing protocol builds a process where it reduces the Packet Loss Rate from 100 % to 55% .Simulations are carried out using NS2 simulator.
Optimizing the Performance of I-mod Leach-PD Protocol in Wireless Sensor Netw...ijsrd.com
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a networks of thousands of inexpensive miniature devices capable of computation, communication and sensing. WSN is being been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, health care monitoring or home automation. In the near future, wireless sensor network is expected to consists of thousand of inexpensive nodes, each having sensing capability with limited computational and communication power which enables to deploy large scale sensor networks. Large scale WSN is usually implemented as a cluster network. Clustering sensors into groups, so that sensors communicate information only to cluster-heads and then the cluster-heads communicate the aggregated information to the base station, saves energy and thus prolongs network lifetime. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is one of the clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. The advantage of LEACH is that each node has the equal probability to be a cluster head, which makes the energy dissipation of each node be relatively balanced. In LEACH protocol, time is divided into many rounds, in each round, all the nodes contend to be cluster head according to a predefined criterion. This paper focuses on how to set the time length of each round, how to adjust threshold based on the residual energy, and the measurement of energy required for transmission, based on the distance of cluster head from the base station, to prolong the lifetime of the network and increase throughput, which is denoted as the amount of data packs sent to the sink node. The functions of residual energy and required energy, and the time length of each round are deduced, thereby modifying the threshold value calculation. These functions can be used to enhance the performance of cluster-based wireless sensor networks in terms of lifetime and throughput.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR CLUSTER HE...ijp2p
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR CLUSTER HE...ijp2p
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR CLUSTER HE...ijp2p
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
This paper considers a heterogeneous network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each
Normal sensor node in a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to the clusterhead,
and then cluster head sending data to a base station (via intermediate cluster- heads). This paper
focuses on reducing the energy consumption and hence improving lifetime of wireless sensor Networks.
Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So energy saving
algorithm has been developed in which clusters are formed considering a subset of high energy nodes as a
cluster-head and another subset of powerful nodes is ask to go to sleep. When Cluster heads deplete their
energy another subset of nodes becomes active and acts as a cluster head. Proposed approach is
implemented in MATLAB, Simulation results shows that it can prolong the network lifetime than LEACH
protocol, and achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH.
An enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networkIJECEIAES
Recent few years, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been an increasingly important technology that has been applied in almost all domains, even in complex environments where human activity is impossible. In WSN, various factors are impacted energy consumption, such as communication protocols, packet data transmission, and limited battery. So, the lifespan of the WSNs is limited. In this context, energy efficiency is the factor most attracted by many researchers. In this paper, we proposed a new improved LEACH routing protocol. This proposed protocol based on the current energy to select cluster-heads, and it uses a root cluster-head with more current energy and low distance to the sink to gather all data, then sends it to the sink. The simulation results in MATLAB confirmed that the proposed algorithm performed better than the conventional LEACH protocol, and increased the network lifetime in WSN.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
Implementation of optimal solution for network lifetime and energy consumptio...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In current scenarios MANET mainly focus on low power battery operated devices. Moreover in a MANET transmission of large data consumes more energy that affects the performance of network, energy consumption, throughput, end to end delay, and packet overhead. The sum of these parameter metrics measure must be taken into account to increase the life-time and network energy efficiency. The main constraint in WSN is due to the restricted power in a node, which cannot be substituted. The node senses the data and it is moved towards the sink. This action of data movement needs to be efficient and the usage of battery in the sensor node requires to be efficiently employed to improve the network lifetime. The development of the energy efficient algorithms is of primary concern in the research arena of MANET. In any network, most of the routing protocols are focused directly to collect and bifurcate the large data for long distance communication. The prime goal of this research focused to identifies and survey more suitable routing protocol for MANET. That consumed less energy and increase life time of network. In this paper the author made on attempt on improved energy efficient LEACH protocol for MANET to reduce the energy dissipation that to life time of the network during the data transmission between source nodes and destination nodes.
MULTI-HOP DISTRIBUTED ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING SCHEME FOR HET...ijfcstjournal
Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are network of Sensor Nodes (SNs) with inherent sensing, processing and
communicating abilities. One of current concerns in wireless sensor networks is developing a stable
clustered heterogeneous protocol prolonging the network lifetime with minimum consumption of battery
power. In the recent times, many routing protocols have been proposed increasing the network lifetime,
stability in short proposing a reliable and robust routing protocol. In this paper we study the impact of
hierarchical clustered network with sensor nodes of two-level heterogeneity. The main approach in this
research is to develop an enhanced multi-hop DEEC routing protocol unlike DEEC. Simulation results
show the proposed protocol is better than DEEC in terms of FDN (First Dead Node), energy consumption
and Packet transmission.
MULTI-HOP DISTRIBUTED ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING SCHEME FOR H...ijfcstjournal
Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are network of Sensor Nodes (SNs) with inherent sensing, processing and
communicating abilities. One of current concerns in wireless sensor networks is developing a stable
clustered heterogeneous protocol prolonging the network lifetime with minimum consumption of battery
power. In the recent times, many routing protocols have been proposed increasing the network lifetime,
stability in short proposing a reliable and robust routing protocol. In this paper we study the impact of
hierarchical clustered network with sensor nodes of two-level heterogeneity. The main approach in this
research is to develop an enhanced multi-hop DEEC routing protocol unlike DEEC. Simulation results
show the proposed protocol is better than DEEC in terms of FDN (First Dead Node), energy consumption
and Packet transmission.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Efficient use of Energy in WSN using H-LEACHdbpublications
Wireless sensor networks are fast developing technologies in communication area, because WSN works in rough condition where human is out of reach. This paper discuss about H-LEACH, using H-LEACH energy consideration problems can be solved by selecting a cluster head (CH). H-LEACH uses remaining energy and maximum energy of the nodes to select a cluster head using some threshold constrain.
CONSENSUS BASED DATA AGGREGATION FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR N...ijdpsjournal
Our planet is abundant with raw data and to monitor the available data properly, processing of the enormous raw data is very vital. One of the key things in development of mankind and the nature is to acquire as much data as possible and to react appropriately in accordance with the studied data. It’s nothing but diagnosis of the physical world by studying the data acquired from them in order to take proper measures that can help in treating them better. Large volume of data incurs high energy consumption for its transmission and thus results in decrease of overall network lifetime.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of multiple sensor nodes that all together forms a network for transmitting data acquired by each sensor node to sink known as Base Station (BS). In hierarchical routing acquired data are sent via relay agents like Cluster Heads (CH). The Cluster Heads must be customised with computations and formulations, which will help in aggregating the gathered data, in order to reduce energy consumption while transmitting the data further in the network while maintaining the data integrity to withhold the significance of every single value in a data set.
THRESHOLD SENSITIVE HETEROGENOUS ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR BETTER ENERGY UTILIZATI...ijassn
Advancements in WSN have led to the wide applicability of sensor network in various fields. WSNs basic classification is Reactive and Proactive network. Reactive networks responds to the very immediate changes in its environment in required parameters of interest, as opposed to the Proactive network, due to continuous sensing nature of WSN. To make it more efficient and improved in terms of Energy in network’s
lifetime, we need to reduce the energy expense in the network model, which is one of the most significant issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1, 2]. In this paper, we proposed an efficient version of TSEP Protocol, which prolongs the networks lifetime by efficient utilization of sensor energy, as we have simulated. We evaluated the performance of our protocol and compared the results with the TSEP. And from the results of simulation, it can be concluded easily that our proposed efficient routing protocol performs better in terms of network lifetime and stability period
THRESHOLD SENSITIVE HETEROGENOUS ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR BETTER ENERGY UTILIZATI...ijassn
Advancements in WSN have led to the wide applicability of sensor network in various fields. WSNs basic classification is Reactive and Proactive network. Reactive networks responds to the very immediate changes in its environment in required parameters of interest, as opposed to the Proactive network, due to continuous sensing nature of WSN. To make it more efficient and improved in terms of Energy in network’s lifetime, we need to reduce the energy expense in the network model, which is one of the most significant issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [1, 2]. In this paper, we proposed an efficient version of TSEP Protocol, which prolongs the networks lifetime by efficient utilization of sensor energy, as we have simulated. We evaluated the performance of our protocol and compared the results with the TSEP. And
from the results of simulation, it can be concluded easily that our proposed efficient routing protocol performs better in terms of network lifetime and stability period.
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The comparison between routing protocols based on lifetime of wireless sensor networks
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 3 Issue 11 || November 2014 || PP.20-26
www.ijesi.org 20 | Page
The comparison between routing protocols based on lifetime of
wireless sensor networks
G.Asha1
, S.Durgadevi, BE, ME, (Ph.D) 2
, Mr.K.Shankar, BE, M.Tech3
1
Second year ME, Computer Science and Engineering, Prathyusha institute of Technology and Management,
India
2, 3
Assistant Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, Prathyusha institute of technology and
management
ABSTRACT:A wireless sensor network consists of thousands of low-cost, low-power and battery-powered
sensor nodes. As sensor nodes have limited and non-rechargeable energy resources, energy is a very scarce
resource and has to be managed carefully in order to extend the lifetime of the sensor networks. Wireless sensor
network is used to collect and send various kinds of messages to a base station .Wireless sensor networks are
deployed where the physical environment is so harsh. Various protocols are used to extend lifetime of the
wireless sensor networks (WSN) and sensor nodes are used effectively to transfer information to the base
station. Load balancing plays an important role in equally distributing the load among the sensor nodes.
Protocols such as PEGASIS, HEED, and PEDAP are some of the protocol that are used to extend the life time
of the network.
KEY TERMS: wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes, energy consumption, lifetime
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) comprises of hundreds or thousands of low cost sensor nodes. Once
deployed, sensor nodes collect the information of interest from the sensors, performs local processing of these
data including quantization and compression, and forward the data to a base station (BS) directly or through a
neighboring relay node [1].It is used in vast number of applications for wireless sensor networks such as,
military, commercial, intrusion detection and industrial, healthcare, disaster and rescue operations, etc.
Many protocols have been proposed for increasing the energy efficiency and lifetime of the wireless sensor
networks such as LEACH, HEED, PEGASIS and PEDAP. All the above mentioned protocols have various
techniques to enhance the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. Sensor nodes senses the data from the
environment where it is located and send it to the base station. Before transferring the data to the base station,
the sensor nodes have to know the information about neighboring nodes and it’s ID [14].
There are two kinds of communications between cluster heads and the base station, single-hop
communication and multi-hop communication. In multi-hop communication clustering algorithms, the energy
consumption of cluster heads consists of the energy for receiving, aggregating and sending the data from their
cluster members (intra-cluster energy consumption) and the energy for forwarding data for their neighbor cluster
heads (inter-cluster energy consumption)[5]. In clustering networks, the imbalanced energy consumption among
nodes is the key factor affecting the network lifetime. In order to balance the energy consumption among nodes,
clustering algorithms for networks are used. An improvement over the LEACH protocol is the GSTEB protocol
which selects the cluster head based on energy level of the sensor nodes, the node which is having higher energy
level will become the cluster head[14].
II. COMPARISON BETWEEN CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS
2.1. LEACH: LEACH protocol is a type of hierarchical routing protocols and it is self-adaptive and self-organized in
nature. LEACH protocol uses round as unit and each round is made up of cluster set-up stage and steady-state stage, for the
purpose of reducing unnecessary energy costs and the steady-state stage must be much longer than the set-up stage [16].
Fig. 1. LEACH Stages
2. The comparison between---
www.ijesi.org 21 | Page
The cluster head in LEACH protocol is selected by using threshold value t(n).Each sensor node in the
cluster choose a random number either 0 or 1 and this value is compared with threshold value t(n).If the number
selected is less than t(n),then the node becomes the cluster head otherwise it becomes an ordinary node. Fig 2
represents the transmission that take place in LEACH.
Threshold value is determined by the following formula,
t(n)= (1)
The equation (i.e., (1)) calculates the threshold value, where p is the percentage of the cluster head nodes in
all nodes, r is the number of the round, G is the collections of the nodes that have not yet been selected as head
nodes in the first 1/P rounds [6]. The fig 1 represents the following two stages of LEACH,
2.1.1. Set-Up Stage:
During the setup phase,
[1] Each node will decide whether to become a cluster head or not based on threshold value.
[2] After selecting the cluster head, each of other nodes will select its own cluster head and join the cluster
based on energy.
[3] Each node will choose the nearest cluster head.
2.1.2. Steady-State Stage:
During the steady-state phase,
[1] Cluster head fuses the data received from the cluster members and send the fused data to base station by
single-hop communication.
[2] LEACH uses randomization to rotate cluster head for each round in order to evenly distribute the energy
consumption.
[3] So LEACH can reduce the amount of data directly transmitted to base station and to balance load in
wireless sensor networks.
The two stages of LEACH is represented in the flowchart fig3 which is given below.
Fig. 2. LEACH
Fig. 3. FLOW CHART OF LEACH PROTOCOL
3. The comparison between---
www.ijesi.org 22 | Page
2.2.PEGASIS: In Power-Efficient GAthering in Sensor Information Systems, each node communicates only with close
neighbor and takes turns transmitting to the base station and thus reducing the amount of energy spent per round. In this
PEGASIS (Power-Efficient GAthering in Sensor Information Systems) protocol, the data is collected and gathered from
nearby nodes .The PEGASIS will form a chain among the sensor nodes so that each node will receive from and transmit to a
close neighbor. Gathered data moves from node to node and get fused and eventually a designated node transmits to the base
station [10]. Nodes will transmit information to the base station so that the average energy spent by each node per round is
reduced. PEGASIS performs data fusion at every node except in the end nodes in the chain [6]. Each node will fuse its
neighbor’s data with its own to generate a single packet of the same length and then transmit that to its other neighbor in the
network. The equations (i.e., (2) and (3)) are used to calculate transmission costs and receiving costs for a k-bit message and
a distance d are shown below [10].
Transmitting: ETx(k,d) = ETx–elec(k)+ETx–amp(k,d) (2)
ETx (k, d) = Eelec*k + Îamp * k* d2
Receiving:
ERx(k)=ERx-elec(k) (3)
ERx(k) = Eelec*k
The number of receives and transmissions should be minimal and LEACH and PEGASIS use the same constants
(Eelec, Îamp, k) for calculating energy costs, therefore the PEGASIS achieves its energy savings by minimizing d and the
number of transmissions and receives for each node [3].The leader of the network will remain the head until the process is
completed .Whenever a node dies, the chain will be reconstructed and the threshold can be changed to determine which node
can become leader node.Nodes transmits the fused data to the base station to balance the energy depletion in the network and
preserves robustness of the sensor web as nodes die at random locations. Distributing the energy load among the nodes
increases the lifetime and quality of the network. The PEGASIS protocol achieves between 100 to 300% improvement when
compared to the LEACH protocol [10]. PEGASIS, a greedy chain protocol that is near optimal for a data-gathering problem
in sensor networks [4].PEGASIS outperforms LEACH by eliminating the overhead of dynamic cluster formation,
minimizing the distance non leader-nodes must transmit, limiting the number of transmissions and receives among all nodes,
and using only one transmission to the base station per round. Thus PEGASIS protocol is an improvement algorithm over
LEACH protocol and the life time of the network is more compared to LEACH protocol [8]. Fig 4 represents the
transmission that take place in PEGASIS.
Fig. 4.PEGASIS
PEGASIS uses multi hop routing by forming chains and use only one node to transmit to the
base station [9]. Compare to LEACH protocol, PEGASIS has been shown performance of about 100-300% for
different network topologies of WSN [17]. Compare to LEACH protocol the lifetime of a PEGASIS is long. In
PEGASIS , there is only one node which does the data aggregation and data fusion .In LEACH , where each
cluster head is taking part in communication with base station [7]. In LEACH, the energy will be dissipated by
each cluster head, PEGASIS will dissipate less energy because only leader node in chain will actively take part
in data aggregation and data fusion. In PEGASIS each node should be aware of the remaining energy status of
its neighbors. Compare to LEACH, PEGASIS removes the energy dissipated by the reformation of cluster in
each round[18]. In PEGASIS, if node death occurs, the chain must be rebuilt which increases the energy
consumption. Node far away from the leader node will forward the data many times by the chain which causes
the long time delay of transmission. So, there is a problem of time delay in PEGASIS protocol and lifetime of
the network is reduced.
2.3.HEED: Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed protocol was designed to select different cluster heads in a
field according to the amount of energy that is distributed in relation to a neighboring node. In each cluster one
node acts as a cluster head which is in charge of coordinating with other cluster heads. To increase energy
4. The comparison between---
www.ijesi.org 23 | Page
efficiency and prolong network lifetime intra cluster communication is used and it communicates with other
cluster heads.
HEED distribution of energy extends the lifetime of the nodes within the network thus stabilizing the
neighboring node and it operates correctly when nodes are not synchronized [2]. In Hybrid Energy Efficient
Distributed clustering algorithm, each node is mapped to exactly one cluster.The node can directly communicate
with its cluster head (via a single hop). Each node independently makes its decisions based on local
information.Clustering terminates within a fixed number of iterations. At the end of each TDMA, each node is
either a cluster head, or an ordinary node that belongs to exactly one cluster.Clustering should be efficient in
terms of processing complexity and message exchange and cluster heads are well-distributed over the sensor
field.
The probability of becoming cluster head in HEED is represented as follows [15].
(4)
In the equation (i.e.,(4)), where Eresidual is the estimated current residualenergy in the node, and
Emaxis a reference maximum energy (corresponding to a fully charged battery), which is typically identical for
all nodes [2].The cluster heads selected by HEED have high residual energy. HEED is completely distributed, a
node can become a cluster head according to its CHprob, or join a cluster according to overheard cluster head
messages within its cluster range and thus node decisions are based solely on local information [13]. In HEED,
cluster heads are randomly selected based on their residual energy and to increase energy efficiency and further
prolong network lifetime, consider intra-cluster communication cost as a secondary clustering parameter. A
node can elect to become a cluster head at consecutive clustering intervals if it has high residual energy and low
cost. Thus the life time of the network in HEED protocol is more compared to other protocols in wireless sensor
networks [8].
If the power level used for intra-cluster communication is fixed for all nodes, then the cost can be
proportional to
(i) node degree, if the load is distributed among cluster heads, or
(ii) , if the dense clusters is created.
HEED distribution of energy consumption extends the lifetime of all the nodes in the network, which adds
to the stability of the neighbor set. Nodes also automatically update their neighbor sets in multi-hop networks by
periodically sending and receiving messages [12]. Since it uses communication cost as a secondary parameter to
improve the life time of the wireless sensor network, HEED outperforms well compared to other protocols in the
network. Fig 5 represents the flow process that take place in HEED protocol.
Fig 5 represents the flow process that take place in HEED protocol
5. The comparison between---
www.ijesi.org 24 | Page
Fig. 5. Flow chart representing HEED Protocol
AUTHORS PROTOCOLS ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS
Chunyao FU, Zhifang JIANG,
Wei WEI and Ang WEI [16]
LEACH It is a clustering based technique and the
cluster head directly communicates with
the base station in single hop.
It includes two phases, set-up and steady
state phase.
Life time of LEACH is more compared
to other clustering protocols
It is only suitable for
homogeneous type of wireless
sensor networks
Stephanie Lindsey,Cauligi S.
Raghavendra [10]
PEGASIS It is a tree based technique and energy
usage is low compared to LEACH
protocol.
It has two phases, Chain formation
phase, Broadcasting phase.
Life time of PEGASIS is more
compared to LEACH
In this, data are not aggregated
so only one node can
communicate with the base
station.
Ossama Younis, and Sonia
Fahmy[15]
HEED It is a clustering based technique, it is
suitable for heterogeneous wireless
sensor networks.
It has three phases, Initialization phase,
Set-up phase, Steady phase.
Life time of HEED is more compared to
PEGASIS.
The energy level in cluster head
may decrease and so there will
be a loss in data transmission.
Fengyuan Ren, Jiao Zhang, Tao
He, Chuang Lin [7]
EBRP It provides more protection for weaker
nodes.
Lifetime of EBRP is more.
The load is not balanced since
there is no fixed path.
Sudakshina Dasgupta,
Paramartha Dutta [12]
Improved LEACH It extends the stability time and first
node dead time. Thus it increases the
life time of network.
There is no energy efficiency
since overheads are not reduced.
Jiguo Yua, Yingying Qi,
Guanghui Wang, Xin Gu [5]
Cluster based routing
protocol
It extends the life time by using residual
energy of each node.
It cannot be done in large
number of nodes since cost is
high.
Sankardas Roy, Mauro Conti,
Sanjeev Setia, and Sushil
Secure data aggregation It reduces communication overhead and
improves the lifetime of network.
It is not suitable for
heterogeneous network.
6. The comparison between---
www.ijesi.org 25 | Page
TABLE 1. COMPARISON BETWEEN HIERARCHICAL PROTOCOLS
II. PROPOSED WORK
3.1.GSTEB:
A General Self-Organized Tree-Based Energy-Balance routing protocol is used to achieve a longer
network lifetime for different applications. In each round, base station assigns a root node and broadcasts its ID
and its coordinates to all sensor nodes. The GSTEB protocol is divided into Initial Phase, Tree Constructing
Phase, Self-Organized Data Collecting and Transmitting Phase, and Information Exchanging Phase.
3.1.1. Initial Phase:
When Initial Phase begins, base station broadcasts a packet to all the nodes to inform them of beginning
time. Each node sends its packet in a circle with a certain radius during its own time slot. Each node sends a
packet which contains all its neighbors’ information during its own time slot. Then its neighbors can receive this
packet and record the information in memory. Initial Phase is a significant preparation for the next phases [14].
After Initial Phase, GSTEB operates in rounds. In a round, the routing tree may need to be rebuilt and each
sensor node generates data packet that needs to be sent to base station. When base station receives the data of all
sensor nodes, a round ended.
3.1.2. Tree Constructing Phase:
BS assigns a node as root and broadcasts root ID and root coordinates to all sensor nodes. In each round,
a node with the largest residual energy is chosen as root. The root collects the data of all sensors and transmits
the fused data to base station over long distance. Each node tries to select a parent in its neighbors using energy
level and coordinates which are recorded in the table [14].
The nodes will compute their energy level by using the function,
EL(i)= (5)
In the equation (i.e.,(5)), where ‘i’ is the ID of each node, and α is a constant which reflects the minimum
energy unit and can be changed based on our demands.
The distance between its parent node and the root should be shorter than that between itself and the root.
Because every node chooses the parent from its neighbors and every node records its neighbors’ neighbors’
information in the table .Each node will know all its neighbors’ parent nodes by computing, and it also knows
all its child nodes. If a node has no child node, it defines itself as a leaf node from which the data transmitting
begins.
3.1.3. Self-Organized Data Collecting and Transmitting Phase
After the routing tree is constructed, each sensor node collects information to generate a data packet
which needs to be transmitted to base station. After a node receives all the data from its child nodes, this node
itself serves as a leaf node and tries to send the fused data in the next time slot. The first segment is used to
check if there is communication interference for a parent node. In this segment, each leaf node sends a beacon
which contains its ID to its parent node at the same time. There are three situations that may occur and they
divide all the parent nodes into three kinds. For the first situation, if no leaf node needs to transmit data to the
parent node in this time slot, it receives nothing. For the second situation, if more than one leaf node needs to
transmit data to the parent node, it receives an incorrect beacon. For the third situation, if only one leaf node
needs to transmit data to the parent node, it receives a correct beacon. The operation of the second segment
depends on the three situations [14]. During the second segment, the leaf nodes which can transmit their data are
confirmed. For the first situation, the parent node turns to sleep mode until next time slot starts. In the third
Segment, the permitted leaf nodes send their data to their parent nodes, while other leaf nodes turn to sleep
mode. Each node chooses its parent by considering not the distance but the total energy consumption.
Jajodia [9]
Hongjuan Li, Kai Lin, Keqiu Li
[4]
EEHA It provides high accuracy and secure
data aggregation among nodes, thus
improves the lifetime.
It can be used only in tree based
clustering.
7. The comparison between---
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3.1.4 Information Exchanging Phase:
Each node needs to generate and transmit a data packet in each round, before it exhaust its energy and
die. The dying of any sensor node can influence the topography .So the nodes that are going to die need to
inform other nodes .The process is also divided into time slots and in each time slot ,the nodes whose energy is
going to be exhausted will compute a random delay which makes only one node broadcast in this time slot.
When the delay is ended, these nodes will try to broadcast a packet to the whole network. While all other nodes
are monitoring the channel, they will receive this packet and perform an ID check. Then they modify their
tables. If no such packet is received in the time slot, the network will start the next round 14]. After completing
all the rounds in a time slot, a new technique called re-elective clustering is introduced. Re-elective clustering is
the process of selecting the cluster head after each time slot based on the energy level of all the nodes in the
network. This technique is used in order to reduce loss of information transferred over the cluster head because
after completion of each time slot, the energy level of all the nodes including cluster head is reduced. So, the
cluster head is selected based on the energy level so that information can be transferred securely.
III. CONCLUSION
GSTEB outperforms compared with all the above mentioned protocols in prolonging of life time of the
wireless sensor networks. In LEACH protocol cluster head is selected randomly and it reduces the energy level
due to their distances to base station are far, because of the heavy energy burden and these cluster heads will
soon die. In case of PEGASIS, nodes take turns to transmit the fused data to the base station to balance the
energy depletion in the network and preserves robustness as the sensor nodes die at random locations. HEED
distribution of energy extends the lifetime of the nodes within the network thus stabilizing the neighboring node
.At the end of each TDMA, each node is either a cluster head or an ordinary node that belongs to exactly one
cluster.In GSTEB, the cluster head is selected based on energy and a tree is constructed to transfer the
information.Thus GSTEB prolongs the life time of the network compared to other protocols in the network.
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