Chemistry Central Journal 12 (1) jun 2018
DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0443-0
License CC BY 4.0
Purpose: Free radicals are considered as the causative agents of a variety of acute and chronic pathologies. Natural antioxidants have drawn attention of the researchers in recent years for their ability to scavenge free radicals with minimal or even no side effects. This study evaluates the antioxidant capacity of agathisflavone, a naturally occurring biflavonoid by a number of in vitro methods. Methods: Agathisflavone was subjected to DPPH, ABTS, OH and NO radical scavenging assay, reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) test using trolox as a standard. Results: Agathisflavone showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity against all types of free radicals used in this study. The antioxidant capacity, reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation showed by agathisflavone were comparable to that of trolox. Conclusion: Agathisflavone exhibited antioxidant capacity, which suggests considering this biflavonoid for the use in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases precipitated by oxidative stress.
Ntioxidant study of usnic acid and its derivative usnic acid diacetateeSAT Journals
Abstract
Currently interest towards the study of antioxidant efficiency of the lichen metabolites was given prior attention in the field of research. As the free radical accumulation in human cells causes several chronic diseases which can be eliminated with the help of antioxidants. In our present study we have isolated the lichen secondary metabolite Usnic acid from Usnea luridorufa and also prepared the acetyl derivative of Usnic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity of Usnic acid and Usnic acid diacetate under DPPH free radical scavenging, FRAP, Superoxide dismutase activity, Metal chelating activity, Phosphomolybdenum activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity were studied. The antioxidant potential of the Usnic acid and its derivative Usnic acid diacetate were compared. The IC50 value are also determined. Both the test compounds possesses significant antioxidant activity under the studies.
Keywords: Antioxidant efficiency, Usnic acid, diacetate, Tannic acid.
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifo...pharmaindexing
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifoliolata and saccharum spontaneum by DPPH, Nitric Oxide and Lipid perooxidation methods
A optimized process for the synthesis of a key starting material for etodolac...IOSR Journals
Abstract An optimized process developed for the synthesis of 7-ethyltryptophol, a key starting material for etodolac, a non steroidal anti- inflammatory drug. Starting from commercially available 2-ethylphenylhydrazine. HCl and dihydro furan with con. H2SO4 as a catalyst in N, N- dimethyl acetamide ( DMAc). H2O (1:1) as a solvent in 75% yield . the method is easy, inexpensive , without purification getting pure solid. The process is very clean, high yielding & high quality and operationally simple.
Keywords: Etodolac, 7-ethyl tryptophol, 2-ethyl phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride, N,N-dimethyl acetamide.
DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal PlantsIOSR Journals
This study was designed to screen out free radical scavenging potentiality of 84 medicinal plants. Stock solution of different plant extracts and standard were diluted to achieve suitable concentrations. A control was also prepared without plant extract solution. Then 0.004% DPPH solution was added. The mixtures were incubated in the room temperature for 30 minutes. Then the absorbance was measured at 517 nm against solvent in UV-spectrophotometer and then IC50 was calculated. In this experiment two standard were used-ascorbic acid and BHT. Both showed a significant IC50 value of 15.5μg/mL, and 46.54μg/mL respectively. Among 84 medicinal plants Syzygim cumini, Casuarina littorea, Borassus flabellifer, Enhydra fluctuans, and Minusops elengi exhibited highest radical scavenging potential with an IC50 value of 12.816μg/mL, 14.467μg/mL, 15.755μg/mL, 15.653μg/mL, and 20.380μg/mL respectively. All these value are very close to the IC50 value of ascorbic acid and better than IC50 value of BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene). Syzygim cumini is the most powerful scavenger among all tested medicinal plants and also most strong scavenger than ascorbic acid and BHT. Scavenging activity was found to increase in dose dependent manner. Another 30 medicinal plants exhibited good scavenging property and 14 medicinal plants showed moderate scavenging activity. The rest presented lower scavenging activity. This present study indicates that plants having good scavenging property may have various health beneficial effects and these plants can be considered as valuable source of bioactive components with high antioxidant properties.
Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioactivity studies of some S-substi...Jing Zang
A new series of 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-thiol derivatives was prepared from 4-chlorobenzoic acid (1) by converting it successively into corresponding ester (2), carbohydrazide (3) and 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-thiol (4). Finally the target compounds, 6a-l, were synthesized by stirring 4 with different electrophiles, 5a-l, in DMF using NaH as weak base and activator. The proposed structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HR-MS and EI-MS. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-bacterial, antifungal, cytotoxicity and enzyme inhibition activities. The compounds, 6e and 6g exhibited significant inhibition activity against acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE) and 6j moderate activity against butyryl cholinesterase enzyme (BChE). The molecule, 4 exhibited good MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value against all the bacterial and fungal strains taken into account.
Ntioxidant study of usnic acid and its derivative usnic acid diacetateeSAT Journals
Abstract
Currently interest towards the study of antioxidant efficiency of the lichen metabolites was given prior attention in the field of research. As the free radical accumulation in human cells causes several chronic diseases which can be eliminated with the help of antioxidants. In our present study we have isolated the lichen secondary metabolite Usnic acid from Usnea luridorufa and also prepared the acetyl derivative of Usnic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity of Usnic acid and Usnic acid diacetate under DPPH free radical scavenging, FRAP, Superoxide dismutase activity, Metal chelating activity, Phosphomolybdenum activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity were studied. The antioxidant potential of the Usnic acid and its derivative Usnic acid diacetate were compared. The IC50 value are also determined. Both the test compounds possesses significant antioxidant activity under the studies.
Keywords: Antioxidant efficiency, Usnic acid, diacetate, Tannic acid.
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifo...pharmaindexing
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifoliolata and saccharum spontaneum by DPPH, Nitric Oxide and Lipid perooxidation methods
A optimized process for the synthesis of a key starting material for etodolac...IOSR Journals
Abstract An optimized process developed for the synthesis of 7-ethyltryptophol, a key starting material for etodolac, a non steroidal anti- inflammatory drug. Starting from commercially available 2-ethylphenylhydrazine. HCl and dihydro furan with con. H2SO4 as a catalyst in N, N- dimethyl acetamide ( DMAc). H2O (1:1) as a solvent in 75% yield . the method is easy, inexpensive , without purification getting pure solid. The process is very clean, high yielding & high quality and operationally simple.
Keywords: Etodolac, 7-ethyl tryptophol, 2-ethyl phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride, N,N-dimethyl acetamide.
DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal PlantsIOSR Journals
This study was designed to screen out free radical scavenging potentiality of 84 medicinal plants. Stock solution of different plant extracts and standard were diluted to achieve suitable concentrations. A control was also prepared without plant extract solution. Then 0.004% DPPH solution was added. The mixtures were incubated in the room temperature for 30 minutes. Then the absorbance was measured at 517 nm against solvent in UV-spectrophotometer and then IC50 was calculated. In this experiment two standard were used-ascorbic acid and BHT. Both showed a significant IC50 value of 15.5μg/mL, and 46.54μg/mL respectively. Among 84 medicinal plants Syzygim cumini, Casuarina littorea, Borassus flabellifer, Enhydra fluctuans, and Minusops elengi exhibited highest radical scavenging potential with an IC50 value of 12.816μg/mL, 14.467μg/mL, 15.755μg/mL, 15.653μg/mL, and 20.380μg/mL respectively. All these value are very close to the IC50 value of ascorbic acid and better than IC50 value of BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene). Syzygim cumini is the most powerful scavenger among all tested medicinal plants and also most strong scavenger than ascorbic acid and BHT. Scavenging activity was found to increase in dose dependent manner. Another 30 medicinal plants exhibited good scavenging property and 14 medicinal plants showed moderate scavenging activity. The rest presented lower scavenging activity. This present study indicates that plants having good scavenging property may have various health beneficial effects and these plants can be considered as valuable source of bioactive components with high antioxidant properties.
Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioactivity studies of some S-substi...Jing Zang
A new series of 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-thiol derivatives was prepared from 4-chlorobenzoic acid (1) by converting it successively into corresponding ester (2), carbohydrazide (3) and 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-thiol (4). Finally the target compounds, 6a-l, were synthesized by stirring 4 with different electrophiles, 5a-l, in DMF using NaH as weak base and activator. The proposed structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HR-MS and EI-MS. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-bacterial, antifungal, cytotoxicity and enzyme inhibition activities. The compounds, 6e and 6g exhibited significant inhibition activity against acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE) and 6j moderate activity against butyryl cholinesterase enzyme (BChE). The molecule, 4 exhibited good MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value against all the bacterial and fungal strains taken into account.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
TRIAZOLOTHIADIAZOLES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT: A SHORT RIVIEWJing Zang
Triazolothiadiazole is a fused heterocyclic contained triazole and thiadizole nucleus and exhibited immense pharmacological activities. The triazolothiadiazole nucleus is present in compounds are evaluating for new products that possess some remarkable pharmacological activities. triazolothiadiazole constitute an important class of biologically active drug molecules which has attracted attention of medicinal chemists due to their wide range of pharmacological properties. These compounds are being synthesized as drugs by many researchers in order to combat diseases with minimal toxicity and maximal effects. These predictions has provided therapeutic pathway to develop new effective biologically active triazolothiadiazole.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from...shailendradhakal
This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Phthalim...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: Different Phthalimide derivatives (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives) were synthesized and biological activities of them were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In the present study, four new phthalimide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of final compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral data. Then, biological evaluation of all the synthesized compounds means in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice model, and in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: The titled compounds (2A-2D) were found to reduce tumor volume, viable cell count and increase non-viable cell count, and percentage increase in life span. All compounds showed significant activity in quenching DPPH free radical. Conclusion: All compounds showed significant (P<0.01) anticancer activity compared to EAC control group. All synthesized compound exhibited considerable antioxidant activity against free radicals, and they showed significant IC50 values and can, thus, ensure protection against oxidative stress.
Interaction between drug API and various excipients used in formulation.Different methods of Interaction between them.Mechanism of interaction between them. Excipient Compatibility Studies. Analytical Techniques for Drug Excipents Compatibility Studies.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Antiaging Effect of Leaves of Different Extract Salvia SplendensBRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of the present work is to study the in vitro antioxidant activities of petroleum ether,
ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts of leaves of Salvia splendens. The extracts were studied using
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total phenolic content (TPC), and total
flavonoid content (TFC). The TPC and TFC were estimated taking gallic acid and rutin calibration curve,
respectively. All the extracts possess in vitro antioxidant activities. However, the order of possessing
activities was methanolic > ethyl acetate > petroleum ether extracts of leaves S. splendens. The TPC and
TFC were highest in methanolic extract. It can be concluded that the extract of the leaves of S. splendens,
possess antioxidant activities. The methanolic extract of leaves of S. splendens possesses highest antioxidant
activity in-vitro.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
TRIAZOLOTHIADIAZOLES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT: A SHORT RIVIEWJing Zang
Triazolothiadiazole is a fused heterocyclic contained triazole and thiadizole nucleus and exhibited immense pharmacological activities. The triazolothiadiazole nucleus is present in compounds are evaluating for new products that possess some remarkable pharmacological activities. triazolothiadiazole constitute an important class of biologically active drug molecules which has attracted attention of medicinal chemists due to their wide range of pharmacological properties. These compounds are being synthesized as drugs by many researchers in order to combat diseases with minimal toxicity and maximal effects. These predictions has provided therapeutic pathway to develop new effective biologically active triazolothiadiazole.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from...shailendradhakal
This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Phthalim...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: Different Phthalimide derivatives (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives) were synthesized and biological activities of them were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In the present study, four new phthalimide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of final compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral data. Then, biological evaluation of all the synthesized compounds means in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice model, and in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: The titled compounds (2A-2D) were found to reduce tumor volume, viable cell count and increase non-viable cell count, and percentage increase in life span. All compounds showed significant activity in quenching DPPH free radical. Conclusion: All compounds showed significant (P<0.01) anticancer activity compared to EAC control group. All synthesized compound exhibited considerable antioxidant activity against free radicals, and they showed significant IC50 values and can, thus, ensure protection against oxidative stress.
Interaction between drug API and various excipients used in formulation.Different methods of Interaction between them.Mechanism of interaction between them. Excipient Compatibility Studies. Analytical Techniques for Drug Excipents Compatibility Studies.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Antiaging Effect of Leaves of Different Extract Salvia SplendensBRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of the present work is to study the in vitro antioxidant activities of petroleum ether,
ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts of leaves of Salvia splendens. The extracts were studied using
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total phenolic content (TPC), and total
flavonoid content (TFC). The TPC and TFC were estimated taking gallic acid and rutin calibration curve,
respectively. All the extracts possess in vitro antioxidant activities. However, the order of possessing
activities was methanolic > ethyl acetate > petroleum ether extracts of leaves S. splendens. The TPC and
TFC were highest in methanolic extract. It can be concluded that the extract of the leaves of S. splendens,
possess antioxidant activities. The methanolic extract of leaves of S. splendens possesses highest antioxidant
activity in-vitro.
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract and Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaHakeem Zamano
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and
Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying
Mechanism
Study of invitro anti-Oxidant Activity of Ipomea Pes-CapraeSriramNagarajan19
The traditional medicinal plant ipomea pes- caprae belongs to convolvuceae family. The present study has been undertaken to find out the antioxidant activity of the whole plant extract of Ipomea pes-caprae. Plant was subjected to extraction by cold maceration by using ethanol as a solvent. Antioxidant activity such as 1,1-Diphenyl,2-Picryl,Hydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Activity, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity, Reducing Power, Metal chelating activity were determined. Physicochemical analysis was carried out to identify the chemical constituent of the plant and showed the presence of alkaloid, sugar, steroid, glycoside, saponins, Terpenoids and phenol compounds. The result of free radical scavenging activity of EEIP by DPPH reduction revealed that the test compound is electron donor and could react with free radicals to convert them to more stable product and terminate radical chain reaction. For the measurement of reducing ability we investigated the Fe3+ to Fe2+ transformation. The metal chelating capacity of the EEIP and standard anti oxidants are determined by accessing the ability to complete with bipyridil and thiocyanate for Fe3+ and Fe2+ respectively. The formation of ferrous bipyridil, ferric – thiocyanate is not complete in the presence of EEIP. The ability of chelating is increased with increased concentration. So, it can be assumed that the plant extract chelate the iron. The experiment demonstrates that action of plant extract as per oxidation protector may be related to its iron binding ability.
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Similar to In vitro antioxidant properties of the biflavonoid agathisflavone (20)
Grande porcentagem da população mundial recorre às medicinas tradicionais, dentre estas osmedicamentos fitoterápicos são utilizados para atender suas necessidades primárias de assistênciamédica. Os grupos de metabólitos secundários relevantes nas plantas podem ser indicados por meio deuma análise fitoquímica. Dentre as plantas medicinais pesquisadas o gênero Hibiscus, vem sendoconstantemente estudado. Ensaios farmacológicos feitos com H. sabdariffa têm demonstrado que estaapresenta ação hepatoprotetora, antibacteriana, antioxidante, anticolesterol, antineoplásica,antihipertensiva, dentre outras. Este trabalho teve como objetivo complementar conhecimento sobre aspropriedades, indicações e o uso do H. sabdariffa e caracteriza-la fitoquimicamente. Realizou-se atriagem fitoquímica, de acordo com a 5° edição da Farmacopéia Brasileira (volume 1), por meio dereagentes de coloração e precipitação, revelando a presença ou não de metabólitos secundários noextrato. Determinou-se através de uma análise fitoquímica os principais grupos de constituintesquímicos que compõem o extrato do H. sabdariffa sendo que os resultados encontrados, ou seja, osmetabólitos secundários identificados no extrato obtido da flor do H. sabdariffa (Triterpenoides,Flavonoides, Fenóis) estão em comum acordo com as pesquisas anteriormente realizadas. O trabalhopermitiu a caracterização fitoquímica no extrato obtido do H. sabdariffa, confirmando a existência doscompostos responsáveis pelos seus efeitos farmacológicos.
Andrade, AWL, Lima EFB, Sousa GS. Antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal route. Rev Bras Farm. 2017; 98(1): 1906–1918. URL
http://www.rbfarma.org.br/volume-98---n1.html
Em decorrência do aumento da resistência aos antimicrobianos, as doenças infecciosas são as principais causas de mortes no mundo. Devido ao crescimento da resistência bacteriana, pesquisadorestem buscado a maior eficiência de fármacos, através de modificações físico-químicas desses, e asintetize e formulação de novos compostos. Dessa forma, o presente estudo avaliou a atividadeantimicrobiana, in vitro, das nanopartículas de oxido de zinco sintetizadas por rota hidrotérmica contrabactéria gram-negativa (Escherichia coli) e bactéria gram-positiva (Staphylococcus aureus).
ABSTRACT: As result of increased antimicrobial resistance, infectious diseases are the main causes of deaths in the world. Because of the growth of bacterial resistance, researchers have sought drugs with greater efficiency, through physical and chemical changes, and the synthesis and formulation of new compounds. Therefore, the present study evaluated the in vitroantimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal route against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus).
Meirelles LMA, Andrade AWL. Rifampicinand technologies employed in improving its dissolutionprofile. Boletim Informativo Geum. 2014 out/dez; 5(4): 60-67. URL
http://www.ojs.ufpi.br/index.php/geum/article/view/3514/2838
Rifampicin is an antibiotic of the group of naphtalenics ansamicins, produced by Streptomyves mediterranei. This drug was discovered in the 60's, with bactericidal activity about 95% of sensitive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, the etiologic agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively. Investigations have shown that the main limitation of some formulations of rifampicin is due to their low solubility in aqueous medium, which fits in class II Biopharmaceutical Classification System. Objective: In this regard, the objective of this review was to demonstrate the main techniques used to optimize the dissolution profile of the drug rifampin. Methods: The scientific review was developed by database search Pub Med, Science direct, Scopus, CAPES Periodicals and ACS Publications, using the keywords rifampicin, release system, dissolution and their associations in the period March to June 2014 in documents published in the year 1971 to 2013. Results: Scientific Publications show that the restricted solubility of this compound can be circumvented by delivery systems for non-conventional, such as vesicular systems, inclusion complexes or solid dispersions. Conclusion: These technologies allow for pharmaceutical forms more stable and soluble bioavailability less variable.
Andrade AWL, Costa JP. AGATISFLAVONA, UM BIFLAVONOIDE COM APLICAÇÕES FARMACOLÓGICAS PARA O SISTEMA NERVOSO CENTRAL: REVISÃO. Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias [Internet]. Associacao Academica de Propriedade Intelectual; 2018 Mar 8;8(1):4200–16. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7198/geintec.v8i1.983
s compostos fenólicos formam uma das principais classes de metabólitos secundários sintetizados por plantas e, entre estes, é possível destacar os flavonoides. Os biflavonoides, uma das classes de flavonoides, possuem diversas propriedades biológicas inerentes ao grupo, como antioxidante, anti-inflamatória, antitumoral, dentre outras. A agatisflavona é um biflavonoide que demonstrou, em estudos anteriores, in vitro e in vivo, atividades: neuroprotetora e antiepiléptica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar uma prospecção científica e tecnológica sobre o biflavonoide agatisflavona e suas aplicações farmacêuticas em algumas patologias relacionadas ao Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC).
ABSTRACT: The phenolic compounds form one of the main classes of secondary metabolites synthesized by plants, among these is possible highlight the flavonoids. The bioflavonoids, one of the classes of flavonoids, have diverse biological properties inherent to the group as an antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antitumour, among others). The agatisflavona is a flavonoid that has been shown in in vitro and in vivo previous studies, activities: neuroprotective and antiepileptic. The objective of this research was to carry out a scientific and technological prospective on the bioflavonoid agathisflavone and their pharmaceutical applications in related pathologies to Central Nervous System (CNS).
Andrade AWL, Lima FLB, Meirelles, LMA. Avaliação da rotulagem e qualidade de diferentes marcas de cerveja tipo pilsen. R Interd. 2016 abr-jun; 9(2): p.49-56. URL
http://revistainterdisciplinar.uninovafapi.edu.br/index.php/revinter/article/view/906
A cerveja caracteriza-se pela sua refrescância, leveza, amargor e baixo teor alcoólico. Sua qualidade está constantemente associada à satisfação do consumidor. Este estudo buscou verificar o cumprimento das determinações estabelecidas pela legislação brasileira no seguimento cervejeiro. Investigou-se os parâmetros físico-químicos de seis marcas de cervejas do tipo Pilsen e as informações presentes na rotulagem. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que todas as marcas estudadas apresentaram em seus rótulos os itens obrigatórios, exceto a Marca D. Admitiu-se que houve diferença significativa (p < 0,05) de alguns parâmetros com as especificações previstas na legislação e descritas na rotulagem. Dentro das condições experimentais deste trabalho, concluiu-se que as empresas cervejeiras cumprem as determinações estabelecidas pela legislação brasileira, quanto à rotulagem, exceto as que produzem a Marca D. As marcas A, B, D e E não atenderam alguns dos parâmetros físico-químicos analisados, apresentando desvio na qualidade.. ABSTRACT: The Pilsen beer is characterized by its freshness, lightness, bitterness and low alcoholic contents. Its quality is constantly associated to customer satisfaction. This study aimed to verify the compliance with the provisions set forth by Brazilian law on beer segment. Physicochemical parameters and the information provided on the packing of six brands of Pilsen beer were investigated. The results showed that all brands studied presented the mandatory packing items on their bottles, except for the brand D. It was admitted that there was a significant difference (p <0.05) of some parameters with those required by the legislation and described in the packing. Within the experimental conditions of this work, it was possible to conclude that the brewer companies meet the criteria established by Brazilian law regarding the packing, but those that brew the brands A, B, D and E did not meet some of the physicochemical parameters analyzed, showing deviation in quality.
Lopes Andrade AW, Bezerra Lima EF. AVALIAÇÃO DOS EFEITOS DOS CONTRACEPTIVOS ORAIS SOBRE OS NÍVEIS TENSIONAIS. Revista Eletrônica de Farmácia [Internet]. Universidade Federal de Goias; 2016 Sep 30;13(3):140. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ref.v13i3.38302
Resumo Os anticoncepcionais orais são um dos métodos de controle de natalidade mais utilizados por mulheres adultas e adolescentes. Alguns pesquisadores evidenciaram que determinadas mulheres desenvolvem hipertensão arterial nos seis meses iniciais de uso do anticoncepcional hormonal. O presente trabalho verificou a relação entre o uso destes fármacos e a pressão arterial em acadêmicas de uma instituição de ensino superior. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário semiestruturado, com perguntas abertas e fechadas, constando de identificação, o uso de contraceptivo hormonal oral (se faz ou não uso), o tempo e a regularidade da terapêutica e existência de fatores de risco (tabagismo, alcoolismo, sedentarismo, histórico familiar de hipertensão, obesidade e patologias existentes). Em seguida, realizou-se a aferição da pressão arterial das acadêmicas no período de um mês. As estudantes foram separadas em grupos, sendo as usuárias dos contraceptivos orais classificadas no Grupo A e as não usuárias no Grupo B. Após análise dos níveis pressóricos, observou-se que as diferenças das pressões arteriais (pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica) entre os dois grupos não foram significativas, sendo que em ambos os grupos as acadêmicas apresentaram valores considerados normais da pressão arterial, de acordo com V Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertensão Arterial. ABSTRACT: Oral contraceptives are one of the most used methods of birth control by adult and adolescent women. Researchers showed that some women develop arterial hypertension in the six first months of continuous use of hormonal contraceptive. The present work was carried out to verify the relation between the use of these drugs and the blood pressure in students of a higher education institution. Data were collected through a semistructured questionnaire with open and closed questions, consisting of identification, use of oral contraceptive hormone, time and regularity of the therapy and the existence of risk factors (smoking, alcoholism, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension family history, obesity, and existent pathologies). Then, the blood pressure measurement of the students was performed during one month. The students were separated into groups, being the oral contraceptives users placed in group A and the others non-users in group B. After the blood pressure analysis, it was observed that the differences between the blood pressure (systolic and diastolic blood pressures) of both groups were not significant, as in both groups the academic students showed a normal blood pressure, according to the " V Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertensão Arterial".
No processo de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de medicamentos são realizados ensaios pré-clínicos e clínicos para avaliar sua segurança e eficácia. No momento em que novo medicamento é comercializado, tem início a fase IV, também conhecida como farmacovigilância. Esta etapa consiste na observação de possíveis efeitos adversos não detectados nos estudos prévios. Como local estruturado e provido de profissional para exercer tal atividade, a farmácia escola apresenta-se como um segmento para expansão das ações em farmacovigilância, mediante adesão ao programa Farmácia Notificadora. Diante disto, o objetivo do trabalho foi realizar um levantamento científico sobre o papel da Farmácia Notificadora na Farmacovigilância, com enfoque na inserção desta atividade na farmácia universitária. A Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária solicita que profissionais da saúde e a população realizem a notificação de eventos adversos por meio do sistema de notificações, portanto as universidades devem preparar os futuros profissionais para atuar neste seguimento. Na farmácia escola os alunos poderão desenvolver habilidades como: identificar os efeitos indesejáveis e notificar as autoridades sanitárias competentes. Com isto, o futuro profissional estará apto a atuar de forma mais confiante e incisiva na notificação de efeitos adversos relacionados a medicamentos.
A estabilidade de medicamentos é a extensão na qual um produto mantém suas característicasdentro de critérios de aceitação ao longo do tempo. Para determinação da estabilidade de ummedicamento são avaliados fatores interferentes de caráter extrínseco ou intrínsecos. O trabalho tevecomo objetivo expor a importância da realização de estudos de estabilidade durante o desenvolvimentode um medicamento. Realizou-se uma revisão crítica a cerca dos estudos de estabilidade demedicamentos, mediante consulta às bases de dados Scielo, PubMed, e Sicience Direct, entre 2000 e2014. Órgãos internacionais têm direcionado esforços no sentido de uniformizar a condução dos estudosde estabilidade, pois é crescente a transferência de tecnologias e produtos entre países. A execução de estudos de estabilidade previamente à disposição do produto no mercado pode evitar descobertas tardias de ineficácia terapêutica e toxicidade. A estabilidade de medicamentos é um tema recente e as agências regulamentadoras tendem a aumentar as exigências, de modo que os processos tornem-se mais definido se condizentes com as especificações impostas ao setor regulado. Para isto, é de suma importância o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos indicativos de estabilidade e a disposição de um maior número de padrões de referência dos produtos de degradação.
Hanseníase é doença infectocontagiosa crônica provocada pelo bacilo Mycobacterium leprae. O Brasil, em 2012, foi o segundo país com maior número de casos, apresentando aproximadamente 93% dos casos de hanseníase das Américas. O tratamento da hanseníase a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS)preconiza uma associação farmacológica, poliquimioterapia (PQT), composta por dapsona (DDS),clofazimina (CLO) e rifampicina (RFP). Em 2009, foram registrados 1.483 casos de recidiva da doença noBrasil, o que corresponde a 3,9% dos casos notificados no país. O objetivo foi avaliar os principais aspectos relacionados à resistência bacilar frente ao tratamento medicamentoso em pacientes hansenianos nos casos de recidivas. Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica abrangendo artigos publicados nas bases dedados eletrônicas Scielo, Science Direct e Bireme, durante os meses de julho e agosto de 2015. Encontrou-seum total de 104 artigos nas bases consultadas, entre os anos de 2005 e 2015, com maior registro depublicações entre os anos de 2009 e 2012. Estudos que mencionem fatores ligados à recidiva são cruciaispara que se obtenha melhor precisão do diagnóstico clínico, epidemiológico e terapêutico, impedindo oaumento da morbidade, da persistência bacilar, resistência medicamentosa e incapacidades físicas.Contudo, mostra-se necessário o acompanhamento dos casos confirmados de resistência, a fim de evitar, adisseminação de bacilos resistentes que venham a dificultar o controle da doença
A nanotectecnologia é a ciência que aborda a manipulação e a construção de materiais em níveis atômicos, os quais possuem larga aplicação biológica. O receio do impacto ambiental e a citotoxicidade dos nanomateriais sintetizados por diferentes métodos físico-químicos têm estimulado muitos estudos no sentido de contornar estes problemas. Um exemplo inclui a síntese verde, que associa materiais inorgânicos, como os óxidos metálicos, a insumos de origem natural. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento científico e tecnológico da aplicação do método de síntese verde de nanopartículas de óxido de zinco (NPs de ZnO) utilizando o extrato de folhas de Hibiscus sabdariffa L. e sua citotoxicidade. Procedeu-se uma consulta em bancos de dados científicos (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Periódicos CAPES e Web of Science) e tecnológicos (INPI, WIPO, EPO e USPTO) durante o mês de julho de 2015. As nanoestruturas de ZnO apresentam um extenso número de publicações científicas e tecnológicas devido ao leque de atividades terapêuticas relevantes deste material, porém nenhum trabalho relacionado à associação de NPs de ZnO e Hibiscus sabdariffa foi encontrado. H. sabdariffa apresenta uma gama de efeitos terapêuticos, como ação antibacteriana, antioxidante, antitumoral, anti-hipertensiva, dentre outras, e os flavanoides presentes nesta espécie podem potencializar as atividades biológicas das NPs de ZnO quando associadas. Além disso, a despeito do número crescente publicações envolvendo síntese verde de NPs de ZnO, apenas uma patente foi encontrada na WIPO, este fato dificulta a transferência de tecnologia e aumenta a hipótese sobre o distanciamento dos grupos de pesquisa que atuam nas universidades e as empresas capazes de fomentar novas pesquisas nesta área.
A diabetes mellitus é um distúrbio metabólico crônico, sendo diferenciada em diabetes tipo I e tipo II. Devido à elevada sensibilidade da insulina às enzimas digestivas e as múltiplas administrações diárias via subcutânea, novas formas farmacêuticas e vias de administração têm sido buscadas apresentando relativo sucesso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relacionar as pesquisas mais recentes envolvendo sistemas de liberação oral de insulina, como potenciais alternativas ao tratamento adotado atualmente. Realizou-se a consulta nos bancos de dados Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science e ACS Publications empregando-se as palavras-chave: insulin e drug delivery de modo associado, e para refinar a pesquisa insulin oral delivery. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os estudos envolvendo a utilização de insulina via oral têm ganhado grande destaque devido à comodidade de administração. Porém a instabilidade da insulina ao longo do trato gastrintestinal permanece sendo a sua maior restrição. A pesquisa mostrou ainda que a redução para escala nanométrica tem sido bastante explorada por proporcionar uma maior área superficial ao fármaco, facilitando a absorção. Uma parcela das pesquisas sobre os sistemas de liberação oral de insulina abordaram à facilidade de obtenção, estabilidade, uso de excipientes aceitos pelos órgãos regulamentadores e biodisponibilidade in vivo. Os pesquisadores estimulam o emprego de protetores do fluido gástrico e de polímeros ou lipídios catiônicos que promovam a mucoadesão intestinal e absorção entérica. Constatou-se que, apesar das inúmeras pesquisas, ainda não há aprovação de nenhuma formulação de insulina para via oral.
O acido ascórbico ou vitamina C possui ação antiescorbútica, sendo o escorbuto uma doença que pode
levar a morte em caso de deficiência desta vitamina. O ácido ascórbico é um poderoso antioxidante,
bastante utilizado pelas indústrias de alimentos e farmacêuticas no intuito de preservar a integridade de
seus produtos ou ainda como princípio ativo. Dentre as técnicas mais comuns para sua quantificação estão
a titulação e a espectrofotometria na região do UV-Vis. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar metodologias
de doseamento de ácido ascórbico em comprimido por espectrofotometria e titulometria, considerando-se
os parâmetros validacionais: linearidade, precisão e exatidão. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a
espectrofotometria apresentou melhor linearidade, enquanto a titulometria apresentou melhor precisão e
exatidão. Assim, neste estudo a titulometria se mostrou o melhor método para realizar o doseamento de
ácido ascórbico comprimido além de apresentar execução mais simples e com menor custo instrumental,
apesar de possíveis interferentes associados ao preparo da amostra terem induzido a este resultado que
confronta a literatura.
Diante do crescimento do setor magistral no Brasil, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA)publicou diversas normativas ao longo dos anos. Atualmente a produção farmacêutica magistral do país é respaldada pela Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº 67, de 08 de outubro de 2007. Neste segmento a forma farmacêutica mais comumente produzida é a cápsula, o que motivou a busca de possíveis irregularidades decorrentes da necessidade de agilidade na manipulação, com processo poucos controlados. As amostras de cápsulas de ácido ascórbico foram adquiridas em cinco diferentes farmácias magistrais de Teresina-PI, em setembro de 2014, as quais foram selecionadas por amostragem não probabilística por julgamento. Em seguida, realizou-se análises de aspecto, peso médio e doseamento dessas cápsulas no laboratório de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Associação de Ensino Superior Do Piauí(AESPI). Foi possível constatar irregularidades em algumas das farmácias avaliadas quanto aos parâmetros peso médio e doseamento, extrapolando os limites especificados. A partir dos resultados obtidos, conjectura-se a necessidade de aperfeiçoar o controle em processo e dos produtos manipulados, os quais devem atender requisitos analíticos mínimos para garantir a segurança e eficácia dos medicamentos magistrais.
A utilização de recursos naturais é realizada desde as mais remotas civilizações. As plantas medicinais contêm alguns compostos orgânicos que fornecem ações fisiológicas definitivas sobre o corpo humano. Desta forma, este estudo visou demonstrar o screening fitoquímico de um vegetal, avaliando a ocorrência de cada classe de metabólitossecundários através de reações específicas. Uma exsicata da espécie Citrus sinensis(laranjeira) foi preparada prensando o material coletado. Realizou-se um Screeningfitoquímico com identificações de alcaloides, taninos, flavonoides, triterpenos e/ou esteróis,saponinas, cumarinas e quinolonas. Constatou-se quais os principais grupos deconstituintes químicos que compuseram os extratos obtidos do C. sinensis foram:alcaloides, flavonoides, triterpenos e esteroides. Os alcaloides, metabólitos secundáriosencontrado em variadas fontes vegetais, é um composto com potenciais farmacológicos.A realização deste trabalho permitiu a caracterização fitoquímica do extrato hexanico eetanólico obtido das folhas secas de C. sinensis, confirmando a existência doscompostos responsáveis por seus efeitos farmacológicos, além do maior esclarecimentosobre as suas indicações e uso. Conclui-se que as diversas atividades farmacológicasdo C. sinensis descritas na literatura podem ser devido à presença dos óleos essenciais, flavonoides e alacaloides em algumas partes da planta.
Os produtos naturais são substâncias pertencentes a diversas classes químicas sintetizadas por seres vivos. Estes produtos podem apresentar atividade farmacológica, potencial para utilização como materiais poliméricos ou compósitos entre outras aplicações de interesse econômico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo explorar o conhecimento científico envolvido nas técnicas de extração de substâncias componentes de plantas medicinais para enriquecer o ensino de química em turmas de ensino médio. Aplicando-se as técnicas de extração e identificação dos princípios ativos das plantas, este experimento permitiu a aproximação de saberes populares com conhecimentos científicos, principalmente interações intermoleculares e ação farmacológica de extratos de diferentes espécies vegetais.
The use of copolymer chitosan and its derivatives in drug delivery systems drugs is justified by its characteristics mucoadhesion, antibacterial, biodegradability, biocompatibilily and low cost.
The study aimed to demonstrate that the application of composite of chitosan and its derivatives in drug delivery systems presentes advantages that justify their research and tech job.
A indústria farmacêutica apresenta baixas taxas de sucesso no lançamento de novos medicamentos para o mercado. A taxa geral de sucesso clínico é aproximadamente 11 a 13%, porém no que se refere a fármacos que atuam sobre o Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) essa estimativa diminui para 8% (DIMASI et al., 2010; WILSON et al., 2013). Portanto, atualmente a descoberta de novos candidatos a fármacos que atuam sobre o SNC é um grande desafio para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática do fitol, um diterpenóide, membro dos álcooisacíclicos insaturados de cadeia longa e ramificada, sobre suas aplicações farmacêuticas em doenças relacionadas com o Sistema Nervoso Central em humanos e/ou roedores. Foram utilizados bases de periódicos ScienceDirect, PubMed e Web of Science e as bases tecnológicas European Patent Office (EPO), World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO), United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), Derwent Innovations Index® (DII),Banco Latinoamericano de Patentes (LATIPAT) e banco de dados do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial(INPI) do Brasil.
Os compostos fenólicos formam uma das principais classes de metabólitos secundários, com uma grandevariedade de estruturas e funções. Entre estes é possível destacar os flavonoides, sua variedade e a baixatoxicidade destacam o seu potencial para uso terapêutico. Neste contexto, uma das classes de flavonoides queapresentam diversas propriedades biológicas são os biflavonoides. Estes são usados para tratar distúrbiosgástricos, disenteria, diarreia, doenças inflamatórias e arrítmicas. Desta forma, a agatisflavona é um biflavonoideque demonstrou além das propriedades supracitadas, atividades antiviral, anti-inflamatória, antimicrobiana,anticarcinogênica e neuroprotetora (KONAN et al., 2012; FIDELIS et al., 2014). O objetivo da presente pesquisafoi realizar uma prospecção científica e tecnológica sobre o biflavonoide agatisflavona e suas aplicaçõesfarmacêuticas em patologias relacionadas ao Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC).
A estereoquímica orgânica estuda as moléculas compostas de mesmos átomos que possuem mesma fórmula estrutural,mas diferem entre si na forma dos arranjos espaciais dos átomos (PACHECO, 2006).Pasteur examinando amostras de cristais do ácido tartárico verificou que as soluções aquosas de pequenos cristaisseparados apresentavam atividades ópticas opostas,onde a solução de um dos montículos girava o plano de polarizaçãoda luz no a esquerda (Levógira) e a do outro no sentido da direita (dextrógira). Além disto, Pasteur também mostrouque as soluções obtidas misturando igual número de cristais direitos e esquerdos não alteravam a polarização daluz,denominandoeste fenômeno de solução “racêmica" (CATANNI; BASSALO, 2009).Nos dias atuais, essas moléculas são conhecidas como quirais. Os conhecimentos até agora acumulados em isomeriaóptica apontam para um fato importante de manifestação dessa propriedade nas substâncias: só possuem isomeriaóptica, os compostos ditos quirais. Substâncias que não possuem elemento de simetria no arranjo espacial de seusgrupos ligantes irão apresentar-se na forma de dois enantiômeros que são imagens especulares entre si (FILHO et al.,2007).As moléculas com um elemento de quiralidade apresentam enantiomeria ao passo que dois ou mais elementos dequiralidade apresentam diastereoisomeria (FERES; FILHO, 2009).A modificação da orientação espacial dos substituintes ao redor do centro assimétrico muda completamente o efeitobiológico da molécula. Sem dúvida, os fármacos quirais têm especial relevância na medicina e estão aqui para ficar,sendo que os fármacos quirais necessitam de cuidados especiais, por parte das autoridades farmacêuticas, no sentidode garantir que somente aquele isômero responsável pela atividade seja vendido nas farmácias (COSTA, 2006).Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre isomeria óptica/estereoquímica e suaimportância no âmbito da farmácia.
A Luminescência corresponde à emissão de luz na faixa
do visível (400-700 nm), resultante de um processo de excitação eletrônica, podendo ocorrer na forma de fluorescência e permanece luminescente, tempos depois
de cessada à fonte de energia (NERY; FERNANDES 2004).
O estudo deste fenômeno através de um experimento é útil para aprofundar a abordagem da teoria atômica de Bohr em sua ideia central, a quantização da energia e, consequentemente, melhorar a compreensão dos espectros de emissão atômica e molecular (SILVA, 2007).
Os fenômenos condizentes à luminescência são relativamente corriqueiros em nosso dia a dia e podem ser facilmente demonstrados em experimentos simples com materiais baratos e de fácil aquisição para melhor construir o conhecimento acerca das teorias sobre a constituição da matéria.
O objetivo deste trabalho é aprofundar o conhecimento da teoria atômica de Bohr por meio de um experimento sobre
fluorescência utilizando materiais de fácil aquisição.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Page 2 of 9Andrade et al. Chemistry Central Journal (2018) 12:75
which include anti-inflammatory [13–15], inhibition
of cytochrome P450 enzymes [16], antiviral [17, 18], and
neuroprotective activity [19, 20]. Agathisflavone, chemi-
cally known as (8-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-
4-oxochromen-6-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)
chromen-4-one) is a yellow color biflavonoid with the
molar mass of 538.457 g/mol, density 1.656 g/cm3
and
splitting coefficient 5.09 (Fig. 1) [21]. It occurs in dif-
ferent parts (e.g. leaf, stem, fruit, root) of many plants
including Caesalpinia pyramidalis, Anacardium occi-
dentale, Rhus parviflora and can be extracted by polar or
medium polar solvents including methanol and ethanol
[22–25]. Previous studies suggest that agathisflavone has
some important biological activities, including antiviral
[26], antimicrobial [27], and neuroprotective [28] activ-
ity. However, little research was done with the intent of
describing the antioxidant property of this compound.
Thus the present study was designed to assess the anti-
oxidant property of this biflavonoid by evaluating its abil-
ity to scavenge the free radicals, namely DPPH, ABTS,
hydroxyl and nitric oxide (NO). It was also tested for its
capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation by TBARS method
and the ability to transfer electron by ferric reducing
assay.
Materials and methods
Chemicals
Trolox, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH),
2,20-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
(ABTS), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trichloroacetic acid
(TCA), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), 2,20-azobis-2-ami-
dinopropane dihydrochloride (AAPH), 2-deoxyribose
and potassium ferricyanide were purchased from Sigma-
Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All chemicals and sol-
vents used were of analytical grade.
Plant
Fresh leaves of Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tull. (Family:
Fabaceae) was collected from Valente, Brazil and identi-
fied by Prof. Dr. L. P. de Queiróz (State University of Feira
de Santana) and Prof. Dr. M. de F. Agra (Laboratory of
Pharmaceutical Technology UFPB). A voucher speci-
men was deposited at the herbarium of Alexandre Leal
da Costa of Biology Institute of the Federal University of
Bahia (accession number 240291).
Extraction, isolation and identification of agathisflavone
Fresh leaves of C. pyramidalis was extracted with meth-
anol and chromatographed using silica gel to get pure
agathiflavone. The structure was elucidated by spectro-
scopic data including 1D, 2D NMR and LS–MS carried
out at the Department of Chemistry, Federal University
of Bahia, Brazil (data not shown). Noteworthy to men-
tion here that naturally occurring agathisflavone exhibits
atropisomerism and thus was isolated as a mixture of the
atropisomers.
In vitro antioxidant activity evaluation
DPPH radical scavenging test
This test was done according to the method described by
Machado et al. [29] with slight modifications. Briefly, a
reaction mixture containing of 0.5 mL of agathisflavone
(0.058, 0.116, 0.232, 0.464 and 0.928 mM) was mixed
with 1.4 mL of DPPH stock solution in ethanol (100 µM).
Resulting solution was mixed vigorously and kept in the
dark at room temperature for 30 min. Same procedure
was followed for trolox used as standard and the absorb-
ance was measured for both agathisflavone or trolox
against control at 517 nm. The percentage of inhibition
was calculated by the following equation:
where Ac and At is the absorbance of the control and test
(agathisflavone/trolox), respectively.
ABTS radical scavenging test
The method described by Re et al. [30] with slight modi-
fications was used for this test. The ABTS radical cation
was initially formed by mixing 5 mL of 7 mM ABTS with
88 µL of 2.45 mM of potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) solu-
tion with further incubation at room temperature in
the absence of light for 16 h. The resulting solution was
diluted in ethanol in such a way to obtain an absorbance
of 0.70 ± 0.05 at 734 nm. This test was done in the dark
and at room temperature. An aliquot (0.5 mL) of agath-
isflavone/trolox (0.058–0.928 mM) solution was mixed
% Inhibition of DPPH =
Ac − At
Ac
× 100
Fig. 1 Chemical structure of agathisflavone
3. Page 3 of 9Andrade et al. Chemistry Central Journal (2018) 12:75
with 1.96 mL of the ABTS solution and the absorbance
was measured after 6 min. The results were expressed as
percentage of inhibition of the ABTS in a similar fashion
to that of DPPH radical scavenging assay.
OH radical scavenging assay
Hydroxyl radical (OH·) was generated by Fenton reac-
tion [31] with slight modifications. Different concentra-
tions (0.058–0.928 mM) of agathisflavone/trolox at was
added to the reaction medium containing FeSO4 (6 mM),
2-deoxyribose (5 mM), H2O2 (100 mM) and phosphate
buffer (20 mM, pH 7.4). After incubating the mixture
for 30 min at ambient temperature, the reaction was ter-
minated by the addition of phosphoric acid (4%, w/w),
followed by the addition of 1% TBA (50 mM, NaOH
aqueous solution). It was then heated for 15 min at 95 °C,
cooled and the absorbance was measured at 734 nm in
a spectrophotometer. The results were expressed as per-
centage of 2-deoxyribose degradation.
where Ac and At is the absorbance of the control and test
(agathisflavone/trolox), respectively.
Reducing potential assay
The method described by Singhal et al. [32] with slight
modifications was used to determine the reducing capac-
ity of agathisflavone. Briefly, 1 mL of agathisflavone/
trolox (0.058–0.928 mM) was added with 1 mL of 1%
potassium ferricyanide and 0.5 mL of sodium phos-
phate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.6). The reaction mixture was
incubated at 50 °C for 20 min, followed by the addition
of 0.5 mL of 10% TCA, 0.5 mL of distilled water and
0.25 mL of 0.1% ferric chloride. The absorbance of the
reaction mixture was measured at 700 nm in a spectro-
photometer against a blank solution. The EC50 of the
sample and standard required for 50% reduction poten-
tial was determined.
NO scavenging test
Nitric oxide was produced from the spontaneous decom-
position of sodium nitroprusside in 20 mM phosphate
buffer (pH 7.4). Once generated, nitric oxide interacts
with oxygen to produce nitrite ions, which was meas-
ured by the Griess reaction [33]. The reaction mixture
containing 1 mL of SNP in phosphate buffer (20 mM)
and 0.5 mL of agathisflavone/trolox (0.058–0.928 mM)
was incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. An aliquot (0.5 mL) of
the reaction mixture was taken and homogenized with
0.5 mL of Griess reagent. Absorbance of chromophore
% 2-Dexyribose degradation =
Ac − At
Ac
× 100
was measured at 540 nm in a spectrophotometer and the
results were expressed as percentage inhibition of nitrite
ions.
Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS test)
The TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances)
method described by Guimarães et al. [34] was used
evaluate the ability of agathisflavone to inhibit lipid
peroxidation. Briefly, an aliquot of (0.5 mL) of egg yolk
homogenate (5% w/v in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH
7.4) was mixed with 0.5 mL of agathisflavone/trolox
(0.058–0.928 mM). The lipid peroxidation was induced
by the addition of 0.5 mL of AAPH (200 mM) for 60 min
at 37 °C. Subsequently, 1 mL of TCA (10%) and 1 mL of
TBA (0.67%) was added and heated at 97 °C for 15 min.
After 15 min, the reaction mixture was centrifuged and
the absorbance of the supernatant was measured at
532 nm. The extent of lipid peroxidation was estimated
by TBARS levels formed and the results were expressed
as percentage of inhibition of lipid peroxidation:
where Ac and At is the absorbance of the control and test
(agathisflavone/trolox), respectively.
Statistical analysis
All the experiments were done in triplicate and the
results are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean
(SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using the pro-
gram GraphPad Prism®
6.02 (San Diego, CA, USA),
one-way ANOVA, multiple comparisons following by
t-Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc test. The results
were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
Results
DPPH radical scavenging
Agathisflavone was found to scavenge DPPH radical
in a concentration-dependent manner with the high-
est inhibition observed for the highest concentration of
agathisflavone tested (0.928 mM). The radical scaveng-
ing capacity of agathisflavone was almost similar to that
of the trolox at all concentrations (except at 0.232 and
0.464 mM). The EC50s calculated for agathisflavone and
trolox were 0.474 mM (0.399–0.564 mM) and 0.149 mM
(0.129–0.173 mM), respectively at 95% confidence inter-
val (Fig. 2).
ABTS scavenging assay
Concentration dependent ABTS radical scavenging
activity was observed for both agathisflavone and trolox
with the highest inhibition observed for the highest
% Inhibition of lipid peroxidation =
Ac − At
Ac
× 100
4. Page 4 of 9Andrade et al. Chemistry Central Journal (2018) 12:75
concentration tested (Fig. 3). EC50s calculated for agath-
isflavone and trolox were 0.179 mM (0.137–0.234 mM)
and 0.311 mM (0.283–0.341 0.474 mM), respectively
with 95% confidence interval.
OH radical scavenging assay
In this study, agathisflavone showed a concentration-
dependent OH radical scavenging capacity. The activ-
ity was slightly lower than that of trolox only at 0.116
and 0.232 mM, but higher at other concentrations with
statistical significance (p < 0.05) (Fig. 4). EC50s calcu-
lated for agathisflavone and standard were 0.163 mM
(0.101–0.263 mM) and 0.372 mM (0.280–0.496 mM),
respectively with 95% confidence interval.
Reducing potential
Both agathisflavone and trolox reduced ferric ion to fer-
rous in a concentration dependent manner (Fig. 5). The
activity was slightly higher for trolox than that of agath-
isflavone. The EC50s calculated for the sample and stand-
ard were 0.163 mM (0.101–0.263 mM) and 0.372 mM
(0.280–0.496 mM), respectively with 95% confidence
interval.
Fig. 2 DPPH· scavenging capacity of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3) a
p < 0.05 when compared to the system (100% of
DPPH·), b
p < 0.05 when compared to the trolox (standard) (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
Fig. 3 ABTS radical scavenging capacity of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3); a
p < 0.05 when compared to the system
(100% of ABTS), b
p < 0.05 when compared to trolox (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
5. Page 5 of 9Andrade et al. Chemistry Central Journal (2018) 12:75
NO scavenging assay
Agathisflavone exhibited prominent NO scavenging
activity which was evident from the reduced produc-
tion of nitrite ion (Fig. 6). Concentration-dependant
antioxidant NO scavenging capacity was observed for
both agathisflavone and standard and the activity was
slightly higher for agathisflavone that that of trolox.
EC50s calculated for the sample and standard were
0.209 mM (0.162–0.2682 mM) and 0.456 mM (0.415–
0.493 mM), respectively with 95% confidence interval.
TBARS test
In this test, agathisflavone was found to be a better
inhibitor of lipid peroxidation that that of trolox at all
the concentrations tested (Fig. 7). Both agathisflavone
and trolox showed concentration-dependent inhibition
of lipid peroxidation evident from the reduced levels of
EC50s calculated for agathisflavone and standard were
0.179 mM (0.154–0.208 mM) and 0.352 mM (0.233–
0.530 mM), respectively with 95% confidence interval.
Fig. 4 OH· scavenging capacity of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3) a
p < 0.05 when compared to the system (100% of OH·),
b
p < 0.05 when compared to the trolox (standard) (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
Fig. 5 Reducing potential (Fe3+
/Fe2+
) of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3) a
p < 0.05 when compared to the system
(without agathisflavone/trolox), b
p < 0.05 when compared to the trolox (standard) (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
6. Page 6 of 9Andrade et al. Chemistry Central Journal (2018) 12:75
Discussion
Present investigation suggests that agathisflavone pos-
sesses prominent antioxidant capacity as observed
from several in vitro antioxidant test systems. There
are four hydroxyl groups in the structure of agathisfla-
vone (Fig. 8a), i.e., 4′–OH, 7–OH, 7″–OH and 4‴–OH,
(Fig. 8b) that can donate H· (radical hydrogen) to reduce
free radicals. Although the rest two hydroxyls (5″–OH
and 5–OH) radicals cannot donate radical hydrogen, but
they do participate in the process by forming resonance
structures (Fig. 8c, d).
Antioxidant activity of several flavonoids with mecha-
nism similar to that of agathisflavone have been studied
using methods as DPPH and/or ABTS, OH and NO scav-
enging assay, as well as their ability to inhibit lipid peroxi-
dation by TBARS assay and reducing ability [35, 36].
When compared, agathisflavone was found to be a bet-
ter scavenger of ABTS than that of DPPH. Although both
ABTS and DPPH are free radicals, but the differ in the way
that DPPH is a stable free radical itself but ABTS is formed
instantly in the reaction solution. Thus both of the methods
are used for antioxidant activity study but a difference in the
Fig. 6 NO radical scavenging capacity of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3) a
p < 0.05 when compared to the system (100%
of nitrite ions), b
p < 0.05 when compared to the trolox (standard) (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
Fig. 7 TBARS inhibitory capacity of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3) a
p < 0.05 when compared to the system (100% of
TBARS levels), b
p < 0.05 when compared to trolox (standard) (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
7. Page 7 of 9Andrade et al. Chemistry Central Journal (2018) 12:75
EC50 of a compound can occur due to the difference in the
mechanism of action of neutralizing free radicals. In relat-
ing the results of DPPH· (EC50 = 0.895 mM) and ABTS·+
(EC50 = 0.123 mM) tests, it is possible to say that agathis-
flavone showed a better scavenging capacity of ABTS·+
.
This may be due to effects of donation of electrons, leading
to the reduction of ABTS·+
formation. On the other hand,
transference of hydrogen atoms may occur to form of a
DPPH stable molecule by the action of this biflavonoid [37,
38]. Our findings are similar to the results suggested by Ye
et al. [39], who were isolated a biflavonoid from the metha-
nolic extract of the Camellia oleifera Abel shells and with a
chemical structure that of the agathisflavone.
Agathiflavone isolated from the leaf extract of Anacardium
occidentalewassubjectedtoDPPHradicalscavengingassayby
Ajileye et al. [25]. The EC50 value calculated for agathisflavone
was 366.37 μg/mL, which is equivalent to 0.679 mM, slightly
lower that the value observed in the present work (0.474 mM).
This slight change may happen due to the variation of the
DPPH· concentration in the reaction mixture.
The compounds that have large quantities of ·OH (free)
in their chemical structures have higher reducing poten-
tial [11]. In a previous study the antioxidant activity of
the natural biflavonoid (morelloflavone-4000-O-b-d-gli-
cosil, fukugiside e morelloflavone) isolated from the ethyl
acetate extract of the dried fruits of Garcinia brasiliensis
was seen with the potential reduction capacity [9]. Like
the evaluated compound in this study, the biflavonoids
isolated by Gontijo et al. [9] showed reducing capacities
in a concentration-dependent manner.
The ·OH oxidizing radical and its presence in the reac-
tion medium promotes degradation of 2-deoxyribose.
Fig. 8 Proposed mechanism of antioxidant activity of the agathisflavone by donating of H· and electrons. a Chemical structure of agathisflavone
(OH groups at various positions). b Possible C-terminals from where proton (H+
) can be donated. c and d Proton (H+
) donation and neutralization of
free radicals, resonance structures of agathisflavone
8. Page 8 of 9Andrade et al. Chemistry Central Journal (2018) 12:75
In our study, agathisflavone at all concentration tested
may react with ·OH, thus the inhibition of the degrada-
tion of the monosaccharide utilized [3, 40]. Based on the
comparison between the EC50 values of the agathisfla-
vone and the antioxidant standard (trolox) in inhibiting
the 2-deoxyribose degradation, this biflavonoid can be
considered as a potent scavenger of ·OH. This may be an
indication of protecting important biomolecules, such as
proteins, lipids and genetic materials (e.g.—DNA, RNA)
[41].
Agathisflavone also significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the
levels of NO. An excessive generation of NO is related to
a number of pathological conditions, including intracel-
lular oxidative damages and cell death [13, 41]. Thus, the
inhibitory effects of this damaging radicals may inhibit or
protect cells and cellular organelles from the damaging
effects of NO. Furthermore, peroxyl radicals generated
by AAPH are evident to cause lipid peroxidation [42]. In
our study, we found that the agathisflavone significantly
inhibited TBARS production in comparison to the NC
and trolox, suggesting a prominent protective capacity of
the lipid molecules from oxidative damage.
The biflavonoids procyanidin, fukugetin, amentof-
lavone and podocarpusflavone isolated from the ethyl
acetate extract of the leaves of Garcinia brasiliensis have
been found to exhibit antioxidant capacity at 10 µM
(equivalent to 0.01 mM) with an average inhibition by 28,
42, 37 and 30%, respectively, those values are smaller than
the activity observed in the quercetin group (100 µM;
47%) [5]. In this study, we found an average inhibition
for the agathisflavone at 0.928 mM by 88%. It seems, the
biflavonoid agathisflavone may be a potent antioxidant.
Conclusion
The antioxidant capacity investigated of the agathisfla-
vone applying in vitro test systems allows to conclude
that the this biflavonoid delay or prevent significantly
the lipid peroxidation and the other referred molecules
induced by free radicals, since, the compound showed
an antioxidant capacity in DPPH·, ABTS·+
, OH·, NO and
reduction potential tests. The oxidative damage is linked
to inducing damages in the brain and other organs, lead-
ing to varieties of health effects in human and other
animals. The agathisflavone may be a new hope in the
context of drug discovery and development, especially
with the importance of the prevention and treatment of
diseases related to oxidative stress.
Authors’contributions
AWLA—Lab test, data collection & Writing of the draft; KCM—Data analysis &
Writing of the draft; KCM—Lab test & Data collection; DDRF—Lab test & Data
manipulation; JMD—Data manipulation & Data analysis; MTI—Data presenta-
tion, Writing & Revision; SJU—Writing & Revision; JAS—Writing & Revision;
JPC—Work design, Writing final draft & Supervision. All authors read and
approved the final manuscript.
Author details
1
Laboratory of Research in Experimental Neurochemistry, Federal University
of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil. 2
Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia
(UFBA), Salvador, Brazil. 3
Department for Management of Science and Tech-
nology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
4
Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
5
Pharmacy Discipline, School of Life Sciences, Khulna University, Khulna 9208,
Bangladesh.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the researchers of the Laboratory of Research
in Experimental Neurochemistry (LAPNEX/UFPI), Fundação de Amparo à
Pesquisa do Estado do Piauí (FAPEPI—Brazil) for materials, equipments, funds
and collaborations.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in pub-
lished maps and institutional affiliations.
Received: 2 March 2018 Accepted: 22 June 2018
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