This document provides an introduction to cyanobacteria, including:
1) Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms that were originally misclassified as algae. They were the first organisms to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis.
2) Cyanobacteria are found in diverse aquatic and terrestrial habitats worldwide. They can form thick mats and blooms under suitable conditions.
3) Cyanobacteria have a variety of morphologies and play important ecological roles while also having applications in industry, agriculture and biotechnology. However, some species can produce toxins harmful to animals and humans.
This document discusses the different methods of reproduction in algae. It describes vegetative reproduction methods like fragmentation, fission, tubers, and hormogonia. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores like zoospores, aplanospores, akinetes, hypnospores, and tetraspores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous depending on the gametes involved. The document provides examples to explain each type of reproduction in algae.
Bacteria are the simplest and smallest prokaryotic microorganisms. They are ubiquitous, existing everywhere from atmospheric heights of 6km to ocean depths of 5km. Bacteria exhibit a wide range of shapes and many are motile with flagella or pili. They reproduce asexually through binary fission and lack true sexual reproduction. Bacteria play important economic roles through causing diseases, food spoilage, increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, and use in biotechnology and pollution control.
Algae exhibit a wide range of thallus structures, from single-celled organisms to large seaweeds. Their thalli can be unicellular and motile, unicellular and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, heterotrichous, siphonous, uni-axial, multi-axial, or parenchymatous. Examples include Chlamydomonas as a unicellular motile type, Chlorella as a unicellular non-motile type, Volvox as a motile coenobial type, Spirogyra as a filamentous type, and Ulva as a thalloid type. Algae reproduce both sexually through structures
1) Cyanobacteria were the first algae and dominated as biogenic reefs from 3.5 billion years ago during the Proterozoic era.
2) They were the first organisms to evolve with two photosystems and produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, which was important for the evolution of Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere.
3) Cyanobacteria can fix or convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms through nitrogen fixation, which is important because nitrogen is necessary for life but atmospheric nitrogen is difficult for most organisms to use.
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
The document discusses phycology, the study of algae. It covers the classification of algae based on characteristics like pigmentation and thallus organization. Some key classifications discussed include Harvey's 1836 system of dividing algae into green, brown and red classes, and Fritsch's 1935 classification that organized algae into 11 classes. The document also summarizes the distribution of algae in aquatic environments, their thallus organization as unicellular or multicellular, and their methods of reproduction including vegetative, asexual through spores, and sexual.
The document discusses the classification of fungi according to Ainsworth (1973). It begins by outlining the key characteristics of fungi and discussing their evolutionary success. It then provides a schematic outline of Ainsworth's classification system, which places fungi in the kingdom Mycota. The major divisions are Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Key characteristics and classes are described for each subdivision, including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. The document also discusses early fungal evolution and the terrestrialization of fungi.
This document provides an introduction to cyanobacteria, including:
1) Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms that were originally misclassified as algae. They were the first organisms to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis.
2) Cyanobacteria are found in diverse aquatic and terrestrial habitats worldwide. They can form thick mats and blooms under suitable conditions.
3) Cyanobacteria have a variety of morphologies and play important ecological roles while also having applications in industry, agriculture and biotechnology. However, some species can produce toxins harmful to animals and humans.
This document discusses the different methods of reproduction in algae. It describes vegetative reproduction methods like fragmentation, fission, tubers, and hormogonia. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores like zoospores, aplanospores, akinetes, hypnospores, and tetraspores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous depending on the gametes involved. The document provides examples to explain each type of reproduction in algae.
Bacteria are the simplest and smallest prokaryotic microorganisms. They are ubiquitous, existing everywhere from atmospheric heights of 6km to ocean depths of 5km. Bacteria exhibit a wide range of shapes and many are motile with flagella or pili. They reproduce asexually through binary fission and lack true sexual reproduction. Bacteria play important economic roles through causing diseases, food spoilage, increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, and use in biotechnology and pollution control.
Algae exhibit a wide range of thallus structures, from single-celled organisms to large seaweeds. Their thalli can be unicellular and motile, unicellular and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, heterotrichous, siphonous, uni-axial, multi-axial, or parenchymatous. Examples include Chlamydomonas as a unicellular motile type, Chlorella as a unicellular non-motile type, Volvox as a motile coenobial type, Spirogyra as a filamentous type, and Ulva as a thalloid type. Algae reproduce both sexually through structures
1) Cyanobacteria were the first algae and dominated as biogenic reefs from 3.5 billion years ago during the Proterozoic era.
2) They were the first organisms to evolve with two photosystems and produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, which was important for the evolution of Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere.
3) Cyanobacteria can fix or convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms through nitrogen fixation, which is important because nitrogen is necessary for life but atmospheric nitrogen is difficult for most organisms to use.
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
The document discusses phycology, the study of algae. It covers the classification of algae based on characteristics like pigmentation and thallus organization. Some key classifications discussed include Harvey's 1836 system of dividing algae into green, brown and red classes, and Fritsch's 1935 classification that organized algae into 11 classes. The document also summarizes the distribution of algae in aquatic environments, their thallus organization as unicellular or multicellular, and their methods of reproduction including vegetative, asexual through spores, and sexual.
The document discusses the classification of fungi according to Ainsworth (1973). It begins by outlining the key characteristics of fungi and discussing their evolutionary success. It then provides a schematic outline of Ainsworth's classification system, which places fungi in the kingdom Mycota. The major divisions are Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Key characteristics and classes are described for each subdivision, including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. The document also discusses early fungal evolution and the terrestrialization of fungi.
The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
Introduction, characteristics, classification,Thallus organisation,reproduction and its types, algal blooms, causes of algal blooms, biological and economic importance of algae.
B.SC 1st Year (BOTANY)
- Mastigomycotina is a former taxonomic grouping of fungi that included classes like Chytridiomycetes.
- Chytridiomycetes, commonly called chytrids, are mostly aquatic fungi found in soils and aquatic habitats. They can be unicellular or filamentous.
- Synchytrium endobioticum is a chytrid fungus that causes the black wart disease of potato. It has both asexual and sexual life cycles involving zoospores, gametes and resting spores that allow it to infect and overwinter on potato plants.
Algal pigments structure and function (2)Moumita Paul
Algal Pigments- Structure and Function discusses the various pigments found in algae. It begins by introducing that algae range in size and can be single-celled or multicellular organisms. They contain chloroplasts or chromoplasts in their cells that harbor pigments. The main pigments discussed are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin. Each pigment has a unique molecular structure and absorbs different wavelengths of light, allowing algae to capture more of the sun's energy for photosynthesis. The pigments also serve protective functions. In conclusion, the variety of pigments allow different types of algae to
This maybe of help for UG+PG Botany students studying mycology. It's about the general account of class Chytridiomycetes. Good for quick revision and information.
*Critics are very welcomed*
1. Basidiomycotina includes mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, shelf fungi, and rusts and smuts, which have septate mycelium and produce basidia and basidiospores.
2. Basidia are cells where karyogamy and meiosis occurs, producing usually four basidiospores externally.
3. The life cycle involves a primary monokaryotic mycelium, a secondary dikaryotic mycelium formed by fusion of compatible nuclei, and a tertiary mycelium that forms fruiting bodies.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
This document summarizes the key characteristics of the division Myxomycota. It discusses that Myxomycota are commonly known as plasmodial slime molds and differ from true fungi by having a vegetative body composed of a protoplast bounded by a membrane without a cell wall. They reproduce through both asexual and sexual means including forming spores. The document outlines several classes within Myxomycota including Myxomycetes, the most well known class of true slime molds, as well as Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, and Plasmodiophoromycetes.
This document provides information about myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds). It discusses that myxomycetes contain 5 orders, 14 families, 62 genera and 888 species. The somatic phase is represented by a multinucleate, apparently naked acellular slimy protoplasmic mass called the plasmodium. At fruiting time, the entire plasmodium is organized into sporangia or sporophores that bear spores. Myxomycetes are classified into three subclasses based on characteristics of the plasmodium and spore-bearing structures.
This document provides an overview of Myxomycotina (slime molds). It discusses that they are fungus-like organisms characterized by an amoeboid vegetative phase without cell walls. The document outlines the key characteristics and life cycles of the four classes: Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, Myxomycetes, and Plasmodiophoromycetes. It also briefly discusses their economic importance in nutrient cycling and use in laboratory studies due to their protoplasm without cell walls.
Brown algae are characterized by cell walls containing cellulose and alginic acid. They reproduce sexually and asexually and have an alternation of generations life cycle. Brown algae are divided into three classes based on their life cycles: isogamous, heterogamous, and oogamous. Ectocarpus is a filamentous brown alga that is a model organism. Kelps are large brown algae with a diploid sporophyte generation and haploid gametophyte. Fucus is dioecious and releases gametes using tidal movements, with sperm chemotaxing towards eggs. Brown algae are used as sources of iodine, alginate, food, and
Classification of fungi proposed by Ainsworth (1971)vaishalidandge3
Ainsworth proposed a more natural system of classification of fungi in 1971 based on morphology, especially of reproductive structures. He treated fungi as a separate kingdom. The classification has seven divisions: Myxomycota, Eumycota, Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. It provides details on the classes, orders, and characteristics used to differentiate each taxonomic level within this system.
Anabaena is a filamentous blue-green algae that can exist planktonically or attach to aquatic organisms. It is found worldwide in fresh and salt water. Cells are prokaryotic and arranged in unbranched filaments. Specialized cells called heterocysts fix nitrogen and produce spores called akinetes for reproduction. Anabaena is economically important for nitrogen fixation in soil, symbiotic relationships, and reclaiming saline soils, though it can also cause harmful algal blooms and death of animals.
This document provides information about Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria) presented by Dr. Sangeeta Das. It discusses the characteristics, distribution, ecology, thallus organization, cell structure, reproduction of cyanobacteria. It specifically focuses on Nostoc, providing details about its systematic position, morphology, and life cycle. Key points include that cyanobacteria are a primitive group of algae found all over the world, they can have unicellular or colonial thalli, reproduce both vegetatively and asexually, and Nostoc forms filaments within a gelatinous sheath and reproduces through fragmentation and akinete formation.
Heterokaryosis is the co-existence of genetically different nuclei in a common cytoplasm. It plays a major role in variability and sexuality in fungi. Heterokaryosis can arise through mutation, anastomosis (fusion of hyphae), or inclusion of dissimilar nuclei in spores after meiosis in heterothallic fungi. Parasexuality is a form of genetic recombination in fungi achieved through mitotic crossing over and haploidization without meiosis. The parasexual cycle involves the establishment of heterokaryosis, formation of heterozygous diploids through nuclear fusion, occasional mitotic crossing over during diploid multiplication, and eventual haploidization through aneuploidy. This process
Ultrastructure of fungal cell and different type ofjeeva raj
This document is a seminar report submitted by Jeeva Raj Joseph on the ultrastructure of fungal cells and different types of spores. It discusses the key components of the fungal cell, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions. It describes the different types of septa that can divide fungal hyphae. The report also examines the two main types of asexual spores - sporangiospores and conidia - and provides details on different subtypes like arthrospores, blastospores, and phialospores. Finally, it briefly discusses sexually produced spores and how certain spore types are characteristic of different fungal taxa.
Allomyces is a genus of fungi that reproduces asexually through zoospores with whip-like flagella. Species of Allomyces are commonly found in soils in tropical regions, especially in ponds, rice fields, and slow-moving rivers. The thallus of Allomyces has a trunk-like basal cell that gives rise to branched rhizoids and side branches that terminate in sporangia, zoosporangia, or gametangia depending on the life cycle stage.
This document provides an overview of eubacteria, including their general characteristics, classification, shapes, cellular organization, growth, reproduction, and economic importance. Some key points:
- Eubacteria are the simplest and most successful prokaryotic microorganisms, typically 0.5-1.0μm in size, unicellular, and lacking organelles. They reproduce through binary fission.
- They have diverse shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and spirochetes. Their cells contain a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may have flagella, pili or fimbriae.
- Eubacteria are classified into over
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic prokaryotes that reproduce through binary fission and have specialized structures like hormogones, akinetes, and heterocysts that aid in reproduction and survival. They have a multilayer cell wall and lack organelles but contain pigments like chlorophyll and phycobilins within thylakoid membranes to perform photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria inhabit various environments like freshwater, marine water, soil and hot springs.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic group of bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen essential for aminoacid biosynthesis. Earlier they were called as blue green algae. Now that name is not used because they are not belongs to the algae.
The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
Introduction, characteristics, classification,Thallus organisation,reproduction and its types, algal blooms, causes of algal blooms, biological and economic importance of algae.
B.SC 1st Year (BOTANY)
- Mastigomycotina is a former taxonomic grouping of fungi that included classes like Chytridiomycetes.
- Chytridiomycetes, commonly called chytrids, are mostly aquatic fungi found in soils and aquatic habitats. They can be unicellular or filamentous.
- Synchytrium endobioticum is a chytrid fungus that causes the black wart disease of potato. It has both asexual and sexual life cycles involving zoospores, gametes and resting spores that allow it to infect and overwinter on potato plants.
Algal pigments structure and function (2)Moumita Paul
Algal Pigments- Structure and Function discusses the various pigments found in algae. It begins by introducing that algae range in size and can be single-celled or multicellular organisms. They contain chloroplasts or chromoplasts in their cells that harbor pigments. The main pigments discussed are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin. Each pigment has a unique molecular structure and absorbs different wavelengths of light, allowing algae to capture more of the sun's energy for photosynthesis. The pigments also serve protective functions. In conclusion, the variety of pigments allow different types of algae to
This maybe of help for UG+PG Botany students studying mycology. It's about the general account of class Chytridiomycetes. Good for quick revision and information.
*Critics are very welcomed*
1. Basidiomycotina includes mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, shelf fungi, and rusts and smuts, which have septate mycelium and produce basidia and basidiospores.
2. Basidia are cells where karyogamy and meiosis occurs, producing usually four basidiospores externally.
3. The life cycle involves a primary monokaryotic mycelium, a secondary dikaryotic mycelium formed by fusion of compatible nuclei, and a tertiary mycelium that forms fruiting bodies.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
This document summarizes the key characteristics of the division Myxomycota. It discusses that Myxomycota are commonly known as plasmodial slime molds and differ from true fungi by having a vegetative body composed of a protoplast bounded by a membrane without a cell wall. They reproduce through both asexual and sexual means including forming spores. The document outlines several classes within Myxomycota including Myxomycetes, the most well known class of true slime molds, as well as Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, and Plasmodiophoromycetes.
This document provides information about myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds). It discusses that myxomycetes contain 5 orders, 14 families, 62 genera and 888 species. The somatic phase is represented by a multinucleate, apparently naked acellular slimy protoplasmic mass called the plasmodium. At fruiting time, the entire plasmodium is organized into sporangia or sporophores that bear spores. Myxomycetes are classified into three subclasses based on characteristics of the plasmodium and spore-bearing structures.
This document provides an overview of Myxomycotina (slime molds). It discusses that they are fungus-like organisms characterized by an amoeboid vegetative phase without cell walls. The document outlines the key characteristics and life cycles of the four classes: Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, Myxomycetes, and Plasmodiophoromycetes. It also briefly discusses their economic importance in nutrient cycling and use in laboratory studies due to their protoplasm without cell walls.
Brown algae are characterized by cell walls containing cellulose and alginic acid. They reproduce sexually and asexually and have an alternation of generations life cycle. Brown algae are divided into three classes based on their life cycles: isogamous, heterogamous, and oogamous. Ectocarpus is a filamentous brown alga that is a model organism. Kelps are large brown algae with a diploid sporophyte generation and haploid gametophyte. Fucus is dioecious and releases gametes using tidal movements, with sperm chemotaxing towards eggs. Brown algae are used as sources of iodine, alginate, food, and
Classification of fungi proposed by Ainsworth (1971)vaishalidandge3
Ainsworth proposed a more natural system of classification of fungi in 1971 based on morphology, especially of reproductive structures. He treated fungi as a separate kingdom. The classification has seven divisions: Myxomycota, Eumycota, Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. It provides details on the classes, orders, and characteristics used to differentiate each taxonomic level within this system.
Anabaena is a filamentous blue-green algae that can exist planktonically or attach to aquatic organisms. It is found worldwide in fresh and salt water. Cells are prokaryotic and arranged in unbranched filaments. Specialized cells called heterocysts fix nitrogen and produce spores called akinetes for reproduction. Anabaena is economically important for nitrogen fixation in soil, symbiotic relationships, and reclaiming saline soils, though it can also cause harmful algal blooms and death of animals.
This document provides information about Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria) presented by Dr. Sangeeta Das. It discusses the characteristics, distribution, ecology, thallus organization, cell structure, reproduction of cyanobacteria. It specifically focuses on Nostoc, providing details about its systematic position, morphology, and life cycle. Key points include that cyanobacteria are a primitive group of algae found all over the world, they can have unicellular or colonial thalli, reproduce both vegetatively and asexually, and Nostoc forms filaments within a gelatinous sheath and reproduces through fragmentation and akinete formation.
Heterokaryosis is the co-existence of genetically different nuclei in a common cytoplasm. It plays a major role in variability and sexuality in fungi. Heterokaryosis can arise through mutation, anastomosis (fusion of hyphae), or inclusion of dissimilar nuclei in spores after meiosis in heterothallic fungi. Parasexuality is a form of genetic recombination in fungi achieved through mitotic crossing over and haploidization without meiosis. The parasexual cycle involves the establishment of heterokaryosis, formation of heterozygous diploids through nuclear fusion, occasional mitotic crossing over during diploid multiplication, and eventual haploidization through aneuploidy. This process
Ultrastructure of fungal cell and different type ofjeeva raj
This document is a seminar report submitted by Jeeva Raj Joseph on the ultrastructure of fungal cells and different types of spores. It discusses the key components of the fungal cell, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions. It describes the different types of septa that can divide fungal hyphae. The report also examines the two main types of asexual spores - sporangiospores and conidia - and provides details on different subtypes like arthrospores, blastospores, and phialospores. Finally, it briefly discusses sexually produced spores and how certain spore types are characteristic of different fungal taxa.
Allomyces is a genus of fungi that reproduces asexually through zoospores with whip-like flagella. Species of Allomyces are commonly found in soils in tropical regions, especially in ponds, rice fields, and slow-moving rivers. The thallus of Allomyces has a trunk-like basal cell that gives rise to branched rhizoids and side branches that terminate in sporangia, zoosporangia, or gametangia depending on the life cycle stage.
This document provides an overview of eubacteria, including their general characteristics, classification, shapes, cellular organization, growth, reproduction, and economic importance. Some key points:
- Eubacteria are the simplest and most successful prokaryotic microorganisms, typically 0.5-1.0μm in size, unicellular, and lacking organelles. They reproduce through binary fission.
- They have diverse shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and spirochetes. Their cells contain a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may have flagella, pili or fimbriae.
- Eubacteria are classified into over
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic prokaryotes that reproduce through binary fission and have specialized structures like hormogones, akinetes, and heterocysts that aid in reproduction and survival. They have a multilayer cell wall and lack organelles but contain pigments like chlorophyll and phycobilins within thylakoid membranes to perform photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria inhabit various environments like freshwater, marine water, soil and hot springs.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic group of bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen essential for aminoacid biosynthesis. Earlier they were called as blue green algae. Now that name is not used because they are not belongs to the algae.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic group of bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen essential for aminoacid biosynthesis. Earlier they were called as blue green algae. Now that name is not used because they are not belongs to the algae.
This document provides an overview of microorganisms and bacteria. It discusses that microorganisms are unicellular or multicellular organisms that include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. Bacteria are specifically unicellular prokaryotic organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. The document describes bacterial cell structure both inside and outside the cell wall, including shapes, flagella, pili, capsules, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids, and ribosomes. It also discusses endospore formation in certain bacteria.
Morphology of bacterial cell presentation new 1.pptxArnabSamanta26
This document provides information on the morphology and structures of bacterial cells. It begins by introducing bacteria and their basic prokaryotic cellular structure. It then describes the four major classifications of bacteria based on shape: cocci, bacilli, vibrio, and spirilla. The rest of the document delves into various bacterial cellular structures such as the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasmic matrix, inclusion bodies, ribosomes, nucleoid, plasmids, pili, and differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Key structures that contribute to bacterial shape, metabolism, genetic inheritance, and virulence are highlighted.
EubacteriaDefinitionBacteria are prokaryotic single-celled or BetseyCalderon89
This document defines bacteria and describes their characteristics. It discusses that bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that lack organelles and chlorophyll. They have diverse shapes including cocci, bacilli, vibrio and spirilla. Bacteria range in size from 0.5 to 80 micrometers. The structure of bacterial cells includes external structures like capsules, flagella, fimbriae and pili. Internally, bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing ribosomes and a nucleoid, and sometimes plasmids. Some bacteria can form endospores. The document also describes differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on their cell wall structure and staining.
Cyanophyceae or Myxophyceae is a group of prokaryotic organisms, commonly called blue-green algae. Since their cellular organization is typically prokaryotic, the current trend is to consider them not as true algae, but as monerans. Accordingly, they are now grouped under Sub-kingdom Cyanobacteria of Kingdom Monera. The name Cyanophyceae or blue-green algae denotes the presence of the blue-green pigment phycocyanin; the name Myxophyceae refers to the presence of the carotenoid pigment myxoxanthin.
(i) Most members are filamentous forms, but some are unicellular and some others are colonial.(ii) Filamentous forms consist of a linear row of cells, called trichome, enclosed by a common sheath. Trichome may have some large and thick-walled cells, called heterocysts.(iii) Cells are typically prokaryotic, without membrane-bound cell organelles and an organized nucleus.
(iv) Chief pigments are chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, phycoerythrin, myxoxanthin, oscillaxanthin, ß-carotene and leutein.(v) Reserve food include cyanophysean starch (glycogen) and cyanophysin (a protein).(vi) Protoplast is differentiated into outer chromoplasm and inner centroplasm. (vii) Flagella are altogether absent at any stage.(viii) Reproduction is asexual
Cyanobacteria ultrastructure, and significant microcystic SnehasishKundu1
The seminar discussed the ultrastructure and reproduction of cyanobacterial cells, with a focus on Microcystis.
The ultrastructure includes a mucilage sheath, cell wall with four layers, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm containing photosynthetic apparatus of thylakoids and phycobilisomes, ribosomes, and storage structures.
Reproduction is mainly through binary fission, but some cyanobacteria also form specialized dormant structures like akinetes or motile fragments called hormogonia. Microcystis can produce the toxin microcystin and is studied for its production of antioxidants.
jahnvi- education and thinking knowledge 1.pptxnjat8151
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic prokaryotes that play an important ecological role. They are diverse in morphology, ranging from unicellular to colonial forms, and some can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Cyanobacteria contain pigments like phycobilins that give them a blue-green color and allow photosynthesis. They reproduce through binary fission and also form specialized structures during unfavorable conditions like akinetes, hormogonia, and spores. Cyanobacteria are economically significant as they aid in soil development, serve as food sources, and some species produce useful compounds.
Prokaryotic cells have a simpler structure than eukaryotic cells and lack membrane-bound organelles. They have a cell wall and plasma membrane, but interior structures like the cytoplasm lack internal membranes. The genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. Some prokaryotes like bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall, while others like archaea have different cell wall compositions. Surface structures can include flagella, pili, or fimbriae. Binary fission is how prokaryotes replicate.
- The document discusses algae and yeast, including their structures, morphologies, reproduction methods, and importance.
- Algae are diverse aquatic organisms that conduct photosynthesis and exist as single-celled or multicellular forms. They reproduce asexually through spores or sexually through gamete fusion. Algae are important for producing oxygen and storing carbon dioxide.
- Yeasts are single-celled fungi that reproduce through budding or fusion. They are used in food fermentation and production of bread, beer, and wine. Yeast provides nutrition and can help lower cholesterol levels.
Bacterial cells have a typical prokaryotic structure, lacking organelles. They have an outer capsule or slime layer, a peptidoglycan cell wall, and an inner cell membrane. The cell wall provides structure and protection, and its composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The cytoplasm contains genetic material, ribosomes, and other inclusions, and some bacteria possess flagella or pili for motility. Bacterial cells show diversity in their structures but share the basic prokaryotic organization.
General Biology - Ultra structure of Prokaryotes - Dr. S. GaneshGanesh Sekaran
Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms that are much smaller than human cells. They come in a variety of shapes including spherical, spiral, and rod-shaped. Bacteria have a cell membrane, cell wall, flagella or pili that help with movement, and genetic material but do not have membrane-bound organelles. While some bacteria cause disease, most are harmless or beneficial to humans through roles like breaking down food and producing vitamins. Bacteria play important roles in industry, medicine, and the environment.
Certain gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus and Clostridium can form dormant endospores that are highly resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals and desiccation. Endospores play an important role in food safety and industrial/medical microbiology. An endospore has several protective layers - an outer exosporium, inner spore coat, cortex and core wall surrounding the dormant core. Endospores form through a multi-stage process in response to nutrient depletion. Once activated, endospores germinate and outgrow into active vegetative cells upon exposure to nutrients.
The document summarizes key components and structures of bacterial cells. It describes the cytoplasm as the site of cell functions and containing structures like ribosomes and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and contains peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides. The nucleoid region contains bacterial DNA that is not enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus. Other structures discussed include flagella, pili, inclusion bodies, and endospores.
Introduction to fungus of all kinds.pptxchandanabinu
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
cynophyceae .pdf
1. Associate Prof. Magda Faiz El Adl
Microbiology (Algae), Botany department,
Science Faculty
For 2nd year of Botany/ Chemistry
Microbiology (Algae)
2. Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae)
The division Cyanobacteria belongs to Kingdom Monera.
Cyanobacteria has one class, i.e. Cyanophyceae / Myxophyceae.
3. Characteristics of Cyanophyceae :-
Procaryotic algae as G- ve bacteria.
Cell wall: amino sugars and amino acids.
bluish-green due to the presence of blue, green and
red pigment
Pigments: Chlorophyll (a ،f) and phycobiliproteins
(phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin).
Storage product: glycogen
4. Characteristics of Cyanophyceae :-
have a wide range of tolerance to the environmental
conditions.
have 150 Genera and 2000 species.
Cyanobacteria blooms produce cyanotoxins, killing
livestock.
Spirulina: high- protein dietary supplement
5. They have some similarities with bacteria
(i) Cellular organization is same, they are
prokaryotic as their organelles are not membrance-
bound.
(ii) Lack cellulose in cell walls.
(iii) They have only haploid life cycle (i.e. no
alternation of generation).
(iv) Reproduction through fission.
(v) DNA is not associated with histone proteins in
their chromosomes.
6. Habitats
1- Cosmopolitan
2-Moist rocks or soil and deserts, volcanoes
3-Sea, lakes, recovers, pond, springs
4-grow on snow or hot springs
5- grow in acidic and alkaline environment
6- stagnant/flowing, shallow/ deep and fresh salt waters
7-They grow as endophytes, as constituents of lichens, as
endosymbiont in diverse animals.
7-highly osmatic pressure
7. Classification of Cyanobacteria
There are three orders:
1- Chroococcales:-
*single cells or
* loosely cells bound into gelatinous irregularcolonies
2- Oscillatoriales:
filamentous cyanobacteria
3- Nostocales:
filamentous cyanobacteria with heterocysts.
8. Thallus Organization
Thallus in Cyanophyceae has a range of organization as
follows:
1. Unicellular, e.g. Coccoid and palmelloid genera
2. Filamentous, e.g. Unbranched and branced genera
3. Colonial, e.g. Any of the above forms held in
common gelatinous matrix.
Flagella are absent but some members move by
gliding.
9. Morphology of Cyanobacteria
Morphology of
Cyanobacteria
Unicells
Free-living A mucilaginous
Trichome Filament
uniseriate multiseriate
A shortage of CO2
Oscillatoria
10. Cyanobacerial cell structure
Sheaths composed of mucilage capsule or extracellular
polymeric substances (EPS). The sheath protects cells from
drying.
11. A shortage of CO2 causes cessation of sheath production.
An excess of fixed CO2 forms of the sheath
Sheath of
Cyanobacteria
blue In basic soils
Red In acid soils
Yellow& brown
In high salt
habitats
after the algae
dry out
12. Cell wall
Cell wall characters:-
1- As the cell wall of G (-ve) bacteria.
- 2- its structure :- -
13. Gliding Movement
Cyanobacteria that can glide have an additional two
wall layers on the outside(External serrated layer (S-
layer) and Oscillin hair like fibers and
14. Properties of gliding cells
A good example of giliding Oscillatoria
capable of gliding on a solid .
secrete & leave slime sheet behind them during movements.
Slime propel the filaments in one direction or the other, or
rotating on its axis
helps cyanobacteria to reach optimal lighting levels
for photosynthesis
16. I- Central protoplasm (colorless region or nucleoplasm)
circular fibrils of DNA-
not associated with basic proteins (histones).
The size of DNA in unicellular cyanobacteria
= bacterial genome size
> mycoplasmas genome size.
17. II- Peripheral protoplasm (color region)
composed principally of thylakoids
associated with phycobilisomes and glycogen granules.
70S ribosomes dispersed throughout the cell with high density in
the central region (nucleoplasm).
Some structures will be explained as follows:-
Thylakoids
Ribosomes
18. A -Cyanophycin granules:-
Polypeptides (chain of amino acids)
Located near the cell periphery.
Involved in nitrogen metabolism.
19.
B- Carboxysomes :-
Polyhedral bodies
Consist of the main enzyme involved in photosynthesis
(Rubisco).
Rubisco (ribulose -1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase).
Carboxysome
20. C-Volutin granules
(Polyphosphate bodies )
Spherical
similar to lipid bodies of eukaryotic cells.
contain stored phosphate,
absent in young growing cells or
cells grown in a phosphate-deficient medium,
but present in older cells.
Volutin granules
21. D- Glycogen granules
Tiny glycogen granules or rods
In the space between the thylakoids
Act as a store of glucose or carbohydrate.
Called Polyglucan granules (α-granules).
Glyogen granules
22. E-Pigments
The major components:-
Chlorophyll a &f; Phycobilin)
Phycobilin [(phycoerythrin (red) + phycocyanin(blue)].
Cells have thylakoids (in the thylakoid membrane).
Phycobilisomes
23. Phycobilin = [phycoerythrin + phycocyanin ].
Phycobiliproteins = (phycobilin+ protein)
Phycobilisomes = [Phycobiliproteins attached to
thylakoid memberane]
Pigment concentration changed in response to light quality and
growth conditions.
24. What’s the role of accessory pigment ?
The accessory pigments :-
1- Screen ( (
يحجب and protect the chlorophyll from damaging UV light.
2- Trap photons and funnel them to the chlorophyll.
3- Act as antennae, that increase the wavelengths of light
used for photosynthesis
25. F- Gas vacuoles ( vesicles):-
Composed of hollow cylindrical tubes with conical ends or
clusters of protein gas-filled rods.
In aquatic forms.
Function:-
regulate buoyancy,
Help the cells to float at optimal light levels for photosynthesis in
the water column.
The loss of gas vacuole resulting from the increased turgor
pressure led to sinking or negative buoyancy
Gas vacuoles
26. structure
Filament
-
5
Besides the previous structures, the filament has
additional structures as Akinete – Heterocyst
Akinete
A vegetative cell is developed into akinete by:-
1-The gradual disappearance of gas vacuoles.
2-An increase in cell size
3-An increase in cytoplasmic density and
number of ribosomes.
4-An increase in storage products
a) High conc. of glycogen
b) High conc. Of cyanophycin
5-Their greater resistance to cold compared with
vegetative cells.
6-lose their photosynthetic and respiratory capabilities
27. The germination of an akinete
o Akinete has greater resistance to harsh conditions compared
with vegetative cells.
o when the environmental conditions became suitable for
growth, the akinete germinate to full filament.
o The germination is a reverse of the differentiation process
28. 2-Heterocysts
Also, a vegetative cell can be developed into heterocyst
and characterized by the following Characteristics than
the vegetative cell.
Characteristics:-
1- they larger than vegetative cells
2- appear empty in the light microscope
3-photosynthetically inactive
4- don’t fix CO2, nor produce O2
5- surrounded by a thick laminated cell wall that
limits
ingress of atmospheric gases, including O2
7- The internal environment of heterocysts is virtually
anoxic (ideal for nitrogenase- O2 senstive enzyme).
29. Reproduction of Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria reproduce by two methods only; vegetative and
asexual reproduction.
1- Vegetative reproduction is generally in four ways:
(i) Binary fission,
(ii) Fragmentation
(iii) Hormogonia:
30. Reproduction of Cyanobacteria
1- Vegetative reproduction is
generally in four ways:
(i) Binary fission,
A cell divides into two in roughly equal
halves. Nucleus divides mitotically first
and then the cytoplasm. Each grows to
original form. This is the most common
type.
31. Reproduction of Cyanobacteria
1- Vegetative reproduction is
generally in four ways:
(ii) Fragmentation:
Filaments break into small pieces. Each
piece grows into new filament. Mostly
occurs in colonial forms.
32. (iii) Hormogonia:
Trichomes break up within the sheath into short segments
called hormogonia or hormogones. Each segment grow into
a new filament (e.g. in Nostoc and Oscillatoria).
Nostoc
Oscillatoria
33. Asexual reproduction
Cyanophyceae reproduce by non-motile, asexual spores as
follows:-
1- Akinetes (resting spore):
Are found close to heterocysts.
Cells increase in size and a thick layer is formed around them.
Under favourable conditions, new filaments are formed from
them, e.g. Cylindrospermum.
34. 2-Nannocytes
In non-filamentous algae, like Microcystis, Merismopedia
The repeated cell-division occur, forming numerous cells
(naked protoplast) within the parent cell.
They are extremely small as compared to vegetative cells.
They germinate in situ to give rise to new typical
colonies.
35. 3- Spores
The sporulation is the commonest type of asexual
reproduction. Spores are of two types:-
Baeocytes (endospores):-
1- Formed by coccoid (spherical) cyanobacteria.
2-The protoplasm divides several times in different planes without
growth between successive divisions.
3- Smaller than the original cell.
4-Similar to bacterial endospores.
5-release through an apical pore after secreting a wall around it and enlarge to
mature organisms,
In Dermocarpella,
Baeocytes (endospores)
36. B- Exospore
Spores are successively cut of at the distant end of the
protoplast by transverse division.
These are exospores. Each spore is surrounded by a delicate
membrane, e.g. Chamaesiphon
37.
38. Questions
1-Write short notes on the following :-
- Habitats of Cyanobacteria
- Classification of Cyanobacteria
2-What is the function of:-
Carboxysomes
Cyanophycin
3- Discuss
- Asexual reproduction Cyanobacteria
- Cell structure in Cyanobacteria
Heterocysts development
Akinete differentiation
Thallus Organization in Cyanobacteria