This document provides information on advanced cruising skills from the Canadian Yachting Association. It covers topics such as sail theory, weather, safety procedures, and boat maintenance. The sail theory section describes concepts like true and apparent wind, sail trim, and helm balance. The weather section identifies cloud types and discusses low pressure systems and frontal passages. Safety topics include distress signaling, collision regulations, and lightning protection. Maintenance procedures are outlined for winterizing various boat systems, including the deck, engine, interior, electrical systems, and hull.

1. Canadian Yachting
Association
Advanced Cruising
Jack Dale
CYA Advanced Instructor #2066

2. Objective
 To be able to act safely as skipper and
crew of a sailing cruiser of 8 - 15
metres, operating by day and night in
coastal or inland water in any weather.

3. Prerequisites
 Basic Cruising
 Intermediate Cruising
 Coastal Navigation
 First aid and CPR
 VHF (Radio Operator's Restricted
Certificate - Maritime Voluntary)

4. Recommended
 Two seasons or 20 days cruising
 Applied and practiced
 Intermediate Cruising
 Coastal Navigation

5. Section I – Sail Theory

6. True and Apparent Wind
 Increased boat speed will either
 Increase apparent wind speed

Close hauled, close reach, beam reach
 Decrease apparent wind speed

Broad reach, run
 As boat accelerates, apparent wind
angle shifts forward

7. Close HauledBoat
True
W
ind
ApparentW
ind

8. Beam ReachBoat
True Wind
Apparent Wind

9. Broad ReachBoat
Apparent Wind
True
W
ind

10. Sail Theory
Sail as airfoil
 Wind splits over sail
 High pressure to windward
 Low pressure to leeward
 Lift generated

11. Keel Theory
Keel as airfoil
 Water flowing over keel
generates lift
 Reduces leeway

12. Centre of Effort
 Finding centre of effort
 Bisect angles of sail
 Mainsail area
 463 sq ft
 Genoa area
 495 sq ft
 Combined
 463/(495+463)=48%
C of E
Main
C of E
Genoa
Combine
d C of E

13. Centre of Lateral Resistance
 Point about which a boat
pivots
 Finding CLR
 Loosen breast and spring
lines
 Walk along side
 Push on hull
 At CLR bow and stern will
both move away from dockCLR

14. Balanced Helm
 Centre of effort and
centre of lateral
resistance coincide
 Helm balanced
CLR
CofE

15. Lee Helm
 Tendency for the
boat to turn away
from the wind
 Centre of effort is
forward of centre of
lateral resistance
CLR
CofE

16. Weather Helm
 Tendency for the boat
to turn into the wind
 Center of effort is aft of
center of lateral
resistance
CLR
CofE

17. Preferred Helm
 Slight weather helm
 Creates lift from rudder
 Provides feel

Lulls – less weather helm

Puffs – more weather helm
 Boat will round up if helm released

May heave-to

18. Adjusting Helm
 Sail change / reefing
 Reducing mainsail area will lessen weather helm
 Reducing foresail area may increase weather
helm
 Easing mainsheet or traveller will reduce weather
helm
 Mast rake
 Raking mast aft will increase weather helm
 Mast Position
 Moving mast aft will increase weather helm

19. Main and Foresail Trim
 Trim foresail
 Telltales straight back
 Trim mainsail
 Ease until slight luffing
 Harden slightly
 Bottom two telltales streaming
 Top telltale streaming 60% of
time
 Similar leech curve on main
and foresail

20. Slot

21. Foresail Trim
 Halyard tension
 Jib fairlead position
 Sheet tension
 Backstay
 Leech line

22. Foresail Halyard Tension
 Controls position of draft
 Harden halyard to move draft forward
 Ease halyard to move draft aft
 Ideal conditions
 Medium air, smooth water
 47% - 50%
 Forgiving
 Chop, inexperienced helm
 40% - 50%

23. Jib Fairlead Position
 Controlling twist and depth of foot
 Move car forward to open foot and close leech

Easing to go downwind
 Move car aft to close foot and open leech

Hardening to close hauled
 General guideline

Sheet should be in line with middle of luff
 Specific guideline

All telltales should break together

24.  Controlling efficiency
 Moving position athwartships changes
efficiency

Inboard –
 higher pointing / more leeway

Outboard
 lower pointing / less leeway

Athwartships jib lead puller

Barber hauler

Separate tracks
Jib Fairlead Position
continued

25. Foresail Sheet Tension
 Close hauled
 6 – 8 inches off top spreader
 Not chaffing on chainplate
 Close reach / beam reach
 Sheets eased / telltales streaming
 Broad reach / run
 Expose sail to wind
 Move fairlead forward when bearing away
 Move fairlead aft when heading up

26. Back Stay / Runner
 Adjust forestay sag
 Masthead rig – backstay
 Fractional rig – runner
 Increased sag
 More depth in middle and upper portion
 More power

27. Foresail Leech Line
 Last adjustment
 Remove flutter in leech
 Harden until flutter ceases
 Do not over harden

28. Mainsail Trim
 Halyard tension
 Mainsheet tension
 Boom Vang tension
 Outhaul tension
 Backstay / baby stay
tension
 Cunningham tension
 Traveller position Traveller
Mainsheet

29. Mainsail Halyard Tension
 Controls draft in mainsail
 Do not take headboard past the black
line near top of mast
 Harden luff to move draft forward
 About 50% draft

30. Mainsheet Tension
 Controls twist in leech
 Controls angle of attack
beyond traveller
 Guideline
 Harden mainsheet until
top batten is parallel
with boom

31. Boom Vang Tension
 Controls twist after
mainsheet is at end of
traveller
 Set tension after
mainsheet tension is set
 May be used to depower
main when sailing
downwind

32. Outhaul Tension
 Controls depth of lower portion of sail
 Also affects lower leech
 Creases along foot indicate too much
tension
 Do not tension past the black line on boom
end

33. Backstay / Baby Stay Tension
 Controls depth of upper half
of sail
 Curved mast approximates
curve built into sail
 Hardening backstay / baby
stay flattens mainsail

34. Cunningham Tension
 Used to control draft after
main halyard is tensioned
 Hardening Cunningham
will move draft forward
 May also flatten sail

35. Traveller Position
 Used to set angle of attack of mainsail
 Guideline
 Set traveller so that the boom is amidships when
close hauled
 When bearing away ease until main luffs and
harden slightly
 Bottom two telltales on main battens
should stream

36. Section II - Weather

37. Clouds
 Cirrus
 Altostratus
 Cumulus

38. Cirrus Clouds
 Thin, wispy
 High altitude
 Occur during
fair weather
 May precede a
low pressure
system

39. Altostratus Clouds
 Generally uniform
grey sheet
 Caused by a large
air mass that is
lifted then
condensed, usually
by an incoming
frontal system

40. Fair Weather Cumulus Clouds
 Low clouds
 Fluffy
 May have grey
bottoms
 Indicate good
weather

41. Low Pressure System
 Warm air in centre
rising
 Rotates counter-
clockwise in
northern
hemisphere
 Tracks from west to
east

42. Low Pressure System
 Isobars show lower
pressure toward centre
 Warm air rising
 Usually two fronts
 Warm
 Cold
 Most extreme
 Tropical depression
 Hurricane

43. Warm Front
 Warm air rides over
cold air
 Falling pressure
 Rising air cools
 Moisture condenses
 Clouds form
 Rain

44. Warm Front Profile
 Temperature
increases with
passing of front
 Sky may clear

45. Before Passing While Passing After Passing
Winds south-southeast variable south-southwest
Temperature cool-cold, slow warming steady rise warmer, then steady
Pressure usually falling levelling off slight rise, followed by fall
Clouds
in this order: Ci, Cs, As, Ns, St,
and fog; occasionally Cb in
summer
stratus-type
clearing with scattered Sc;
occasionally Cb in summer
Precipitation
light-to-moderate rain,
snow, sleet, or drizzle
drizzle or none
usually none,
sometimes light rain or
showers
Visibility poor
poor, but
improving
fair in haze
Dew Point steady rise steady rise, then steady

46. Cold Front
 Cold air forces warm
high up
 Rising air cools
 May create
thunderstorms

47. Cold Front Profile
 Severe wind shift
 Direction
 Strength
 Temperature drops

48. Before Passing While Passing After Passing
Winds south-southwest gusty; shifting west-northwest
Temperature warm sudden drop steadily dropping
Pressure falling steadily minimum, then sharp rise rising steadily
Clouds
increasing: Ci, Cs and
Cb
Cb Cu
Precipitation short period of showers
heavy rains, sometimes with hail,
thunder and lightning
showers then clearing
Visibility fair to poor in haze poor, followed by improving
good, except in
showers
Dew Point high; remains steady sharp drop lowering

49. Section III - Safety

50. Colregs
 Check out the web sites at:

http://www3.telus.net/jackdale/links.htm#rules

Especially the first listing
 Sailtrain: IRPCS, Colregs, Rules of the Road

Read the meaning of the rule
 Good graphics

Complete the practice exams

51. Distress Signals
 Distress call on VHF radio
 Mayday, Mayday, Mayday
 EPRIB
 Emergency Position Radio
Indicator Beacon
 Ensure that it is registered
 Radiotelegraph alarm
signal

52. Distress Signals
 Code flags
 N over C
 Ball over square
 Distress cloth
 Ball and square
 Flames on vessel
 burning tar barrel, oil
barrel

53. Distress Signals
 Arm signal
 Wave arms up and
down
 Not in vicinity of
helicopter
 Sound signal
 Continuous sounding
of horn, bell, whistle
 1 minute interval of
gunshot or explosive

54. Distress Signals
 Flares
 Type A -
Parachute rocket
 Type B – Multi-star
rocket
 Type C – Hand
held
 Type D – Orange
smoke

55. Distress Signals
 Dye marker
 SOS
  
 Flashlight
 Radio

56. Lightning
 http://www.thomson.ece.ufl.edu/lig
htning/
 Avoid it if you can
 Must be a ground flash
 Lightning hitting a mast is a form of
protection (cone of protection)
 Continuous conducting path
 Better to be in salt water

57. Grounding for Lightning
 Permanent
 Predetermined path

Not crew, fibreglass or teak
 Air terminal - top of mast
 Down conductors – mast
 Grounding conductors - keel
 Bonding

Winches, toe rails, pulpits,
chainplates, electronics, etc

58. Grounding for Lightning
 Temporary
 Avoid
 Heavy metal fittings
 Waterline
 Area beneath mast and boom
 Ground
 Heavy wire from chainplates
 Attached to heavy metal object

59. Section IV – Use,
Maintenance and Repair of
Boat and Equipment

60. Winterizing – Deck Gear
 Remove or cover compass
 Check stanchions
 Re-bed or replace
 Check non-skid surfaces
 Check hatch seals
 Remove and wash canvas
 Check tracks and cars

61. Winterizing – Winches /
Windlass
 Remove drum
 Strip winch
 Remove all grease
 Lubricate according to
recommendations
 Reassemble
 Have spare parts available
 Pawls in correctly

62. Winterizing - Engine
 Replace engine oil and filter
 Replace transmission fluid
 Replace coolant
 Run engine to operating temperature
 Run coolant / antifreeze into raw water
system

63. Winterizing - Engine
 Replace fuel filter – bleed fuel system
 Top up fuel tank and add stabilizer
 Check water separator
 Loosen belts
 Clean engine

64. Winterizing - Interior
 Remove all cushions and curtains
 Clean all domestic equipment
 Stove / Fridge / Freezer
 Leave open
 Open all lockers, draws, etc. and clean
 Clean bilge – add antifreeze
 Remove all valuables and equipment
 Check expiry dates on safety equipment
 Dehumidify

65. Winterizing – Electrical
System
 Remove batteries
 Take home
 Trickle charge
 Check all connections
 Check all leads
 Remove instruments

66. Winterizing – Water system
 Empty all tanks
 Storage
 Hot water - isolate
 RV antifreeze
 Lines
 Hot water tank

67. Winterizing - Head
 Empty holding tank
 Flush with fresh water
 Fill hoses and tank with antifreeze

68. Winterizing - Hull
 Open all seacocks – flag
 Pressure wash hull
 Clean barnacles
 Check for blisters
 Clean through hulls and strainers
 Prepare hull for painting
 Sand off old anti-fouling paint
 Mask and protective clothing
 Use a tarp

69. Winterizing – Painting Hull
 Wear respirator mask
 Protective clothing
 Use appropriate anti-
fouling paint
 Growth faster in tropics

70. Spring Commissioning
 Replace engine coolant, including
additives
 Drain and flush the antifreeze material
in head and galley water system
 Check and replace zincs
 Check all through-hulls
 Inspect all hoses and hose clamps
 Inspect engine drive belts

71. Spring Commissioning
 Change engine oil and transmission
fluid
 Charge batteries
 Check cell state
 Check and clean all terminals
 Inspect all pump impellers
 Look for hull blisters

72. Spring Commissioning
 Inspect anchor rode
 Chaffing
 Splices
 Shackles secure and moused (wired)
 Wash down the entire boat
 Clean and re-paint bottom (if not done)
 Start the engine
 check fuel lines, oil lines, filters, pumps, and
pressure caps for leaks

73. Spring Commissioning
 Inspect fuel/water separators
 Clean or replace fuel filter element
 Check for mold and mildew
 Carpet, runners, lockers
 Clean air filter
 In water, run engine under load
 Check exhaust

Color, cooling water

74. In Water Storage
 Close all seacocks
 Leave note re: raw water intake
 Check rudder shafts and stuffing boxes
for leaks
 Tighten or repack as necessary
 Check your battery
 Fully charged
 Clean terminals
 Add water if necessary
 Charging system is working

75. In Water Storage
 Check bilge pumps
 Ensure they are working
 Float switches properly activate the pumps
 Not hindered by debris
 Check your boat periodically or have the
marina check it and report to you
 If in an area where the water actually
freezes, have a de-icing device or
bubbling system around your boat

76. Winterizing - Topsides
 Repair any gelcoat damage
 Wax hull

77. Seasonal Checks - Sails
 Remove sails
 Clean sails (self or loft)
 Inspect
 Seams
 Grommets
 Chafe
 Leech and foot lines
 Patches
 Battens and batten pockets

78. Seasonal Checks - Spars
 Check for corrosion
 Brush out bubbles in paint
 Repaint
 Check all sheaves - replace if needed
 Check wiring and lights
 Check mast boot – keel stepped
 Check exit boxes and chafing strips
 Check all rivets and bolts
 Check gooseneck

79. Seasonal Checks – Standing
Rigging
 Crack test chainplates and
turnbuckles
 Check spreaders
 Inboard and outboard
 Check wire rigging
 “Fishhooks”
 Corrosion
 Tangs, fittings, rings, pins
 Tape turnbuckles

80. Seasonal Checks - Running
Rigging
 Check all shackles and eye splices
 Check rope to wire spices
 Check for chafe
 End-for-end all sheets
 Replace if necessary
 Check all turning blocks

81. Loran
 Radiation
 Picked up by antenna
 Conduction
 Power or ground
 Seasonal /Daily/Weather – time
 Mountains, Deserts, and Structures - space
 Coast effect – within 10 miles
 Crossing angles
 Gradients (spacing of TD’s on charts)

82. GPS
 Selective availability (May 1, 2000)
 10 m horizontal and 13 m vertical
accuracy normal
 Errors in the transmitted location of the
satellite
 Errors in the transmitted clock
 Errors in the corrections caused by
ionospheric effects

83. GPS
 Errors in the corrections caused by
tropospheric effects
 Errors caused by reflected signals
entering the receiver antenna
 Errors in the receiver's measurement of
range caused by thermal noise,
software accuracy, and inter-channel
biases

84. Radar
 Pulse shape
 Atmospheric conditions
 Refraction (curves over horizon)
 Ducting – inversion or moisture lapse
 Air borne particles
 Sea state
 Heeling angle

85. Section V - Seamanship

86. Two Bow Anchors
 Set one anchor
 Move to location for
second anchor
 Watch rode!
 Lower and set second
anchor
 Second anchor can be
lowered from dinghy
 Be wary of crossed rodes

87. Bahamian Moor
 Drop and set first
anchor
 Power back, easing
rode
 Drop and set second
anchor
 Position between
anchors
 Be wary of crossed
rodes

88. Bow and Stern Anchor
 Not recommended
 Drop and set bow anchor
 Reverse while easing rode
 Drop and set stern anchor
 Or row out stern anchor in dinghy

89. Recovering Fouled Anchors
 Trip line
 Reversing engine
 Circling
 Weighted line
 Shifting crew weight
 Using wave action

90. Trip LineTrip Line
 Non-floating line
attached to eye in
crown
 Weights at 10 and
20 feet
 Mooring ball
 If anchor fouls,
retrieve with trip line

91. Dismasting
 Check that all crew are safe
 Crew in PFDs
 Tie mast to boat on long line
 Cut away mast, stays and shrouds
 Save what you can
 Avoid holing hull
 Jury rig mast and sail

92. Aground on Lee Shore
 Crew in PFD’s
 Come about and try to sail off
 Lower sails
 Use a kedge anchor to keep from being
pushed further ashore
 Prepare for a falling tide

93. Towing Bridles
 Attach to strong points
 Mast – if keel steeped
 Winches
 Use anti-chafe at bow roller
 Long enough to synchronize with waves

94. Towing Precautions
 Agree on terms
 Agree on hand signals
 Agree on VHF channel
 Tow at slow speed
 Bow may submerge
 Cockpit might flood
 All unnecessary crew below
 Both vessels need helmsmen

95. Sail Selection
 Factors to consider
 Wind speed
 Wind angle
 More sail can be carried downwind than
upwind
 Apparent wind

96. Sail Selection (Main)
 Ease main on puffs
 Traveller or mainsheet
 Flatten sail
 Cunningham
 Outhaul
 Backstay / babystay
 Reef
 Excessive heel (over 20°)
 Excessive weather helm
 “When you think out it!”

97. Sail Selection (Headsails)
 #1 – Genoa
 155%
 #2 – Genoa
 120%
 #3 – Jib
 100%
 #4 – Storm jib
 Often a staysail

98. Sail Selection (Spinnakers)
 Code 0 is a specialty very tight reaching sail.
 Code 1: For light air reaching. It is for basically the
same conditions as what you now know as a VMG
spinnaker, going downwind in conditions light enough
that you have to sail tighter apparent wind angles, 60
to 90 degrees apparent.
 Code 2: Medium air running. It is used in the same
conditions as a symmetrical AP spinnaker, 90 to 135
degrees apparent, for going downwind from 8 knots
to 20 knots.

99. Sail Selection (Spinnakers)
 Code 3: Medium air reaching spinnaker. Used
for reaching in 10 to 20 knots apparent, the
wind angle where you can carry it will vary
with wind speed but generally between 70
and 110 degrees apparent.
 Code 4: Heavy air runner. Full size, used for
running in 20 to 30 knots.
 Code 5: Heavy air reaching for over 20 knots.
 Code 6: Storm runner for over 30 knots.

100. Sail Combinations

101. Heavy Weather Preparation
 Prepare early and thoroughly

102. Heavy Weather Preparation
 On deck
 Turn engine on and charge batteries
 Reduce sail and/or heave to
 Check that the portholes and hatches
are tight, and put drop boards in
companionway
 Check everything on deck is secure:
tie downs, halyards, dinghy, etc.
 Put chafing gear on windward sheets

103. Heavy Weather Preparation
 On deck
 Lash the mainsail to the boom, and
lash boom to boom gallows
 Turn dorades to leeward, or remove
and put on covers
 Secure cockpit lockers
 Prepare to deploy the sea anchor
 Bring in cockpit cushions and stow
below

104. Heavy Weather Preparation
 On deck
 Remove bimini and dodger to reduce
windage
 If possible, check on deck for chafe,
etc., periodically

105. Heavy Weather Preparation
 Below
 Take seasick pills and give everyone a
supply of vomit bags (ziplocks)
 Review position, and navigation plan and
hazards
 Prepare hot food, some hand food, and hot
water. Fill everyone's water bottle
 Bring loose and unneeded items from
deck/cockpit and store below

106. Heavy Weather Preparation
 Below
 Eat a hot meal
 Keep a watch, and maintain the log and plot
current
 Close all seacocks except for cockpit drains
 Get current weather forecast and decide on
strategy
 Keep radar watch if everyone is below and
there's enough power

107. Heavy Weather Preparation
 Below
 Get out and have handy:

Vomit bags

2 large buckets

Large plastic see-through bags and wire ties

Spare set of clothes for each person

Towels, pillows, and blankets

Chafing gear

Extra bungies and line

108. Heavy Weather Preparation
 Below
 Stowage checklist

Remove all potentially loose items and
bag them in double see-through big
plastic bags. Store under table, in the
shower, in sail locker, or on the V-berth

Close the door to the V-berth and lock it
closed from the cabin

Stuff towels or cushions in food lockers
and galley equipment spaces.

109. Heavy Weather Preparation
 Below
 Stowage checklist

Put the extra bungies on all the shelves,
radio equipment, etc.

Put positive locking (or duct tape) on all
lockers, lids, floorboards, nav station
desk, etc.

Put cockpit cushions on cabin floor for
third berth if needed.

110. Heaving-to
 Storm trysail and
storm jib
 Adjust rudder and
sails to keep waves
50° to bow
 Lash rudder in place
 Wait out storm

111. Lying A-hull
 All sails removed
 Bare poles
 Wheel lashed to keep bow into wind
 Full keel will be beam on to waves
 Breaking wave may roll vessel
 Fin keel will have waves on the quarter
 Breaking wave may poop

112. Lying to a Sea Anchor
 Wave surge may damage rudder
 May “sail” on sea anchor
 May expose sides to waves

113. Passage Planning
 Human error contributes to 80% of
navigational accidents
 Four Stages
 Appraisal
 Planning
 Execution
 Monitoring
 Ship Passage Planning
 http://www.portsmouth-
port.co.uk/pmsc/pm21001.htm

114. Passage Planning
 Appraisal
 gathering all information relevant to the proposed
voyage, including ascertaining risks and assessing
its critical areas
 a clear and precise indication of all areas of
danger
 delineate the areas in which it will be possible to
navigate safely
 a balanced judgement of the margins of safety

115. Passage Planning
 Planning
 Detailed plan covering the whole voyage
from berth to berth
 Appropriate charts marked showing areas
of danger
 Detailed track clearing hazards at safe
distance

116. Passage Planning
 Planning
 Aids to navigation, including light
characteristics
 Radar-conspicuous objects and RACONs
 Transit marks, danger bearings
 DR plot

117. Passage Planning
 Execution
 Voyage plan should be carried out taking
into account the other factors

Such as changes in weather
 May require the plan to be reviewed or
altered

118. Passage Planning
 Monitoring
 A continuous process
 Logbook to be maintained
 Navigational equipment should be checked

Prior to sailing

Prior to entering restricted or hazardous waters

At regular and frequent intervals at other times
throughout the voyage

119. Passage Planning
 Monitoring
 Keep in mind

Positions obtained by electronic positioning systems
must be checked regularly by visual bearings and
transits whenever available

Visual fixes should, if possible, be based on at least
three position lines

Transit marks, clearing bearings and clearing ranges
(radar) can be of great assistance

It is dangerous to rely solely on the output from a
single positioning system

120. Passage Planning
 Monitoring
 Keep in mind

The depth sounder provides a valuable check
of depth at the plotted position

Buoys should not be used for position fixing

The functioning and correct reading of the
instruments used should be checked

The frequency at which the position is to be
fixed should be determined for each section
of the voyage

121. Electro-Mechanical Problems

122. Fuel Line Stoppage
 Stop lever
 Valves open?
 Fuel level
 Water in fuel – check separator
 Blocked filter
 Crushed lines
 Air in lines

123. Raw Water Pump Impeller
 Remove cover
 Slide or pry out
impeller
 Lubricate new impeller
with dish soap
 Slide into place while
matching slot with key
 Replace cover

124. Defective Starter / Glow Plugs
 Tug/push/wiggle all the terminals on the
starter circuit
 Battery terminals clean and tight
 Check starter solenoid
 Carefully bridge the two large terminal studs with
an old, large, screwdriver

be firm and positive

try to ignore the sparks
 Change starter

125. Blocked or Defective Head
 Through-hulls open?
 Flush lever in correct position
 Vent not plugged
 Holding tank full?
 O ring
 Plugged joker valves
 Plugged hoses
 Worn valve gasket or top valve seat

126. Blocked or Defective Head

127. Domestic Water
System
 Tanks full
 Valve open
 Pump
 Working
 Adjusted
 Air leaks
 Vent plugged?
 Hose and clamps
 Filters clean

128. Fire
 Fire
 Shout “fire”
 All crew in PFDs
 Keep fire downwind
 Cut off fuel
 Use fire extinguisher
 Prepare to abandon
 2 minutes
 “Mayday”

129. P.A.S.S. Method
 Pull pin
 Aim at base of fire
 Squeeze handle
 Sweep side to side

130. Oil Change
 Warm up engine
 Pump out engine oil through
dipstick hole
 Use a glove to hold pump
 Change oil filter
 Add appropriate amount /
type of oil
 Check oil level before
starting

131. Fuel Filter Change
 Turn off fuel supply and return valves
 Drain fuel from housing
 Spin off housing
 Remove and replace filter element
 Fill housing with fuel
 Replace housing
 Open fuel supply and return valves
 Start engine and run
 If engine will not run, bleed fuel system

132. Bleeding Fuel System
 Have some means available to catch or
absorb any fuel escaping
 Sufficient supply of fuel in the fuel tank
 Open the fuel shut-off valve at the tank
 Operate fuel pump (mechanical or electrical)
 Slowly loosen the air bleed plug on the fuel
filter, letting air escape until an air free flow of
fuel is evident

133. Bleeding Fuel System
 Tighten the air bleed plug on the filter
 Slowly loosen the air bleed plug on the
injector pump, letting air escape until an
air free flow of fuel is evident.
 Tighten the air bleed plug or knurled
knob on the injector pump.

134. Bleeding Fuel System

135. Safety Harness
 May be integrated
with inflatable PFD
 Crotch straps
recommended
 Personal strobe
light attached
 Whistle

136. Safety Line / Tether
 Positive locking
 Stress indicators
 Knife on deck and
cockpit
 Attach to jacklines
or U-bolts

137. 406 EPIRB
 MUST BE
REGISTERED
 May have built-in
GPS
 Global alert via
Cospas / Sarsat
satellites

138. Strobe
 Attached to PFD or
self
 Visibility of about
three miles
 Check battery life

139. Docking under Sail

140. Sailing and Anchoring
 Sail with main only on close reach
 When below spot on which you wish to
anchor, head up into irons
 LUFF MAIN (Avoid sailing)
 When stopped, lower anchor
 Ease out rode while drifting back
 Backwind main to set anchor

141. Sailing and Weighing
Anchoring
 Raise main
 LUFF MAIN
 Haul in rode
 Once anchor is free of bottom, haul in
quickly
 Bear off and harden main
 May need to unfurl genoa

142. Sound Signals

143. Definitions
 Short blast
 1 seconds
 Prolonged blast
 4 – 6 seconds
 May be replaced with light signals

144. Maneuvering Signals
One short blast Altering course to
starboard
Two short blasts Altering course to port
Three short blasts Operating astern
propulsion
Five short blasts Your intentions are unclear
One prolonged blast Approaching bend in
channel

145. Restricted Visibility
Underway under
power
1 prolonged “Moving”
Power-driven, stopped 2 prolonged “Not Moving”
NUC, RAM, Fishing,
Sailing, Towing
1 prolonged, 2
short
“Almost all
others”
Vessel being towed 1 prolonged, 3
short
“I am being
towed”
Pilot vessel 4 short

146. Channels and Fairways
 Overtaking vessel
 2 prolonged, 1 short

I intend to overtake on starboard
 2 prolonged, 2 short

I intend to overtake on port
 Overtaken vessel
 1 prolonged, 1 short, 1 prolonged, 1 short

Agree

147. Man Overboard

148. MOB Considerations
 Under sail
 How many crew on board?
 Conscious / unconscious
 Freeboard
 Ability to heave-to
 Point of sail
 Wind and waves
 Under power
 Time

Anderson or Williamson turn

149. Triangle Method

150. Down Wind

151. Quick Stop

152. Short Handed (Life Sling)