CYA Intermediate Cruising

CYA Intermediate Cruising
Jack Dale
Advanced CYA Instructor #2066

Objective
 To be able to cruise safely in familiar
waters as both skipper and crew of a
sailing yacht of 8 - 12 meters in
moderate wind and sea conditions by
day.
 Emphasizes on-the-water skills at a
level acceptable for bareboat
chartering.

Prerequisites
 Basic Cruising Standard
 Recommended
 First aid and CPR
 VHF ROC
 Coastal Navigation

Diesel Fuel System
 Fuel tank
 Water separator
 Fuel pump
 Fuel filter
 Injectors
 Return

Fuel Efficiency
 Fuel consumption
 Diesel

O.1 litres per horsepower per hour

56 hp = 5.6 liters per hour

400 litres

Range @ 5 knots = 400 / 5.6 X 5 = 357 miles
 Gasoline

0.3 litres per horsepower per hour

20 hp 6 litres per hour

100 litres

Range @5 knots = 100/6 X 5 = 83 miles

Fuel Efficiency
 Affected by
 Engine

Tune

RPM

# of cylinders

Prop type
 Folding
 Feathering
 # of blades

Fuel Efficiency
 Affected by
 Other factors

Cleanliness of hull

Dinghy
 Towing (drag)
 On deck (windage)

Wind and current, sea conditions

Steering

Motorsailing

Fresh Water
 Requirements
 Minimum – 2 litres (.5 US gallon) per person per
day

Primarily drinking water
 Normal - 8 litres (2 US gallons) per person per
day

Washing dishes, brief showers
 Stored in tanks under berths and settees
 Use one tank at a time

Domestic Water System
Multiple tank
systems has valves
to prevent
simultaneous use of
tanks.
Foot or hand pumps
might also be used.

Seasickness Causes
 Mixed messages
 Inner ear
 Eyes
 Other motion sensors
 Worsened by
 Odours
 Alcohol
 Fatty foods
 Spicy foods
 Overheating

Seasickness Symptoms
 Drowsiness
 Nausea
 Clammy skin
 Pale skin
 Vomiting
 Dry heaves

Seasickness Prevention
 Avoid alcohol and coffee
 Avoid greasy food
 Get plenty of rest
 Avoid excessive time below
 Navigating
 Cooking
 Avoid discussions and thoughts of mal
de mer

Seasickness Medication
 Meclizine (Bonine)
 Dimenhydrinate (Gravol)
 Transderm-Scopolamine Patch
 Side effects
 Drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, blurred
vision
 Take it before
 Trip (side effects)
 Onset

Seasickness – Non-medicinal
Treatment
 Ginger ale (rehydrate)
 Dry crackers
 Focus on horizon
 Steer
 If incapacitated
 Lie on centre line of cabin sole
 Close eyes

Clothing – Foul Weather
 Dress in layers
 Polypropylene underwear
 Fleece
 Watch cap
 Avoid cotton and wool
 Raingear
 Breathable
 Welded seams

Clothing – Fair Weather
 Hat
 Cover ups
 UV protection
 Sunglasses (with retainer)
 UV protection
 Gloves

Clothing – Footwear
 Sailing shoes
 Grippy (gum rubber)
 Non-marking
 Quick drying
 Sea boots
 Grippy
 Felt in-soles
 Shore shoes
 Sandals
 Walking shoes

Packing Clothing
 Hanging space at a premium
 Usually wet lockers
 Use soft bags
 Roll pants
 Organize clothes in laundry bags /
mesh organizers

Menu Planning
 Check galley
 How many burners on stove?
 Oven?
 What pots and pans are on board?
 What containers?

Juice

Storage
 Barbeque?
 Propane or briquettes

Provisioning
 Three nutritious meals per day
 Snacks
 Water
 Beverages
 Herbs, spices and sauces
 Dietary requirements of crew

Stowing Provisions
 Beverages will stay cool if stored under
water line
 Dry stowage
 Longer voyages
 Stowage plan
 Long lasting vegetables
 Turn eggs
 Remove labels and mark cans

Packing the Fridge
 First in – last out
 Coldest at bottom near freezer plate
 Keep lettuce and salads way from
freezer plate

Minimizing Fridge Power
Consumption
 Pre-freeze / pre-chill foods
 Keep fridge full
 Organize to minimize opening
 Top opening more efficient
 Block ice in bottom
 Beverages stowed below waterline (not
fridge)
 Extra insulation

First Aid Kits
 Take first aid and CPR
 Charter boats may not have
medications

First Aid Kit Contents
 Box
 Bandages
 Gauze
 Elastic
 Adhesive
 Triangular
 Sterile pads
 Thermometer
 Surgical tape
 First aid manual
 Medications
 Sun block and screen
 Sunburn lotion
 Burn cream
 Antihistamines
 Laxatives
 Antacid
 Diarrhea medication
 Analgesics
 Antiseptic lotion
 Antibiotic cream
 Personal medication
Scissors
Tweezers
Safety pins
Gloves
Cold packs
AR shield
Splints
Space Blanket
Eye wash kit

Engine Spare Parts
 Oil
 Oil filter
 Fuel filter
 Impellor(s)
 Belts
 Duct tape
 Electrical tape
 Fuses
 Penetrating oil
 Transmission fluid
 Mechanics wire
 Wire ties
 Hose clamps
 Points, plugs,
condenser (gas)
 Gasket cement

Tools
 General
 Crescent wrenches
 Box wrenches
 Vice grips
 Socket set
 Pliers
 Screwdrivers
 Hammer
 Allen keys
 Sail and Rigging
 Marlinespike
 Rigging knife
 Sail maker’s palm
 Needles
 Sail thread
 Bolt cutter

Engine Checks
 Daily
 Engine oil level
 Coolant level
 Belt tension
 Leaks under engine
 Fuel level
 Bilge

Oil

Fuel

Propane
 Weekly
 Transmission fluid
 Transmission linkage
 Stuffing box
 Sea strainer
 Battery connections

Clearing Customs and
Immigration
 Into USA
 Port of entry
 Skipper only ashore
 Boat

Registration #

Name / length

Cruising permit
 Crew

Names

Addresses

Nationalities (passport)

Place / date of birth
 Clearance #
 Into Canada
 Port of entry
 Skipper only ashore
 Boat

Registration #

Name / length
 Crew

Names

Addresses

Nationalities (passport)

Place / date of birth
 Clearance #

Clearing Customs and
Immigration
 Pre- departure
 Check requirements

Departure clearance

Crew documentation

Vessel documentation
 Import restrictions
 “Q” flag?
 Courtesy flag?

Galley Safety
 Cooking underway
 Stove gimbaled

Be careful opening oven
 Hand rail in front of stove
 Pots half full
 Pots clamped into place
 Wear foul weather pants
 Use harness in rough weather

Diesel / Kerosene Stove
 Fuel readily
available
 Safe
 Burner must be pre-
heated
 May produce soot if
not properly primed
 Must be vented
 Cannot be gimbaled

Alcohol Stove
 Cool, moist heat
 Not explosive unless
vapourized
 Readily available
 Must be primed
 Subject to flaring
 Keep pan of water
nearby
 Fire extinguisher for
large flares

Propane Stoves
 Readily available
 Inexpensive
 Efficient heat
 Heavier than air
 Bottles must be in
locker vented
overboard
 Properly installed
 “sniffer”

CNG Stoves
 Compressed natural
gas (2000 psi)
 Bottle must be
exchanged
 Efficient heat
 Lighter than air
 Becoming more
available in North
America

Electric Stoves
 Not common on
sailboats
 On some power
boats
 Requires higher
voltage (genset)
 Safe

Diesel Cabin Heaters
 Must be exhausted
through stack
 Convenient fuel
 Must be primed
properly

Forced Air Cabin Heater
 Diesel fuel
 Be patient when starting
 3 unsuccessful – service call
 Individual cabin controls
 Use away from dock
 Smelly exhaust
 Expensive to buy
 Hard to install post-
production

Hot Water Cabin Heating
 Diesel fuel
 May also be heated
by engine or electric
heat
 Individual cabin
controls
 Smelly exhaust
1. Radiator 2. Expansion Tank 3. Warm Water Tank 4. Fuel Line
5. Water Circulation Pump 6. Water Heater 7. Exhaust Pipe

Electric Cabin Heating
 110 volt
 High wattage
 Only practical at
dock

Electrical System
 Sources of 12 volt DC power
 Sources of 120 volt AC power
 Battery banks

Sources of 12 Volt DC
 Alternator
 Solar panels
 Wind generator

Sources of 120 Volt AC
 Shore power
 Genset
 Inverter

Battery Banks
 Normally 2 Banks
 Engine starting battery – isolated

May be smaller
 House power

Normally 2 or more batteries

Deep cycle

Thermal Generated Winds
 Land heats up faster than water
 Water cools slower than land
 Temperature and pressure differences
result in
 Breezes
 Clouds

Sea Breeze
 Lands heats faster
than water
 Pressure gradient
evolves
 Air rises over land
 Replaced by air
from sea

Land Breeze
 Land cools faster
than water
 Pressure gradient
results
 Air circulates
 Breezes result

Fair Weather Cumulus Clouds
 Puffy cotton balls, flat
grey bottom
 Created by rising warm,
moist air
 Appear late morning
 Dissipate late afternoon
 May develop into
cumulonimbus clouds
(thunderstorms)

Fog
 Tiny water droplets
suspended in air
 Dew point

Radiation Fog
 Land radiates heat into space

Advection Fog
 Warm, moist air over cooler water

Frontal Fog
 Often associated with warm fronts

Sea Fog
 Steam fog (fresh
water)
 Sea smoke (salt
water)
 Cold air over much
warmer water
 9º C difference

Radar Reflector
 Mount at least 4 meters
high
 “Catch rain” position for
octahedral reflectors

Emergencies
 Four rules of preparation
 Respect the boat

Worst case scenarios
 Prepare the crew

Location and use of equipment

Assign duties and chain of command

Standing orders
 Choose a safe route
 Prepare for emergencies

Practice

Running Aground
 It will happen!
 Procedures
 All crew in PFDs
 Check crew safety
 Check vessel
integrity
 Check the tide

Float off

Prepare for falling
tide
 Heel the vessel
 Kedge off
 Sail or motor off
 Take a tow

Preparing for a Falling Tide
 Kedge anchor
 Heel boat
 Mast to shore
 Secure items below
 Close hatches and ports
 Cushion hull

Avoiding Running Aground
 Know
 Where you are
 Where you are going
 Consult charts regularly
 Take a coastal navigation course
 In shallow water, use depth sounder or lead line
 Be aware of tides and currents
 Avoid lee shores
 Post lookouts in narrow passes

Springing a Leak
 Start pumping
 Determine source
 Look, smell and taste

Fresh water
 Water tank
 Leak from rain

Salt water
 Holed hull
 Through hulls
 Above water fixtures and seals

Holed Hull
 If on rocks, stay there!
 Collision mat (storm sail)
 Plug from inside
 Tear out cabin sole and
cabinets
 Stuff cushions, rags,
whatever
 Hold in place with oars,
planks
 Pre-drilled marine plywood

Through Hulls
 Check flush lever position
in head
 Locate and check all
 Loose or damaged hoses

Close seacock

Tighten or replace hose
clamps
 Broken seacock

Hammer in wood plug

Stuffing Box, etc
 Should drip occasionally
 If excessive flow
 Tighten
 Pump grease into gland
 Check prop shaft
 Check rudder post

Above Water Leaks
 Check ventilators and deck pipes
 Close and dog all hatches
 Inspect hull-deck join
 Especially near chain plates)
 Check all deck fills
 Check mast partner and boot
 Clogged drains
 Cockpit
 Anchor well

Avoiding Leaks
 Same measures to avoid running aground
 Look out for objects in water
 Deadheads
 Fill tanks slowly
 Inspect all hoses
 Stainless hose clamps
 Anti-siphoning loops
 Check and lubricate seacocks

Avoiding Leaks (2)
 Sacrificial anode on prop shaft
 Check prop shaft alignment
 Inspect stuffing box
 Check operation of bilge pumps
 Inspect hatches, ports and ventilators
 Replace gaskets

Steering Failure
 Rig emergency tiller
 Steer with sails
 Ease jib / harden main to head up
 Ease main / harden jib to bear away
 Jury rig rudder
 Board lashed to spinnaker pole
 Pole lashed to backstay

Fouling a Propeller
 Stop engine immediately
 Gently tug on line
 Pull out fuel stop
 Transmission in reverse
 “Stab” starter button
 In calm waters
 Send diver to cut line

Mask, snorkel, fins

Safety line
 In rough water sail to calm anchorage

Collision With Another Vessel
 Check crew and vessel
 Pan pan or Mayday as required
 Stay in proximity until released
by
 Other vessel
 Coast Guard
 Exchange insurance
information

Fire
 Shout “fire”
 Keep fire downwind
 Cut off fuel
 Use fire extinguisher
 P.AS.S. method
 Prepare to abandon
 2 minutes
 “Mayday”

P.A.S.S. Method
 Pull pin
 Aim at base of fire
 Squeeze handle
 Sweep side to side

Cooling Water Fails
 Shut off engine
 Check raw water seacock
 Check sea strainer
 Check hoses and hose clamps
 Check impeller
 Wait for engine to cool
 Restart
 Blocked inlet

Raw Water Cooling
 Sea water is
drawn in via
through hull
 Circulates
through engine
 Discharged into
exhaust

Fresh Water Cooling
 Coolant circulates
through engine and
heat exchanger
 Sea water circulates
through heat
exchanger
 Sea water mixed
with exhaust

Sea Strainer
 Close sea cock
 Remove top (1)
 Remove basket
and clean
 Clean body (2)
 Reassemble
 OPEN
SEACOCK

Engine Failure in Anchorage
 Not safe to sail
 Anchor
 Boat hook
 Fenders
 Tow with dinghy

Engine Failure in Channel
 Issue “Pan Pan”
 Attempt to sail
 Keep anchor at ready
 Tow with dinghy

Recovering Crew Overboard
 Swim ladder (calm seas)
 Inflatable dinghy
 Lifting gear
 Life sling
 Spare halyard
 Foresail
 Boom vang on boom end

Emergencies and VHF
 Mayday
 Imminent danger to vessel or crew
 Pan Pan
 Broken down
 Securité
 Safety message

Components of Mayday
Message
 The distress signal MAYDAY
 The call sign of the station in distress
 Position (relative or geographical)
 Nature of distress and assistance required
 Vessel description
 The number of persons on board and injuries
 Other information that might facilitate rescue
 Vessel name

Using a Windlass
 READ THE MANUAL
 Switch off breaker
when not in use
 Engine running (1000
rpm)
 Monitor the chain
 Clear with breaker off
 Keep loose clothing,
etc.. clear
 Avoid heavy strains
on windlass
 Use engine to move
boat forward
 Watch deck
mounted switches
 Use chain break
 Use snubber
 Use bursts

Fixed Dock Large Tides
 Fender board
 No breast lines
 Long spring lines
 Weighted
 Boat tilted toward dock
 Support bow and stern

Mediterranean Moor
 Prepare
 Stern lines
 Anchor rode
 Fenders
 Both sides
 Drop anchor
 4 boat lengths
 Set anchor
 Tie to dock or shore

Breast Anchor
 Hold a boat away from dock
 Rode abeam of amidships
 Bridle from anchor rode to stern cleat

Rafting
 Stagger spreaders
 Clashing rigs
 One anchor – largest
boat in middle of raft
 Dragging anchor
 Fouled anchors
 Lots of lines/fenders
 Hull damage
 Break raft at night
 Prevent problems
spreading

Recovering Fouled Anchors
 Trip line
 Reversing engine
 Circling
 Weighted line
 Shifting crew weight
 Using wave action

Trip Line
 Non-floating line
attached to eye in
crown
 Weights at 10 and
20 feet
 Mooring ball
 If anchor fouls,
retrieve with trip line

Anchor Ball
 To be strictly
legal, vessels
over 12
meters require
an anchor ball
Copyright John R Pollard, used with permission

The Dinghy
 Hardshell / Inflatable
 At Night
 Under Way

Hardshell vs Inflatable
 Hardshell
 May be less
expensive
 Less stable than
inflatable
 Easier to row
 May bang against
hull at night
 Inflatable
 More expensive
 Harder to row
 Will take larger
engine
 More stable than
hardshell

Dinghy at Night
 Fenders between boat and dinghy
 Spinnaker pole lashed to stanchion
 Attach dinghy to end of pole
 Bring on deck
 Secure to dock

Towing the Dinghy
 Ensure towing points on dinghy
are substantial
 Use floating line (polypropylene)
 Keep vessel and dinghy in sync
with waves
 Two wave lengths
 Remove transom plug
 Secure oars
 Store engine on vessel stern rail

Swimming
 Presence of wind / current
 Reboarding device
 Depth
 Swimming ability
 Predators
 Hazards

Operating the Marine Head
 Open Seacock; flush lever to wet
 Pump to wet bowl
 Flush lever to dry
 Do your thing
 Sitting
 4 squares of paper
 Flush lever to wet
 Pump until empty
 Flush lever to dry
 Empty remaining water
 Close lid; close seacock
Flush
Lever
Pump

Precautions – Marine Head
 If it did not go through your digestive system,
it does not go into the head.
 Except small amounts of toilet paper
 No
 Tissue
 Dental floss
 Feminine hygiene products
 Be aware of holding tank capacity
 If pump pressure increases – stop identify
problem

Courtesies and Customs
 Permission to board
 Raft at dock
 3 deep at government docks
 Crossing rafted boats
 Foredeck
 Anchoring rights
 First boat
 Keep clear of races

Flag Etiquette
 Ensign
 1” per foot
 Stern or leach of aft sail
 Courtesy flag
 .5” per foot
 Cleared customs
 Starboard spreader
halyard
 Club burgee
 Mast head

Rendering Assistance
 A legal requirement
 Canada Shipping Act and the Criminal Code of
Canada
 Watch for signals that indicate distress and need
of assistance
 Render assistance to every person who is found at
sea and in danger of being lost .. without posing
serious danger to their own craft and the persons
on board
 Stop and offer assistance when the operator is
involved in an accident

Rope on a Boat
 Polypropylene
 Floating line
 Dinghy painter
 Dacron
 Little stretch
 Halyards, sheets
 Nylon
 Stretchy
 Anchor rode, dock
lines

Sail Management Systems
 Main sail
 Lazy Jacks
 Stackpacks
 In Boom Furling
 In Mast Furling
 Foresail / Headsail
 Furling

Lazy Jacks
 Collects sail while lowering
 Battens may snag when lowering / raising
 Can be retracted to mast

Stackpack
 “Permanent” sail cover
 Top opening
 Usually used with lazy jacks

In Boom Furling
 Main rolls into boom
 May use used with
battens that are
parallel to boom

In Mast Furling
 Main rolls into mast
 Can use vertical
battens
 Jam will prevent sail
from being lowered

Foresail / Headsail Furling
 Jib sheet unfurls sail
 Furling line furls sail
 Keep slight tension
on furling line when
unfurling to prevent
“bird’s nest.”

Jib Fairlead Position
 Controlling twist and depth of foot
 Move car forward to open foot and close leech

Easing to go downwind
 Move car aft to close foot and open leech

Hardening to close hauled
 Specific guideline

All telltales should break together

Jib Fairlead Position
General guideline

Sheet should be in line with middle
of luff

Jib Fairlead Position (leech
and foor shape)
 Jib lead aft moves the draft in the top of the sail
forward and moves the draft in the bottom of the sail
aft. With the lead aft, the leech is loose and foot is
tight.
 Jib lead forward moves the draft in the top of the
sail aft and moves the draft in the bottom of the sail
forward. The leech is tight and the foot is loose.
 The correct jib lead position distributes draft
evenly in the sail and the tension on the leech and
foot are relatively equal.

Job Fairlead Position (luff)
 Jib leads can be located by observing
which portion of the sail begins to luff first.
 Luffing in the upper portion means that the lead
should be moved forward. Too much twist.
 Luffing in the lower portion requires the lead point
to be moved aft. Too little twist.

Mainsail Trim
 Halyard tension
 Mainsheet tension
 Boom Vang tension
 Outhaul tension
 Backstay / baby stay
tension
 Cunningham tension
 Traveller position Traveller
Mainsheet

Mainsail Halyard Tension
 Controls draft in mainsail
 Do not take headboard past the black
line near top of mast
 Harden luff to move draft forward
 About 50% draft

Mainsheet Tension
 Controls twist in leech
 Controls angle of attack
beyond traveller
 Guideline
 Harden mainsheet until
top batten is parallel
with boom

Boom Vang Tension
 Controls twist after
mainsheet is at end of
traveller
 Set tension after
mainsheet tension is set
 May be used to depower
main when sailing
downwind

Traveller Position
 Used to set angle of attack of mainsail
 Guideline
 Set traveller so that the boom is amidships when
close hauled
 When bearing away ease until main luffs and
harden slightly
 Bottom two telltales on main battens
should stream
 Top telltale streaming more than ½ time

The Ship’s Compass
 Points to magnetic
north (sort of)
 Subject to annual
changes
 Subject to deviation
 Magnetic
disturbances on the
boat
 Relative to bearing

Variation
 Difference between
true north and
magnetic north
 North pole and
magnetic pole differ
 Annual change
 Found on compass
rose
 Varies globally

Compass Rose
 004 1/2°W 1985 (8' E)
 4.5º West variation in
1985
 8’ annual change
 Current variation 3ºW
 8 X 20/60 = 2.7 º change
 4.5 – 2.7 = 1.8
 Subtract when annual
change and variation
directions differ
 Add when same

Deviation
 Difference between ship’s compass and
magnetic bearing
 Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on vessel
 Relative to vessel’s heading
 Found on deviation card / table
 No deviation in hand bearing compass

Working Deviation Table
Magnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5° W 005 180 5° E 175
015 6° W 021 195 6° E 189
030 6° W 036 210 6° E 204
045 6° W 051 225 7° E 218
060 5° W 065 240 6° E 234
075 5° W 080 255 6° E 249
090 5° W 095 270 5° E 265
105 4° W 109 285 4° E 281
120 2° W 122 300 2° E 198
135 0 135 315 0° 315
150 2° E 148 330 2° W 334
165 4° E 161 345 4° W 349

Deviation Card
 Created by
 Compass
compensator
 Self
 Checked using
ranges or transit

Accounting for Variation and
Deviation
 Helm reads the ship’s compass
 Navigator works in true
 Navigator makes conversions
 Correcting

Compass to True
 Uncorrecting

True to Compass

Compass to True Conversions
 Correcting Memory Aid
 Can
 Dead
 Men
 Vote
 Twice
 At
 Elections
 Correcting
 Compass heading
 +/- Deviation
 = Magnetic heading
 +/- Variation
 = True heading
 Add
 East

Converting True to Compass
 Uncorrecting Memory
Aid
 True
 Virgins
 Make
 Dull
 Company
 At
 Weddings
 Uncorrecting
 True heading
 +/- Variation
 = Magnetic heading
 +/- Deviation
 =Compass heading
 Add
 West

Correcting Examples
Compass Deviation Magnetic Variation True
124 16°W
253 12 °W
165 17 °E
337 13 °E

Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation Magnetic Deviation Compass
017 13 °E
073 11 °W
206 9 °E
268 21 °W

Time, Speed, Distance
 Distance
 Measured in nautical miles
 One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude

1.15 statute miles (6080 feet)

1.85 kilometers
 Speed
 Measured in knots (nautical miles per hour)
 Time
 Measured in minutes

The Formula
 60D = ST
 Distance times 60 equals speed times
time
 D=(ST)/60
 S=60D/T
 T=60D/S

Guidelines
Speed
 1 knot
 2 knots
 3 knots
 4 knots
 5 knots
 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile
 60 minutes
 30 minutes
 20 minutes
 15 minutes
 12 minutes
 10 minutes

Examples
1) You have been on route for 4 hours and 20
minutes at a speed of 6 knots. How far have
you travelled?
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles
away) by 1500. At what time should you
depart, if your speed 6 knots?
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges, a distance of
15 miles. You arrive 4 hours later. What
was your speed?

Answers
1. D=ST / 60
6 X 240 /60 = 26 miles
1. T=60D /S
60 X 20 / 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)
Depart at 1140
1. S=60D / T
S=60D / T
60 X 5 / 240 = 3.75 knots

Colregs
International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea

Application (Rule 1)
 All vessels upon the high seas
 All waters connected to the high seas
navigable by seagoing vessels
 Shall not interfere in the operation of
special rules made by an appropriate
authority (Victoria – seaplane
aerodrome)
 Traffic separation schemes (rules differ)

Responsibility (Rule 2)
 Shall not exonerate any vessel, or the
owner, master, or crew
 Required by the ordinary practice of
seamen
 Due regard shall be had to all dangers
of navigation and collision and to any
special circumstances

Definitions (Rule 3)
 Read carefully
 May be counter-intuitive

Vessel
 Every description of watercraft
 Including non-displacement craft and
seaplanes
 Used or capable of being used as a
means of transportation on water

Power-driven vessel
 any vessel propelled by machinery

Sailing Vessel
 Any vessel under sail
provided that propelling
machinery, if fitted, is not
being used

Vessel Engaged in Fishing
 any vessel
fishing with nets,
lines, trawls, or
other fishing
apparatus which
restrict
maneuverability
 not trolling lines

Not Under Command
 A vessel which through some
exceptional circumstance is unable to
maneuver as required by these Rules
 Broken rudder
 No propulsion

Restricted in Ability to
Maneuver
 A vessel which from the nature of her work is
restricted in her ability to maneuver
 Unable to keep out of the way of another vessel
 Example
 Cable laying
 Minesweeper
 Towing
 Dredging
 Aircraft carrier

Underway
 A vessel
 not at anchor
 not made fast to
the shore
 not aground

In Sight
 Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight
of one another only when one can be
observed visually from the other.

Restricted Visibility
 Visibility is restricted by
 fog
 mist
 falling snow
 heavy rainstorms
 sandstorms
 any other similar causes.

Wing in Ground-effect
 Boat with wings that
cruises just above the
water surface
 Floating on a cushion of
relatively high-pressure
air between its wing
and the water surface.

Look Out (Rule 5)
 Every vessel shall at all times maintain
a proper look-out
 by sight
 by hearing
 by all available means appropriate
 make a full appraisal of the situation and of
the risk of collision

Safe Speed (Rule 6)
 All Vessels
 Visibility
 Traffic density
 Stopping distance and
turning ability
 Background light
 State of wind, sea and
current
 Proximity of navigational
hazards
 Draft
 Equipped with Radar
 Characteristics,
efficiency and limitations
of equipment
 Radar range scale
 Sea state, weather and
other sources of
interference
 Objects may not be
detected
 Number, location and
movement of vessels

Risk of Collision (Rule 7)
 Shall use all available means appropriate
 Radar shall be used if fitted and operating
 Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of
scanty information
 Determining risk of collision
 Compass bearing does not change substantially
 May still exist if change is substantial

Large vessel, tow, or close range

Avoiding Collision (Rule 8)
 Alter speed, alter course or both
 “Make it big and make it early”
 Due regard to good seamanship
 Avoid close calls
 until the other vessel is finally past and
clear
 Avoid creating another collision
situation

Narrow Channels (Rule 9)
 Keep as far to starboard as possible
 Vessels of 20 m or less and sailboat
shall not impede larger vessels
 Do not cross if you will impede
 Use appropriate sounds
 Overtaking
 Bends or obscured vision
 Avoid anchoring

Traffic Separation (Rule 10)
 Use correct lane
 Joining / leaving
 Termination
 Small angle
 Avoid crossing
 90 °
 Rules change

Application
 Rules for Section II apply to unrestricted
visibility

Sailing Vessels (Rule 12)
 Opposite tack
 Port tack gives way to starboard tack

 Same tack
 Windward gives
way to leeward
(same tack)
 Close-hauled,
starboard tack is
almost always
stand-on

 If on port tack and you are uncertain of
other vessel’s tack – keep out of the
way
 Tack determined by position of boom
 Port tack – main boom on starboard
 Starboard tack – main boom on port

Overtaking (Rule 13)
 Overtaken vessel – stand on
 Overtaking vessel – give way
 Pass to either side
 Keep clear of the overtaken vessel until
finally past and clear

Head –0n (Rule 14)
 Power-driven
 Alter course to
starboard
 Pass port – to – port

Crossing Situation (Rule 15)
 Power-driven
 Give way to vessel on
starboard
 “Vessel on right is right”

Action by Give Way Vessel
(Rule 16)
 Alter course
 Alter speed
 Alter course and speed
 “Do it big and do it early”

Action by Stand-on Vessel
(Rule 17)
 Maintain course and speed
 May have to avoid collision if give way
does nothing
 Avoid altering course to port

Responsibilities between
Vessels (Rule 18)
 Over
 Night
 Room
 For
 Sale
 Plus
 Snacks &
 Whisky
 Overtaken (Rule 13)
 Not under command
 Restricted in Ability to Maneuver
 Fishing
 Sailboat
 Powerboat
 Seaplane
 WIG – taking off

Conduct of Vessels in
Restricted Visibility (Rule 19)
 Safe speed with engine(s) ready
 When using radar
 Avoid altering course to port forward of beam
 Avoid altering course towards vessels abeam or
abaft the beam
 Fog signal forward of beam
 Slow down and navigate carefully until risk of
collision is over

Sounds Signals (Rules 32-37)
 Definitions
 Short blast – one seconds
 Prolonged blast – 4 to 6 seconds
 Requirements
 Under 12 meters – whistle (horn)
 12 meters and over – whistle and bell

Maneuvering and Warning
Signals
 1 short blast
 2 short blasts
 3 short blasts
 5 short blasts
 May also be light flashes
 Altering course to starboard
 Altering course to port
 Operating astern propulsion
 Your intentions are unclear

Overtaking Signals
 2 long, 1 short
 2 long, 2 short
 1 long, 1 short, 1
long, 1 short
 I intend to overtake on your
starboard
 I intend to overtake on your
port
 I am in agreement with your
intentions

Sound Signals –Restricted
Visibility
 1 prolonged blast
 2 prolonged blasts
 1 prolonged, 2 short
 Each signal within 2 minutes
 Moving (under power)
 Not moving
 Almost all others

Radar Reflectors (Rule 40)
 Required if
 Under 20 meters, or
 Non-metallic construction
 Mounted 4 meters above waterline
 Strong return

Blue Flashing Light (Rule 45)
 Government ship
 Providing assistance
 Engaged in law
enforcement
 Adheres to Steering
and Sailing Rules

CYA Intermediate Cruising

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