This document discusses key concepts related to curriculum development. It defines curriculum in several ways, such as the totality of a student's learning experiences, everything planned by the school, and a series of experiences undergone by learners. The document also discusses curriculum construction, implementation, foundations, and design. It notes that curriculum development is the process of designing, implementing, and evaluating curriculum. Overall, the document provides an overview of important curriculum concepts and terms.
Determinants of curriculum are the factors that affect the process of assessing needs, formulating objectives and developing instructional opportunities and evaluations.
Determinants of curriculum are the factors that affect the process of assessing needs, formulating objectives and developing instructional opportunities and evaluations.
Curriculum Change, Planning and Transactionvalarpink
Curriculum Change
With changing time, curriculum should also change reflecting the needs and aspirations of the people. There cannot be a uniform curriculum for all the countries for all the time, because education is related to social, economic and political changes in the country. Curriculum content should be based on current information and not on the past information that has been proved to be false or outdated and unusable. There is therefore need for constantly changing and updating the curriculum content.
A curriculum is the combination of instructional practices, learning experiences, and students' performance assessment that are designed to bring out and evaluate the target learning outcomes of a particular course.
Curriculum development is a process of improving the curriculum. Approaches for curricula:
Analysis
Selecting
Formation
Review
Curriculum development is significant because it
Takes contents and shapes into plan for effective teaching and learning
Provide a map to achieve outputs
Provide appropriate learning activities and assessments
secondary education
In British India, the structure and curricula of secondary education were mandated by British colonial rule
After independence, Pakistan then developed its own Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) which were tasked with developing and conducting final examinations at the ends of grades 9 to 12
Admission requires completion of middle school
Consists of two years education (grades 9 and 10) followed by two years of higher-secondary education
Compulsory subjects include Urdu, English, Islamic education (civics for non-Muslim students), and Pakistan studies along with both required and elective courses in the specific stream.
The exams are conducted by one of the Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE).
Curriculum Domain at Secondary Level\
According to the Constitution of Pakistan, curriculum development is the domain of the federal government.
Curriculum development up to intermediate level is the responsibility of the Curriculum Wing of the Ministry of Education.
Textbooks are developed by the provincial Textbook Boards strictly in accordance with the curriculum developed by the committees.
Developed after extensive analysis of the previous curriculum in order to bring desired changes in teaching and learning.
Assessment patterns (development and evaluation ) together with recommendations for teacher training were included in the curriculum
Curriculum Change, Planning and Transactionvalarpink
Curriculum Change
With changing time, curriculum should also change reflecting the needs and aspirations of the people. There cannot be a uniform curriculum for all the countries for all the time, because education is related to social, economic and political changes in the country. Curriculum content should be based on current information and not on the past information that has been proved to be false or outdated and unusable. There is therefore need for constantly changing and updating the curriculum content.
A curriculum is the combination of instructional practices, learning experiences, and students' performance assessment that are designed to bring out and evaluate the target learning outcomes of a particular course.
Curriculum development is a process of improving the curriculum. Approaches for curricula:
Analysis
Selecting
Formation
Review
Curriculum development is significant because it
Takes contents and shapes into plan for effective teaching and learning
Provide a map to achieve outputs
Provide appropriate learning activities and assessments
secondary education
In British India, the structure and curricula of secondary education were mandated by British colonial rule
After independence, Pakistan then developed its own Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) which were tasked with developing and conducting final examinations at the ends of grades 9 to 12
Admission requires completion of middle school
Consists of two years education (grades 9 and 10) followed by two years of higher-secondary education
Compulsory subjects include Urdu, English, Islamic education (civics for non-Muslim students), and Pakistan studies along with both required and elective courses in the specific stream.
The exams are conducted by one of the Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE).
Curriculum Domain at Secondary Level\
According to the Constitution of Pakistan, curriculum development is the domain of the federal government.
Curriculum development up to intermediate level is the responsibility of the Curriculum Wing of the Ministry of Education.
Textbooks are developed by the provincial Textbook Boards strictly in accordance with the curriculum developed by the committees.
Developed after extensive analysis of the previous curriculum in order to bring desired changes in teaching and learning.
Assessment patterns (development and evaluation ) together with recommendations for teacher training were included in the curriculum
Teachers use curricula when trying to see what to teach to students and when, as well as what the rubrics should be, what kind of worksheets and teacher worksheets they should make, among other things.
It is actually up to the teachers themselves how these rubrics should be made, how these worksheets should be made and taught; it's all up to the teachers.
A curriculum Plan is the advance arrangement of learning opportunities for a particular population of learners.
Curriculum guide is a written curriculum.
Curriculum Planning is the process whereby the arrangement of curriculum plans or learning opportunities are created.
This presentation is helpful for students of Graduate and Master Educational programs, Prepared for Course of Elementary School Management AIOU Islamabad Pakistan
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3. OBJECTIVES OF UNIT
• Discuss the nature of curriculum.
• Explain the meaning of curriculum.
• Classify curriculum definitions into their distinct type.
• Define the terms of curriculum development, curriculum
construction, curriculum implementation, curriculum
formulation, curriculum design, curriculum change and
curriculum innovation.
• Explain the scope of curriculum.
• Discuss why a study of curriculum is important.
4. Concepts of Curriculum
• The word curriculum originated in ancient Roman and
meant a chariot race course.
• The concise Oxford Dictionary definition “Course of Study”
• The idea of a curriculum as a race with a series of ‘hurdles’
to be overcome might still be a view.
5. • Curriculum is the base on which the subject, activities
and experiences are planned.
• It is more than textbooks, more than the subject matter
or course of studies.
• It is totality of all the learning to which you are exposed
during study in the school.
Concepts of Curriculum
6. Definitions of Curriculum
Curriculum probably has a greater variety of definitions than any other
word used in education.
• Curriculum is everything that happens within the school, including extra
class activities, guidance, and interpersonal relationships.
• Curriculum is that which is taught both inside and outside of
school directed by the school.
• Curriculum is everything that is planned by school personnel.
• Curriculum is a series of experiences undergone by learners in school.
• Curriculum is that which an individual learner experiences as a result of
schooling.
7. Curriculum definitions covers categories
• If you review curriculum definitions you will find they can be classified into
five categories:
• Curriculum as a product - program, document, electronic media, or
multimedia
• Curriculum as a program of study - usually courses offered, curriculum
sequences of study in standards as benchmarks, gateways,
• Curriculum as intended learning's - goals, content, concepts,
generalizations, outcomes
• Curriculum as experiences of the learner - activities, planned and
unplanned.
• Hidden curriculum - what students learn that isn't planned - unless you plan
for this - or is it possible?
8. Curriculum Construction
(decisions about elements of
design)
Curriculum
Implementation
(decisions about elements of design)
Includes
Curriculum Development
(Total Process)
Leading
to
Curriculum
Foundations
Which is based
on
Curriculum Design
Source: Taylor and Richard (1979. p.11)
Demands that decisions
be made about overall
Scope of Curriculum
9. • Curriculum development can be defined as the step-by-step process
used to create positive improvements in the courses offered by a school,
college or university.
• Total Process of Designing , implementing and evaluating curriculum
• Decision about who will be involved in curriculum construction
• Procedure to be used for construction
• defined as planned, a purposeful, progressive, and systematic process to
create positive improvements in the educational system.
Curriculum Development
10. Curriculum Development Model
• Current curriculum models can be broken down into two broad
categories
Product model
Process model.
• The product model is results-oriented. Grades are the prime
objective, with the focus lying more on the finished product rather
than on the learning process.
• The process model, however, is more open-ended, and focuses
on how learning develops over a period of time. These two models
need to be taken into account when developing curriculum.
11. Curriculum as product
Defining curriculum as a product - program, document, electronic media, or
multimedia has
• Disadvantages
Limits curriculum to specific programs, courses, activities, or outcomes
described in those documents.
Assumes all possible outcomes can or will be described in such documents.
May separate processes of learning from what is to be learned.
• Advantages
Can be described in concrete terms and definite ways.
Provides direction for planning and development by producing a document.
(Authors with related works: James Macdonald, Hilda Taba, Beauchamp)
12. Curriculum as Process
Defining curriculum as program of study or list of courses in school is usually
used to describe activities or events used to achieve specific purposes. From
required courses of study to electives.
• Advantages
• Easily described in concrete terms.
• Recognize learning takes place in many different settings in school.
• Disadvantages
• View that all students' learning is contained in programs.
• Programs imply that what is described, is what students will actually learn.
(Authors with related work: Bestor, Phenix)
13. Curriculum Construction
• Curriculum construction covers all the process involved in
curriculum making.
• Interchangeable term with curriculum development
• Curriculum Construction refers to a part of that process in
which decision are actually made about elements of
design
14. Curriculum design
• It is the arrangement of the element of curriculum
• Curriculum design is the deliberate organization of curriculum within a
course or classroom.
• When instructors design their curriculums, they identify
• what will be done,
• who will do it and
• when, as well as what the objective of each course.
• curriculum contains the knowledge and skills that a student needs to
master in order to move to the next level.
By thinking about how their curriculum is designed, teachers ensure they’ve
covered all the necessary requirements. From there, they can start exploring
various approaches and teaching methods that can help them achieve their
goals.
15. •Subject Based Curriculum
•Activity Based Curriculum
•Behavior based Curriculum
Process Based Curriculum
•Hidden Curriculum
•Core Curriculum
•CO-Curricular Activates
•Subject-centered,
•Learner-centered,
•Problem-centered design.
Important Pattern of curriculum design
17. Curriculum Foundation
• It is the basic forces or ideas which influence and shape the curriculum
• Philosophical ideas about the nature of education and knowledge
• The influence of society and culture and views about the person (child)
how he or she learns
• Foundation of curriculum are also called source of curriculum
• Tyler refers three source of for foundation of curriculum
• The Learner
• Contemporary life (A contemporary is defined as a person living around the same time)
• The subject
19. Role of Curriculum in National Development
Developing democratic life
• Developing of every individual according to his capabilities
• Development of an abiding faith in democratic principles and
process
• Development of enlightened and responsible citizen
• Encouragement of leadership at all levels
20. Role of Curriculum in National Development
Raising standards of living
• Improvement of productive efficiency
• The maximization of production , use of manpower and
national resources
• Stemming the fast growth of population
• Helping in obtaining self sufficiency in foods and others
• Opening up more channels of employment
21. Role of Curriculum in National Development
National Integration
• Love for mother land, commitment to the values of mother land
• Richness of her varied culture
• Have faith in the unity that runs through apparent diversity
• Learn to respect every faith
• Make by example and endeavour, such and reality
22. Role of Curriculum in National Development
Modernizing the society
In terms of curriculum this means
• The development of scientific outlook from early child-hood
• A loosening of the bond of dogmatism and dispelling of fear
superstation fatalism and passive resignation
• Promoting the capacity to think , to enquire and judge for
himself and contribute to the stock of human knowledge
23. Role of Curriculum in National Development
Ushering a cultural renaissance
This mean that through education an ever increasing portion of
our population will
• Learn to take a justifiable pride rich cultural heritage and carry
on good tradition and Islamic values
• Cultivates a taste and an appreciation for truth and beauty in
every aspect of life
24. Elements of curriculum
The main elements of curriculum are
• Program of Studies
• Program of Activities
• Program of Guidance
25. why a study of curriculum is
important.
Organized path
Progress!
Common goals
Always changing
