This document summarizes key figures and ideas in the beginning of cultural studies. It discusses early theorists like Matthew Arnold who analyzed culture and class in Victorian England. It also covers the Frankfurt School and the establishment of the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies in 1964, led by Stuart Hall, Richard Hoggart, and Raymond Williams. Their works analyzed the influence of mass media and popular culture on society. The document also briefly mentions theorists like Marshall McLuhan, Roman Jakobson, and E.P. Thompson who contributed influential ideas around language, media, and working-class history.

1. CULTURAL STUDIES
PART III

2. BEGINNING OF CULTURAL STUDIES
• Culture and Anarchy (1869) By Mathew Arnold
• Barbarians for the aristocracy, Philistines for the middle class, andPopulace for the
working class
• “doing as one likes” - “primitives
• Primitive Culture (1871) by Edward B. Tylor
• Frankfort School – Theodore Adorno and Max Horkimer – Culture Industry
• Raymond Williams and Richard Hoggart
• BCCCS (1964) - University of Birmingham
• Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies

3. • Stuart Hall (1969)
• Richard Johnson
• 2002 - the University of Birmingham dismantled the Department Cultural Studies

4. RICHARD HOGGART
• Hoggart's The Uses of Literacy (1957)
• Subtitled “aspects of working class life with reference to publications and
enteretainments”
• Two parts – old order and uses
• examining the influence of mass media in the United Kingdom.
• "the mass publicists" make mass culture
• urban culture 'of the people' are being destroyed“.
• pulp fiction, popular magazines and newspapers and the movies
• triumph of Hollywood

5. RAYMOND WILLIAMS
• Culture and Society (1958)
• exploring how the notion of culture developed in the West, especially Great Britain
• Industrial Revolution
• Edmund Burke and William Cobbett, also looking at William Blake, William
Wordsworth, F. R. Leavis, George Orwell and Christopher Caudwell.
• The Long Revolution (1965)
• The Country and the City (1973) - debunks the notion of rural life as simple,
natural, and unadulterated - embedded in the writings of English poets – urban -
symbol of capitalist production, labor, and exploitation.
• Structure of feeling refers to the different ways of thinking vying to emerge at any
one time in history.
• Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (1976)

6. STUART HALL
• “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse” (1973)
• Media messages are produced, disseminated, and interpreted
• Encoding/decoding model of communication
• individual's cultural background, economic standing, and personal experiences
• in ways that make sense to you
• advertisements can have multiple layers of meaning

7. COCO COLA

9. FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE - ROMAN
JACOBSON

10. THE MEDIUM IS THE MESSAGE
• a phrase coined by Marshall McLuhan
• Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964)
• the channel through which a message is transmitted IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN
MESSAGE
• medium affects the society
• The Medium Is the “Massage”
• light bulb

11. E.P.THOMPSON
• The Making of the English Working Class
• 1780 to 1832
• popular movements that are oft forgotten in history
• Diggers - Gerrard Winstanley, the Digger, helps us to understand the movement of
feeling, turning away from the "kingdom without" to the "kingdom within“
• Levellers