The word ‘Subaltern’ stands for ‘of inferior rank’ or status. Subordinate, hence, of rank, power, authority and action. In other words, it refers to the subordination of class, caste, gender, race, language and culture. It also indicates to those groups in society who are subject to the domination of the ruling classes.In general, subaltern classes include peasants, workers and other groups who have been denied access to ‘hegemonic’ power.
Antonio Gramsci: Italian Marxist, best known for his elaboration of the concept of 'hegemony'. A founder of the Italian communist party (in 1921), he was imprisoned by the Fascists in 1926, and spent the remainder of his life under arrest. While in prison, and despite poor health, he continued to study and write. The Prison Notebooks (1929—1935), published only after the fall of Fascism, represent the core of his considerable contribution to Marxist theory. (Edgar, Sedgwick, 2002) ...........
Here i am sharing 3 diffrent terms of literary criticism.The first one is Diaspora, second is postcolonial theory and the third one is feminist criticim.
The word ‘Subaltern’ stands for ‘of inferior rank’ or status. Subordinate, hence, of rank, power, authority and action. In other words, it refers to the subordination of class, caste, gender, race, language and culture. It also indicates to those groups in society who are subject to the domination of the ruling classes.In general, subaltern classes include peasants, workers and other groups who have been denied access to ‘hegemonic’ power.
Antonio Gramsci: Italian Marxist, best known for his elaboration of the concept of 'hegemony'. A founder of the Italian communist party (in 1921), he was imprisoned by the Fascists in 1926, and spent the remainder of his life under arrest. While in prison, and despite poor health, he continued to study and write. The Prison Notebooks (1929—1935), published only after the fall of Fascism, represent the core of his considerable contribution to Marxist theory. (Edgar, Sedgwick, 2002) ...........
Here i am sharing 3 diffrent terms of literary criticism.The first one is Diaspora, second is postcolonial theory and the third one is feminist criticim.
“ Shifting Centres and Emerging Margins: Translation and the Shaping of the Modernist Discourse in Indian Poetry”
in Indigenous Imaginaries: Literature, Region, Modernity by E.V. Ramakrishanan
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Similar to Marginalization - A Shifting Phenomenon (20)
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. • Post-colonial theory is a new field of study which has become one of
the most prominent academic disciplines in world literature.
• It persistently generated an enormous literature especially by literary
criticism feminists, art of critics, social reformists, political scientists &
Political Economists
• It made its own domain of attention extended beyond the other fields
of global academics like African American literature , literary theory
and criticisms, anthology and cultural studies
• Consequently, subaltern studies has become one of the latest
subdivisions of post-colonial theory
Introduction
3. • 2 decades old in the 20th century and another 2 decades in the 21st
century
• Subaltern studies, postcolonial theory & criticism increased its
momentum, particularly in the wake of globalization in the third
world nations.
• If post-colonial criticism is considered as a consequence of post
modernism, subaltern studies originates its energy from Marxism,
post structuralism and turns as a branch of post-colonial criticism
History of Subaltern theory
4. Introduction to the concept of Subaltern
• The idea of the subaltern was primarily referred by the Italian Marxist,
political protester Antonio Gramisci in his article Notes on Italian History
which was published later
• It is his most extensively acknowledged book Prison Notebooks written
between 1929 to 1935
• The selection from the Prison Notebooks later edited and translated &
published in 1971 by Quinton& Norwell Smith
5. Introduction to the concept of Subaltern
• He affirmed that the subaltern was the term subjected to the people
of underclass in the society on whom the dominant power puts forth
its hegemonic power and impact.
• It also refers to inferior status or rank, power, authority and action
• In general subaltern class include peasant workers and other groups
who have been denied access to hegemonic power
6. Introduction to the concept of Subaltern
• Subaltern studies began in India when writing initiated on subaltern
studies as book reviews
• A unique school of research had been launched in 1986. The supporter
came to be called Subalternists or Subalterns
• Their influential essays published in paperback as selected subaltern
studies was published by Oxford University Press in New york and Oxford
in 1988 edited by Ranajith Guha and Gayathri Spivak with a foreword by
Edward Said.
7. Introduction to the concept of Subaltern
• By 1990’s the famous American historian Burton Stein (1990) cited the
subaltern studies as a growing interest and declares it as a decade of Historical
Manifestations in South Asian Studies.
• Subaltern studies extended in the literary arena as Subaltern studies Group or
the Subaltern studies Collective which was launched in the 1980’s by a group of
eminent Indian Scholars
8. • Guha, a historian of South Asia, a prominent figure in subaltern studies, was
the editor of several of the group’s early anthologies, migrated from India to
the UK in 1959 was a reader in History in the University of Sussex.
• Subaltern studies initiated its impressive work in England from the end of
1970’s when discussion on subaltern themes among a small group of
England and Indian historians led to a plan to launch a new journal in India.
• Oxford University Press came forward to publish 3 volumes of essays titled
“Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society From 1982
onwards”
Ranajith Guha
9. • The objective is to retake history for the under classes whose voices had
been heard earlier. Scholars of the subaltern group anticipated to get rid of
the histories of elite, Eurocentric bias of existing imperial history
• The first and foremost leader of this literary movement was Guha written on
peasants aspirings in India .This group also compresses many South Asian
historians, Social critics and Scholars including Dibesh Chakravarthy.
• Guha looks for the Justice of the Indian peasant by investigating the
relationship between domination and subjugation in Indian context from 1783
to 1900. He suggests for the need to uphold a systematic dialogue of
subordination and domination in South Asian history and Society.
10. • 1942, Indian Scholar, Literary theorists,
Feminist Critic professor at Columbia
University and one of the most influential
postcolonial intellectual.
• Can Subaltern Speak? - Challenges the
idea of colonial subject, marked a
paradigm shift in postcolonial studies.
Gayathri Chakravarthy Spivak
11. • Her message is being heard socially and politically.
• Subalterns are mute. She argues that subaltern historians should not just
offer counter narratives, but also deconstruct the concept of History.
• The subaltern histories speak for the indigenous and genuine history but
they cannot survive independent of the historians. They deauthorise as
Bourgeois nationality
12. • Nothing is permanent except change in the world. The Subalterns should
persist to make their place clear before the power.
• Subaltern studies became a unique place for a new land of history from
below. It became entangled with efforts to reimagine history itself.
• Rapid globalization has changed human perspectives/outlook over caste,
creed and colour.
• Even though there is not a phenomenal change, drastic change, a
change is happened, is happening will happen in future also.
• So far their voice was muted but gradually heard in the society
Sum Up: