CSS NC II learning Module

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Sector: ELECTRONICS
Qualification Title: Computer Systems Servicing NC II
Unit of Competency: Install and Configure Computer Systems
Module Title: Installing and Configuring Computer Systems
Department of Education
City of Bogo Science and Arts Academy
Cogon, Bogo City, Cebu
www.mrblanco.page4.me

CBLM Computer System
Servicing,NC II
Installing and
Configuring Computer
Systems
Date Developed:
March 2,2016
Date Revised:
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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Welcome to the Module “Installing and Configuring Computer Systems”.
This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency “Install and Configure Computer Systems”
contains knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a Computer System Servicing
NC II course.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to
complete each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome
there are Information Sheets, Job Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Activity
Sheets. Follow these activities on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of
each learning activity.
If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some of the knowledge and skills covered in this module
because you have:
o been working for some time
o already have completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your teacher that you are competent in a particular
skill or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you don’t
have to do the same training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of
Competency from previous trainings show it to your teacher. If the skills you acquired
are still current and relevant to this module, they may become part of the evidence
you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills, discuss
it with your teacher.
After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your competency.
Result of your assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the
learning activities are designed for you to complete at your own pace.
Inside this module you will find the activities for you to complete followed by
relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may
have more than one learning activity.
Document No. CBSAA CSS-001-16
Issued by:
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COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
1.
Install and
Configure Computer
Systems
Installing and
Systems
ELC724331
2.
Set-up Computer
Networks
Setting-up Computer
Networks
ELC724332
3.
Set-up Computer
Servers
Setting-up Computer
Servers
ELC724333
4.
Maintain and Repair
Computer Systems
and Networks
Maintaining and
Repairing Computer
Systems and Networks
ELC724334
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MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Install and Configure Computer Systems
MODULE TITLE: Installing and Configuring Computer Systems
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This module covers the outcomes required in installing and configuring
desktop and workstation computers systems. It consists of competencies to
assemble computer hardware, install operating system and drivers for
peripherals/devices, and install application software as well as to conduct
testing and documentation
NOMINAL DURATION: 10 hours
LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 1
ASSEMBLE COMPUTER HARDWARE
Contents:
1. OH&S policies and procedures
2. Tools, equipment and testing devices
3. Computer hardware
4. Operating system
5. Established installation procedures
6. Peripherals/devices
7. Application software
8. Stress test
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Assessment Criteria
1. Unit assembly is planned and prepared to ensure Occupational Health
and Safety policies and procedures are followed, the work is
appropriately sequenced in accordance with requirements
2. Appropriate personnel are consulted to ensure the work is coordinated
effectively with others involved on the work site
3. Devices/systems are obtained in accordance with established
procedures and to comply with requirements
4. Location in which devices / systems are to be installed is determined
from job requirements
5. Materials necessary to complete the work are obtained in accordance
with established procedures and checked against job requirements
6. Tools, equipment and testing devices needed to carry out the
installation work are obtained in accordance with established
procedures and checked for correct operation and safety
7. Preparatory work is checked to ensure no unnecessary damage has
occurred and complies with requirements
Conditions
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 PC or workstations
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 Instructional Manuals such as: Occupational Health and Safety
policies and procedure manual, device manual and hardware
diagrams and charts.
 Tools, equipment’s and test instruments such as: protective eyewear,
digital multi-meter, crimping tools, pliers, screw drivers.
 Supplies and materials such as: appropriate operating system ,driver
software, software applications and programs.
Assessment Method:
1. Hands-on
2. Direct observation
3. Practical demonstration
4. Oral Questioning
LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 3
INSTALL OPERATING SYSTEM AND DRIVERS FOR PERIPHERALS /DEVICES
Contents:
1. Operating system (OS) is installed in accordance with established
installation procedures and to comply with end-user requirements
2. Peripherals/devices drivers are installed and configured in accordance
with manufacturer’s instructions and/or OS installation procedures.
3. OS and drivers updates/patches are accessed and installed in accordance
with manufacturer’s recommendations and requirements
4. On-going checks of the quality of the work are undertaken in accordance
with established procedures
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Assessment Criteria
1. Installation planned and prepared to ensure that safety measures,
policies and procedures followed, and that work is appropriately
sequenced in accordance with the industry standards
2. Technical personnel consulted to ensure that the work coordinated
effectively with others involved on the worksite
3. Computer systems and network devices obtained in accordance with the
established procedures and to comply with requirements
4. Location where devices and systems to be installed is determined from
job requirements
5. Materials necessary to complete the work obtained in accordance with
established procedures and checked against job requirements
6. Tools, equipment and testing devices needed to carry out the installation
work obtained in accordance with established procedures and checked
for correct operation and safety
7. Preparatory work checked to ensure that no unnecessary damage has
occurred and that work complies with requirements
8. OH&S policies and procedures for installing devices/systems are followed
9. Devices / systems are installed in accordance with requirements, without
damage or distortion to the surrounding environment or services
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10.Variation to devices / systems installation is carried out in accordance to
customer/client requirements
11.Devices / systems are terminated and connected in accordance with
requirements
12.Unplanned events or conditions are responded to in accordance with
established procedures
13.Approval is obtained in accordance with established procedures from
appropriate personnel before any contingencies are implemented
14.On-going checks of the quality of the work are undertaken in accordance
with established procedures
15.OH&S policies and procedures are followed
16.Circuits and systems are checked as being isolated where necessary
using specified testing procedures
17.Parts or connections of the installation or service that are removed in
order to conduct the test are stored to protect against loss or damage and
in accordance with established procedures
18.Unplanned events or conditions are responded to in accordance with
established procedures

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19.Approval is obtained in accordance with established procedures from
appropriate personnel before any contingencies are implemented
20.Devices / systems and/or installation is tested to determine whether it
conforms to requirements
21.Parts, and/or connections removed for the purpose of testing are
returned to pre-test conditions in accordance with established
procedures
22.Final inspections are undertaken to ensure the installed devices /
systems conforms to requirements
23.Documentation in relation to the test is forwarded to appropriate
personnel and/or authority in accordance with requirements
Conditions
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
1. Computer Hardware: Optical disc drives, Memory modules
Power supply, Cables and cords, Motherboard, Hard disk, Video card
Sound card
2. Operating systems: Windows, MAC OS X, Linux
3. Utility softwares and CD/DVD-ROMs
4. Books/manuals/magazines
5. Tools and test equipment:
5.1. Slotted head screwdriver

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5.2. Philips head screwdriver
5.3. Long nosed pliers
5.4. Allen bit wrench
Assessment Method:
1. Hands-on
2. Direct observation
3. Practical demonstration
4. Oral and written exam

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Learning Experience
Learning Outcome No. 1
ASSEMBLE COMPUTER HARDWARE
Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read Information Sheet 1.1-1 on
Occupational Health & Safety (OHS)
Policies and Procedures.
2. Answer Self-Check 1.1-1 Compare Answers to Answer key 1.1-
1
basic requirements for a well planned
project based Installation Service.
4. Answer Self-Check 1.1-2. Compare Answers to Answer key 1.1-
2.
the fundamentals structures and
types of Operating System
8. Answer Self-Check 1.1-3. Compare Answers to Answer key 1.1-
3
9. Guided by Information Sheet 1.1-
4, proceed to the tool room and do
Task Sheet 1.1-5 on identifying
computer components and
peripherals
Observe safety in the workplace.
Trainee/trainer evaluates
performance/output using
performance checklist 1.1-4 and
makes recommendations.

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the types and functions of different
tools and equipment.
12. Answer Self-Check 1.1-5 Compare Answers to Answer key 1.1-
5

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INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-1
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading of this Information Sheet, you should be able to:
1. Identify the basic precautions and procedures in planning, preparing,
installing and testing of computer hardware and software.
2. Determine the effects of computers to the people, health risk, and to the
environment.
During installation and initial test, careful planning and preparation are
to be done. To avoid personal injury and damages to wiring due to sharp pins on
connectors and printed circuit assemblies, rough chassis edges and corners, and
hot components.
Adhere to warnings and limitations regarding accessibility into areas
designated only for authorized technical personnel.
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:
SOME BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PROCEDURES:
 Before starting the installation, read carefully the documentation and
procedures on any hardware and software settings that may be required.
 Failure to do the proper jumper setting may cause damage to your CPU.
 Without an effective cooling fan, the CPU can overheat and cause damage
to both CPU and the motherboard.
 Each bank must have the same size and type of memory installed in pairs.

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 Before adding and removing any other system components, make sure that
you unplug your power supply. Failure to do so may cause damage to your
motherboard and in the system component.
 Test the computer, insuring that it meets the necessary system
requirements before booting up.
 If the computer does not pass any of the power on self-test (POST), the
computer will receive an irregular power on self-test. An irregular POST
is a beep code which is different from the standard beep which can either
be no beeps at all or a combination of different beeps.
EFFECTS OF COMPUTERS
Some effects of computers relating to the violation of privacy, the impact on
the labor force, health risks, and the impact on the environment.
1. Violation of Privacy
Nearly every life event is stored in a computer somewhere--in medical records,
credit reports, tax records, etc. It is crucial that personal and confidential records
be protected properly. In many instances, where these records were not properly
protected, individuals have found their privacy violated and identities stolen.
2. Impact on Labor Force
Although computers have improved productivity in many ways and created an
entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of
workers and managers have been replaced by computers. Thus, it is crucial that
workers keep their education up-to-date. A separate impact on the labor force is
that some companies are outsourcing jobs to foreign countries instead of keeping
their homeland labor force employed.

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3. Health Risks
Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of
the hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, necks, and back. Computer users can protect
themselves from these health risks through proper workplace design, good
posture while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work breaks. Another
health risk, called computer addiction, occurs when someone becomes obsessed
with using the computer. Once recognized, computer addiction is a treatable
disorder.
4. Public Safety
Adults, teen, and children around the world are using computers to share
publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and other personal information.
Some of these unsuspecting, innocent computer users have fallen victim to
crimes committed by dangerous strangers. Protect yourself and your dependents
from these criminals by being cautious. For example, do not share information
that would allow others to identify or locate you.
5. Impact on Environment
Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting
natural resources and polluting the environment. The amount of resources
required to manufacture a personal computer equals that of a mid-sized
car. When computers are discarded in landfills, they release toxic materials and
potentially dangerous levels of lead, mercury, and flame retardants. Strategies
that can help protect the environment include recycling, regulating
manufacturing processes, extending the life of computers, and immediately
donating replaced computers

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SELF-CHECK NO. 1.1-1
A. IDENTFICATION
Direction: Identify the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the
statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.
1. Failure to do the proper jumper setting may cause damage to your
CPU.
2. After adding and removing any other system components, make
sure that you unplug your power supply.
3. Test the computer, insuring that it meets the necessary system
requirements before booting up.
4. With an effective cooling fan, the CPU can overheat and cause
damage to both CPU and the motherboard.
5. After starting the installation, read carefully the documentation
and procedures on any hardware and software settings that may
be required.
B. MATCHING TYPE
Direction: Select your answer on the choices below that will correspond on
the statement. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.
A. Violation of Privacy
B. Impact on the Environment
C. Public Safety
D. Health Risk
E. Impact on Labor Force

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1. Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting
natural resources and polluting the environment.
2. Although computers have improved productivity in many ways and
created an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs,
the skills of millions of workers and managers have been replaced by
computers.
3. It is crucial that personal and confidential records be protected
properly.
4. Adults, teen, and children around the world are using computers to
share publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and other
personal information.
5. Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders
of the hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, necks, and back.
Compare your answers with the Answer Key on the next page. If you
get 80% and above, then you may proceed to the next activity but if
not, master the lesson and take the Self-Check again.

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ANSWER KEY 1.1-1
A. IDENTIFICATION
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. FALSE
B. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. B
2. E
3. A
4. C
5. D

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BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A PLANNED INSTALLATION
After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:
1. Prepare the required documents or forms before you do a well-planned
installation
2. Identify the qualifications to be a certified hardware professional so that
you could be allowed and authorized to do a well-planned installation
Are you the person everyone calls when they have a computer problem? Have
you considered getting paid for fixing near-fatal errors and turning your PC
prowess into a business? According a recent report, sales of computer services
are expected to exceed $47 billion this year in the U.S. alone, with PC repair
leading the way. But there are some requirements that you need to know before
joining the bandwagon of Computer Hardware Servicing trade, like
document/forms (e.g. Job Orders, Request Forms, and Report Sheets) and
qualifications for personnel in repairing computers.
REQUIRED DOCUMENTS/FORMS:
A. Job Order
A Job order (known as works order outside of the United States because
the work is produced in a manufacturing area known as the works) or job
order (sometimes job ticket or work ticket, as it often has some type of ticket
attached) is an order received by an organization from a customer or client, or
an order created internally within the organization. A work order may be for
products or services.

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In a manufacturing environment, a work order is converted from a sales
order to show that work is about to be begin on the manufacture, building or
engineering of the products requested by the customer. In a service environment,
a work order can be equivalent to a service order where the WO records the
location, date and time the service is carried out and the nature of work that is
done. The type of personnel (e.g. job position) may also be listed on the WO. A
rate (e.g. $/hr, $/week) and also the total amount of hours worked and total
value is also shown on the work order.
A work order may be a maintenance or repair request from students,
faculty or staff in a university.
Orders received from outside an organization are
often dispatched (reviewed and scheduled) before being executed. Work orders
may be for preventive maintenance.
Contractors may use a single job work order and invoice form that contains
the customer information, describes the work performed, lists charges for
material and labor, and can be given to the customer as an invoice.
A job order is an internal document extensively used by projects-based,
manufacturing, building and fabrication businesses. A job order may be for
products and/or services. In a manufacturing environment, a job order is used
to signal the start of a manufacturing process and will most probably be linked
to a bill of material. Hence, the job order will probably state:
1. the quantity of the product to be manufactured, built or fabricated
2. the amount of raw material to be used, its price and amount
3. the types of labor required, rate (per hour or per unit) and amount
4. the machine utilization for each machine during the routing process, its
rate and amount
In a service environment, a job order can be the equivalent to a work or service
order where the job order records the location, date and time the service is
carried out and the nature of service that was carried out. The type of personnel
(e.g. job position) may also be listed on the job order. A rate (e.g. $/hr, $/week)
and also the total amount of hours worked and total value is also shown.
Sample Job Order Form

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B. Request Form and Report Sheet
Computer Hardware Servicing maintenance, which includes planned
installation, main objective is to keep and improve production facilities, to keep
and improve production facilities stable and efficient at the lowest life cycle cost
with the active participation of all members in the company. A Request Form is
Computer Repair Job Order Form
Teacher Client’s Name School CBSAA
Date Sept 2, 2017 Computer # 001
Service Tag# 001 Model Intel i5
Serial # abcd1234
Computer Problem: (Brief Description of the Problem)
***Blue Screen Error***
___________________________________________________________________________
For Technical Department Used Only
Fax No. (032) 434 4875
Computer Fixed By: John Doe
Date Sent Back to School: ________________
Memory Transcend 2 GHz Processor Pentium Dual-Core 2 GHz
Hard Drive Space Hitachi Sata 80 Gig Windows Windows 7 Ultimate

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used to put this objective into action. And the Report Sheet and Request Form
bring to life this maintenance’s purposes which are:
 To increase productivity through maximum utilization and improvement
of all equipment
 To develop maintenance system to reduce life cycle cost of machinery and
equipment through the involvement of everybody in the organization
 To develop the operator’s capability to be competent in maintenance
activities through education, training and motivation.
 To enhance capability for advanced and sophisticated technology that
would reinforce competitive power.

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Sample Request Form
UNIT NO. 5-2
Observation/s:
***Corrupted Operating System***
Activity: Reformat Laptop
Sign:
Reported by:
John Doe
Date Completed: Sept 05, 2017
Date Reported:
Sept 04, 2017
Description: Acer Aspire abcd1234 Laptop Computer

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Sample Report Sheet
Repair Report Sheet
Area/Section: DHS Computer Laboratory
Facility Type Nature of
Breakdown
Recommendation
Laptop No
Operating System
Error
Viral Corruption
Refer to the
Technical
Department for
Reformatting of
the Operating
System
Reported by: Juan Dela Cruz
Date: September15, 2017

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REQUIRED QUALIFICATION FOR A COMPUTER HARDWARE PERSONNEL:
What Qualifications Do You Need to Become a PC Repair Technician?
Education
Employers prefer applicants who have completed formal electronics
training in a vocational school, community college or similar setting, reports the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Training programs may last from 6 months to two
years. Some employers require at least a high school diploma or GED.
Certifications
Trainees can take the TESDA NC II Computer System Servicing
assessment to demonstrate their competency for entry-level jobs to employers.
The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority or TESDA offers a
variety of certification programs. In addition, technicians can achieve
certifications even for trainership.
Physical and Personal Traits
PC technicians must be able to squat, bend and reach to access the
computer equipment requiring repair. They should be physically able to lift at
least 50 pounds of computer components. Employers look for technicians who
can stand for long periods of time and have the ability to perceive a variety of
colors. Employers want technicians who think analytically, are organized and
pay attention to detail. They should feel comfortable working under tight
deadlines, and companies may expect them to work overtime or on weekends.
Knowledge and Skills
Applicants should know how to use a variety of standard office software, and
some jobs also require knowledge of networking. Companies prefer candidates
with previous PC repair experience, and they may look for candidates with
experience repairing specific brands of computers. Technicians need strong oral
communication skills and should be able to explain their findings to customers
using common terms.
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A. IDENTIFICATION
Direction: the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.
_________ 1. Anyone can perform a planned installation as long as he knows it.
_________ 2. The Department of Education facilitates the
competency assessment for computer technicians.
__________3. Computer Technicians are given the TESDA NC II Computer
System Servicing by TESDA after successfully taking the
Assessment.
_________ 4. Computer Technicians need not to have strong oral
communication skills for they only repair computers.
__________5. Companies prefer candidates with previous PC repair experience,
and they may look for candidates with experience repairing specific
brands of computers.
__________6. A job order is an external document by a project based
Business.
__________7. A job order can be the equivalent to a work or service order
where the job order records the location, date and time the
service is carried out and the nature of service that was carried
out.
not, master the lesson and take the Self-Check again.
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ANSWER KEY 1.1-2
IDENTIFICATION
1. FALSE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. FALSE
5. FALSE
6. FALSE
7. TRUE

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INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-3
FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1. Identify fundamentals of operating systems
2. Determine the different types of operating systems
An Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer
hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The
operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer
system. Application programs require an operating system which are usually
separate programs, but can be combined in simple systems.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system
and may also include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass
storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the
computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly
by the hardware and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be
interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that
contains a computer from cellular phones and video game consoles to
supercomputers and web servers.

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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:
Real-time
A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims
at executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use
specialized scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic
nature of behavior. The main objective of real-time operating systems is their
quick and predictable response to events. They have an event-driven or time-
sharing design and often aspects of both. An event-driven system switches
between tasks based on their priorities or external events while time-sharing
operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
Multi-user
A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer
system concurrently. Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user
systems as they enable a multiple user access to a computer through the sharing
of time. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating
system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to use multiple accounts
on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather,
only the network administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating
system, it is possible for two users to login at a time and this capability of the
OS makes it a multi-user operating system.
Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking
When only a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is
grouped under a single-tasking system. However, when the operating system
allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-
tasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types: pre-emptive or co-

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operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time
and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems such
as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking, as does Amiga OS.
Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to
the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows
used cooperative multi-tasking. 32-bit versions, both Windows NT and Win9x,
used pre-emptive multi-tasking. Mac OS prior to OS X used to support
cooperative multitasking.
Distributed
A distributed operating system manages a group of independent
computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of
networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other
gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed computations are carried out on
more than one machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they
make a distributed system.
Embedded
Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded
computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs
with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources.
They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and Minix
3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.

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EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:
Unix and Unix-like operating systems
Ken Thompson wrote B, mainly
based on BCPL, which he used to write
Unix, based on his experience in
the MULTICS project. B was replaced by C,
and Unix developed into a large, complex
family of inter-related operating systems
which have been influential in every
modern operating system (see History).
The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating systems, with several major
sub-categories including System V, BSD, and GNU/Linux. The name "UNIX" is
a trademark of the Open Group which licenses it for use with any operating
system that has been shown to conform to their definitions. "Unix-like" is
commonly used to refer to the large set of operating systems which resemble the
original Unix.
Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of computer architectures. They are used
heavily for servers in business, as well as workstations in academic and
engineering environments. Free Unix variants, such as GNU/Linux and BSD,
are popular in these areas.
Four operating systems are certified by the The Open Group (holder of the Unix
trademark) as Unix. HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are both descendants of the
original System V Unix and are designed to run only on their respective vendor's
hardware. In contrast, Sun Microsystems's Solaris Operating System can run on
multiple types of hardware, including x86 and Sparc servers, and PCs.
Apple's Mac OS X, a replacement for Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS, is
a hybrid kernel-based BSD variant derived from NeXTSTEP, Mach, and
FreeBSD.
Unix interoperability was sought by establishing the POSIX standard. The POSIX
standard can be applied to any operating system, although it was originally
created for various Unix variants.
BSD and its descendants

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A subgroup of the Unix family is the Berkeley Software
Distribution family, which includes
FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD, PC-BSD. These
operating systems are most commonly found on web
servers, although they can also function as a personal
computer OS. The Internet owes much of its existence
to BSD, as many of the protocols now commonly used
by computers to connect, send and receive data over
a network were widely implemented and refined in
BSD. The world wide web was also first demonstrated
on a number of computers running an OS based on
BSD called NextStep.
BSD has its roots in Unix. In 1974, University of California, Berkeley installed
its first Unix system. Over time, students and staff in the computer science
department there began adding new programs to make things easier, such as
text editors. When Berkely received new VAX computers in 1978 with Unix
installed, the school's undergraduates modified Unix even more in order to take
advantage of the computer's hardware possibilities. The Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense took interest, and
decided to fund the project. Many schools, corporations, and government
organizations took notice and started to use Berkeley's version of Unix instead
of the official one distributed by AT&T.
Steve Jobs, upon leaving Apple Inc. in 1985, formed NeXT Inc., a company that
manufactured high-end computers running on a variation of BSD
called NeXTSTEP. One of these computers was used by Tim Berners-Lee as the
first web server to create the World Wide Web.
Developers like Keith Bostic encouraged the project to replace any non-free code
that originated with Bell Labs. Once this was done, however, AT&T sued.
Eventually, after two years of legal disputes, the BSD project came out ahead
and spawned a number of free derivatives, such as FreeBSD and NetBSD.

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Mac OS X
Mac OS X is a line of open
core graphical operating systems
developed, marketed, and sold by Apple
Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on all
currently shipping Macintosh computers.
Mac OS X is the successor to the
original Mac OS, which had been Apple's
primary operating system since 1984.
Unlike its predecessor, Mac OS X is
a UNIX operating system built on
technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the
1980s and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997.
The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a
desktop-oriented version (Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah") following in March 2001.
Since then, six more distinct "client" and "server" editions of Mac OS X have been
released, the most recent being OS X 10.8 "Mountain Lion", which was first made
available on February 16, 2012 for developers, and to be released to the public
late summer 2012. Releases of Mac OS X are named after big cats.
The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical to its desktop
counterpart but usually runs on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware. Mac
OS X Server includes work group management and administration software tools
that provide simplified access to key network services, including a mail transfer
agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and others.
In Mac OS X v10.7 Lion, all server aspects of Mac OS X Server have been
integrated into the client version.
Linux and GNU
Linux (or GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like operating system that was
developed without any actual Unix code, unlike BSD and its variants. Linux can

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be used on a wide range of devices from supercomputers to wristwatches.
The Linux kernel is released under an
open source license, so anyone can read
and modify its code. It has been modified
to run on a large variety of electronics.
Although estimates suggest that Linux is
used on 1.82% of all personal computers,
it has been widely adopted for use in
servers and embedded systems (such as cell phones). Linux has superseded
Unix in most places, and is used on the 10 most powerful supercomputers in
the world. The Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions, such as Red
Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Google's Android.
The GNU project is a mass collaboration of
programmers who seek to create a completely free and
open operating system that was similar to Unix but
with completely original code. It was started in 1983
by Richard Stallman, and is responsible for many of
the parts of most Linux variants. Thousands of pieces
of software for virtually every operating system are
licensed under the GNU General Public License.
Meanwhile, the Linux kernel began as a side project
of Linus Torvalds, a university student from Finland.
In 1991, Torvalds began work on it, and posted
information about his project on a newsgroup for
computer students and programmers. He received a
wave of support and volunteers who ended up creating
a full-fledged kernel. Programmers from GNU took notice, and members of both
projects worked to integrate the finished GNU parts with the Linux kernel in
order to create a full-fledged operating system.
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems designed
by Microsoft Corporation and primarily targeted to Intel architecture based
computers, with an estimated 88.9 percent total usage share on Web connected
computers. The newest version is Windows 7 for workstations and Windows
Server 2008 R2 for servers. Windows 7 recently overtook Windows XP as most
used OS.

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Microsoft Windows originated in 1985 as an application running on top of MS-
DOS, which was the standard operating system shipped on most Intel
architecture personal computers at the time. In 1995, Windows 95 was released
which only used MS-DOS as a bootstrap. For backwards compatibility, Win9x
could run real-mode MS-DOS and 16 bits Windows 3.x drivers. Windows Me,
released in 2000, was the last version in the Win9x family. Later versions have
all been based on the Windows NT kernel. Current versions of Windows run
on IA-32 and x86-64 microprocessors, although Windows 8 will
support ARM architecture. In the past, Windows NT supported non-Intel
architectures.
Server editions of Windows are widely used. In recent years, Microsoft has
expended significant capital in an effort to promote the use of Windows as a
server operating environment. However, Windows' usage on servers is not as
widespread as on personal computers, as Windows competes against Linux and
BSD for server market share.

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A. IDENTIFICATION
Direction: Identify the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the statement
is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.
________1) An operating system is a set of programs that manage computer
hardware resources and provide common services for application
software.
________2) Operating system is not a vital component of the system software in
a computer system. Application programs require an operating
system which are usually separate programs, but can be combined
in simple systems.
________3) Time-sharing operating systems schedule time for efficient
use of the system and may also include accounting for cost
allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other
resources.
________4) For software functions such as input and output and
memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary
between application programs and the computer hardware.
________5) Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a
computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to
supercomputers and web servers
not, master the lesson and take the Self-Check again

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ANSWER KEY 1.1-3
IDENTIFICATION
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE

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COMPUTER COMPONENTS AND DEVICES
1. Classify of the hardware and software components of a computer with its
corresponding functions.
2. Determine the various computer components and peripherals
A computer system is a special subsystem of an organization's overall
information system. It is an integrated assembly of devices, centered on at least
one processing mechanism utilizing digital electronics, which are used to input,
process, store, and output data and information.
Putting together a complete computer system, however, is more involved than
just connecting computer devices. In an effective and efficient system,
components are selected and organized with an understanding of the inherent
tradeoffs between overall system performance and cost, control, and complexity.
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:
Basic Hardware Components of Computer System
Today, almost everyone in our information society has a basic
understanding of what a computer is and what it can do. A contemporary
computer system consists of a central processing unit, primary storage,
secondary storage, input devices, output devices, and communications devices
that work together with software to perform calculations, organize data, and
communicate with other computers.
A computer is an electronic machine, operating under the control of instructions
stored in its own memory, that can be programmed to accept data (input),
process it into useful information (output), and store it away in a secondary

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storage device (store) for safekeeping or later reuse. The processing of input into
output is directed by the software but performed by the hardware. Figure below
shows some common computer hardware components.
Common computer hardware components
Computer system hardware components include devices that perform the
functions of input, processing, data storage; output and communication. The
devices responsible for these five areas are as follows:

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 Input devices. Input devices allow you to enter data or commands in a
form that the computer can use; they send the data or commands to the
processing unit. Commonly-used input devices include keyboard, mouse,
microphone, scanner, digital camera, and PC camera.
 Output devices. Output devices show people the processed data--
information --in understandable and useful form. Four commonly used
output devices are a printer, a monitor, speakers, and a portable media
player. Input/output devices are playing an increasingly significant role in
our lives. The number and variety of input/output devices are expanding.
 Processing devices. Processing devices are the computer electronic
circuitry housed in the system unit. The circuitry in the system unit is
part of a circuit board called the motherboard. Two major components on
the motherboard are the processor and memory. The processor, formally
known as the central processing unit (CPU), has electronic circuitry that
manipulates input data into the information people want. Computer
instructions are actually are executed in the central processing unit.
Memory is a series of electronic elements that temporarily holds data and
program instructions while they are being processed by the CPU. Both the
processor and memory consist of chips. A chip is an electronic device that
contains many microscopic pathways designed to carry electrical current.

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 Storage devices. Storage usually means secondary storage that can
store data and programs outside the computer itself. Storage devices hold
data, information, and programs permanently. These devices supplement
memory (also called primary storage) that can hold data and programs only
temporarily. Common storage devices include a hard disk, USB flash
drives, CDs, DVDs, and memory cards. A drive is a device that reads from
and writes onto a storage medium. A storage medium is the physical
material on which data, information, and program are stored. Some
portable devices, such as digital cameras, use memory cards as the storage
media.
 Communications devices. Communications devices provide connections
between the computer and communications networks, and enable
computer users to communicate and to exchange data, information, and
programs with other computers. Communications devices transmit these
items over transmission media such as cables, telephone lines, satellites,
and cellular radio. A widely used communications device is a modem.
In summary, we communicate with computers through input/output devices.
Input devices translate our data and communications into a form that the
computer can understand. The computer then processes these data, and an
output device translates them back into a form we can understand. The central
processing unit manipulates data and controls the other parts of the computer
system. Memory (primary storage) temporarily stores data and program
instructions during processing, while secondary storage feeds data and
instructions into the central processor and stores data for future use.
The System Unit
The Motherboard
The system unit is a box-like case that houses the processor, memory and other
electronic components of the computer that are used to process data. All other
computer system devices, such as the monitor, keyboard, and mouse, are linked
either directly or indirectly into the system unit.

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Figure below shows some of the components inside the system unit on a
typical PC, including the processor, memory, expansion cards, drive bays, power
supply, ports and connectors. The processor is the device that executes program
instructions. The memory device is a package that holds temporarily data and
program instructions during processing. An expansion card is a circuit board
that adds devices or capabilities to the computer. Finally, devices outside the
system unit, such as a keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, or microphone, are
attached by a cable to a port or connector on the system unit.

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To conserve on space, all-in-one computer houses the system unit in the same
physical case as the monitor. On notebook computers, the keyboard and
pointing device often occupy the area on the top of the system unit. The display
attaches to the system unit by a hinge. The system unit on a handheld computer
usually consumes the entire device. On these devices, the display is part of the
system unit too.
When the cover of a system unit is removed, the motherboard, also called
system board, can be seen inside the housing. The motherboard, a single circuit
board, provides the path through which the processor communicates with
memory components, other components, and peripheral devices. In a typical
personal computer, the components attached to the motherboard include
processor, memory chips, support electronic circuitry, and expansion boards. It
is the processor that is the most important component of the motherboard.

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Many electronic components attach to the motherboard
A computer chip is a small piece of semi conducting material, usually silicon,
on which one or more integrated circuits are etched. The various chips have
standard-sized pin connectors that allow them to be attached to the motherboard
and, there, to a common electrical path, called bus, that enables data flow
between the various system components.
An integrated circuit (IC) contains many microscopic pathways capable of
carrying electrical current. Each integrated circuit can contain millions of
elements such as resistors, capacitors, and transistors. Transistors act as
electronic switches that may or may not allow current to pass through. If current
passes through, the switch is on, representing the 1 bit. If current does not pass
through, the switch is off, representing a 0 bit. Thus, combinations of transistors
can stand for combinations of bits, which represent numbers, letters, and other
characters. The motherboard in the system unit contains many different types
of chips. A miniaturized central processing unit can be etched on a chip, then
the term computer on a chip.

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A central processing unit on a chip is called a microprocessor. On a
personal computer, the central processing unit (CPU) usually is contained on a
single chip. On the larger computers such as mainframes and supercomputer,
the various functions performed by CPU are spread across many separate chips.
Today's popular Pentium microprocessor contains more than one hundred
million transistors.
Ultimately, the type of processor and the amount of RAM placed on the
motherboard define the computer’s speed and capacity. The processor is
generally not made by the manufacturers of PCs. It is made by companies that
specialized in the development and manufacture of microprocessors. A number
of companies make microprocessors, including Intel, IBM, Motorola, Advanced
Micro Devices (AMD), and Cyrix. Most chips are no bigger than one-half-inch
square. Manufacturer’s package chips so the chips can be attached to a circuit
board such as a motherboard, memory module, or adapter card.
A variety of chip packages exist.
One type, called a dual inline
package (DIP), consists of two
parallel rows of pints that attach
the chip package to the circuit
board. A pin grid array (PGA)
package holds a larger number of
pins because the pins are mounted
on the surface of the package. A
flip chip-PGA (FC-PGA) package
is a higher-performance PGA
packaging that places the chip on
the opposite side of the pins.
Another high performance
packaging technique does not use
pins. A single edge contact (SEC)
cartridge connects to the
motherboard on one of its edges.
Some common chip packages

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The Central Processing Unit
The central processing unit (CPU), also called processor, interprets and carries
out the basic instructions that operate a computer. The CPU significantly
impacts overall computing power and manages most of a computer's operations.
On larger computers, such as mainframes and supercomputers, the various
functions performed by the processor extend over many separate chips and often
multiple circuit boards. On a personal computer, all functions of the processor
usually are on a single chip.
Most processor chip manufacturers now offer multi-core processors. A multi-core
processor is a single-chip with two or more separate processors. Two common
multi-core processors used today are dual-core and quad-core. A dual-core
processor is a chip that contains tow separate processors. Similarly, a quad-core
processor is a chip with four-separate processors. Each processor on a multi-
core chip generally runs at a slower clock speed than a single-core processor,
but multi-core ships typically increase overall performance.
Memory
While performing a processing operation, a processor needs a place to
temporarily store instructions to be executed and the data to be used with those
instructions. The CPU cannot process data on an input device or disk directly;
the data must first be available in memory. A computer's memory in the system
unit, located physically close to the CPU (to decrease access time), provides the
CPU with a working storage area for program instructions, data and information.
Memory is also known as primary storage or internal storage. Memory
usually consists of one or more chips on the motherboard or some other circuit
board in the computer.
The major feature of memory is that it rapidly provides the instructions and data
to the CPU. Memory stores three basic categories of items: (1) the operating
system and other system software that control or maintain the computer and its
devices; (2) application programs that carry our a specific task such as word
processing; and (3) the data being processed by the application programs and
resulting information.
This role of memory to store both data and programs is known as the stored
program concept.

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Memory and storage sizes
Programs and data are placed in memory before processing, between processing
steps, and after processing has ended, prior to being returned to secondary
storage or released as output. Recall that a character is stored in the computer
as a group of 0s and 1s, called a byte. Thus, a byte is the basic storage unit in
memory. Like the CPU, memory components contain thousands of circuits
imprinted on a silicon chip. Each circuit is either conducting electrical current
(on) or not (off). By representing data as a combination of on or off circuit states,
the data is stored in memory. When application program instructions and data
are transferred into memory from storage devices, each of bytes is placed in a
precise location in memory, called an address. This address is simply a unique
number identifying the location of the byte in memory. To access data or
instructions in memory, the computer references the addresses that contain
bytes of data. The size of memory is measured by the number of bytes available
for use (Figure 4-17). A kilobyte of memory is equal to exactly 1,024 bytes. To
make storage definitions easier to identify, computer users often round a kilobyte
down to 1,000 bytes. A megabyte (MB) is equal to approximately 1 million bytes.
A gigabyte (GB) equals approximately 1 billion bytes. A terabyte (TB) is equal to
approximately 1 trillion bytes.
The system unit contains two types of memory: volatile and nonvolatile. The
contents of volatile memory are lost when the computer power is turned off. In
nonvolatile memory, the combination of circuit states is fixed, and therefore the
contents of nonvolatile memory are not lost when power is removed from the
computer. RAM is the most common type of volatile memory. Examples of
nonvolatile memory include ROM, flash memory and CMOS. The following sub-
sections discuss these types of memory.
RAM

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Random Access Memory (RAM) is the memory chips that are mounted directly
on the motherboard or mounted on peripheral cards that plug into the
motherboard. The RAM chips consist of millions of switches that are sensitive to
changes in electric current. When the computer is powered on, certain operating
system files are loaded from a storage device such as a hard disk into RAM. These
files remain in RAM as long as the computer is running. As additional programs
and data are requested, they are read from storage into RAM. The processor acts
upon the data while it is in RAM. During the running time, the contents of RAM
may change as the program is executed.
RAM comes in many different varieties. Three basic types of RAM are dynamic
RAM, static RAM, and magnetoresistive RAM. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) must be
refreshed (or recharged) constantly by the CPU or it loses its contents. Many
variations of DRAM chips exist, most of which are faster than the basic DRAM.
One type of DRAM is Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), which is much faster than
DRAM because it is synchronized to the system clock. Double Data Rate (DDR)
SDRAM chips are eve faster than SDRAM chips because they transfer data twice
for each clock cycle, instead of just once, and DDR2 and DDR3 are even faster
than DDR. Dual channel SDRAM is faster than single channel SDRAM because
it delivers twice the amount of data to the processor. Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)
is yet another type of DRAM that is much faster than SDRAM because it uses
pipelining techniques. Most personal computers today use some form of SDRAM
chips or RDRAM chips.
Static RAM (SRAM) is faster and more reliable than any form of DRAM. The term
static refers to the fact that it does not have to be re-energized as often as DRAM.
SRAM is much more expensive than DRAM, thus it is usually used for special
purpose, such as used in cache.
A newer type of RAM, called magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), stores data using
magnetic charges instead of electrical charges. Manufacturers claim that MRAM
has greater storage capacity, consumes less power, and has faster access times
than electronic RAM. Also, MRAM retains its contents after power is removed
from the computer, which could prevent loss of data for users. As the cost of
MRAM declines, experts predict MRAM could replace both DRAM and SRAM.

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RAM chips usually are packaged on
a small circuit board, called memory
module, which is inserted into the
motherboard (Figure 4-19). Three
types of memory modules are SIMMs,
DIMMs, and RIMMs. A single inline
memory module (SIMM) has pins on
opposite sides of the circuit board
that connect together to form a single
set of contacts. With a dual inline
memory module (DIMM), the pins on
opposite sides of the circuit board do
not connect and thus form two sets
of contacts. SIMMs and DIMMs
typically hold SDRAM chips. A
Rambus inline memory module
(RIMM) houses RDRAM chips.
The amount of RAM a computer
requires often depends on the types
of applications you plan to use on the computer. A computer only can
manipulate data that is in memory. A computer needs a certain amount of
memory to store programs, data, and information. The more RAM a computer
has, the faster the computer will respond.
A software package usually indicates the minimum amount of RAM it requires.
If you want the application to perform optimally, typically you need more than
the minimum specifications on the software package. The necessary amount of
RAM varies according to the type of work you do and the type of software
applications you are using. The amount of RAM on your computer determines
how many programs and how much data a computer can handle at one time and
thus affects overall performance. Generally, home users running Windows Vista
and using basic application software such as word processing should have at
least 1GB of RAM. Most business users who work with accounting, financial, or
spreadsheet programs, and programs requiring multimedia capabilities should
have 1 to 4 GB of RAM. Users creating professional Web sites or using graphics-
intensive applications will want 4GB or more of RAM. The amount of RAM in
computers purchased today ranges from 1GB to 64GB. In an advertisement,
A memory module being inserted in a
motherboard.

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manufacturers specify the maximum amount of RAM a computer can hold, for
example, 1GB expandable to 2GB.
ROM
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and
instructions. That is, the items stored in ROM chips cannot be modified--hence,
the name read-only. ROM is usually nonvolatile. In ROM, the combination of
circuit states is fixed, and therefore its contents are not lost if the power is
removed. The data, instructions, or information stored on ROM chips often are
recorded when the chip is manufactured. ROM chips that contain permanently
written data, instructions, or information are called firmware. Firmware can be
read and used, but cannot be changed by user. For example, ROM contains the
programs that direct the computer to load the operating system and other files
when the computer is turned on. In addition to computers, many devices contain
ROM chips. For example, ROM chips in printers contain data for fonts.
Programmable read-only memory (PROM) is a blank ROM chip on which you
can permanently place data and programs. Once the data and instructions are
programmed into PROM chip, the chip functions like a regular ROM and cannot
be erased or changed. A variation of the PROM chip, called electrically erasable
programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) chip, allows a programmer to
erase the microcode with an electric signal. EEPROM chips are where the CPU's
data and instructions change, but only infrequently, such as an industrial robot
used in an automobile manufacturer.
Flash Memory
Another type of nonvolatile memory is called flash memory. Flash memory is a
chip that keeps its memory when the power is shut off. Similar to a EEPROM
chip, flash memory can be erased electronically and reprogrammed. Most
computers use flash memory to hold their startup instructions because it allows
the computer easily to update its contents. For example, when the computer
changes from standard time to day-light savings time, the contents of a flash
memory chip (and the real-time clock chip) change to reflect the new time.
Flash memory chips also store data and programs on many mobile computers
and devices, such as smart telephones, digital cameras, pagers, PDAs,
automotive devices, portable media players, digital voice recorders, and
printers. When you enter names and addresses in a smart phone or PDA, a flash

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memory chip stores the data. Some portable media players such as MP3 players
store music on flash memory chips; others store music on tiny hard disks or
flash memory cards. The logic capabilities of these devices can be upgraded by
simply downloading new software from the Internet or a vendor-supplied disk to
flash memory.
CMOS
Some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other types of memory chips use
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology because it
provides high speeds and consumes little power. CMOS technology uses battery
power to retain information even when the power to the computer is off. Battery-
backed CMOS memory chips, for example, can keep the calendar, date, and time
current even when the computer is off. The flash memory chips that store a
computer's startup information often use CMOS technology.
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
An expansion slot is a
socket on the motherboard
that can hold an adapter
card. An adapter card,
also called expansion card,
is a circuit board that
enhances functions of a
component of the system
unit and/or provides
connections to
peripherals. A peripheral
is a device that connects to
the system unit and is
controlled by the processor
in the computer. Examples
of peripherals are
modems, disk drives, printers, scanners, and keyboards. The adapter cards
contain the electronic circuitry for many supplemental capabilities, such as more
memory, higher-quality sound devices, a modem, extra ports, or graphics
An adapter card being inserted in an expansion slot

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capabilities. Figure shows an expansion card being plugged into an expansion
slot on a personal computer motherboard.
Figure below lists currently used types of adapter cards. Sometimes, all
functionality is built in the adapter card. With others, a cable connects the
adapter card to a device, such as a digital video camera, outside the system unit.
Some motherboards
include all necessary
capabilities and do
not require adapter
cards. Other
motherboards may
require adapter
cards to provide
capabilities such as
sound and video. A
sound card is used
to enhance the
sound-generating
capabilities of a
personal computer
by making two basic
functions possible.
First it enables
sounds to be captured and stored on disk. Second, it enables sounds to be played
through external speakers. The sound card can add realism to computer games
with stereo music and sound effects.
It also allows us to speak commands and enter words to our PCs via speech
recognition. The typical sound card will have receptacles for a microphone, a
headset, an audio output, and a joystick. A video card, also called video
adapter or graphics card, converts computer output into a video signal that is
sent through a cable to the monitor, which displays an image on the screen.
In the past, installing a card was not easy and required you to set switches and
other elements on the motherboard. Today, many computers support Plug and
Play, which refers to the computer's capability to automatically configure
adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them. Having Plug and Play
support means that a user can plug in a new component turn on the computer,
Currently used adapter cards and their functions

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and then use or play the component without having to configure the system
manually.
There are four widely used types of removable flash memory devices: flash
memory cards, USB flash drives, PC cards, and ExpressCard modules. Unlike
adapter cards that require you to open the system unit and install the card on
the motherboard, you can change a removable flash memory device without
having to open the system unit or restart the computer. This feature, called hot
plugging, allows you to insert and remove the removable flash memory and other
devices while the computer is running.
Flash memory cards and USB flash drive
A flash memory card is a removable flash memory device, which you inset and
remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer. Many
mobile and consumer devices, such as smart phones, digital cameras, portable
media players, and PDAs use these memory cards. Some printers and computers
have built-in card readers/writers or slots that read flash memory cards. In
addition, you can purchase an external card reader/writer that attaches to any
computer. Flash memory cards are available in a variety of shapes, sizes and
capacities.

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A USB flash drive is a flash memory storage device that plugs in a USB port on
a computer or portable device. A special type of USB flash drive, called a U3
smart drive, includes preinstalled software accessed through a Window-type
interface.
Many computers have a PC Card slot or an Express Card slot, which is a special
type of expansion slot that holds a PC Card or an Express Card module,
respectively. A PC Card is a thin, credit card-sized removable flash memory
device that primarily is used today to enable notebook computers to access the
Internet wirelessly. Express Card modules are the next generation of PC Cards.
An Express Card module, which can be used as a removable flash memory
device, adds memory, communications, multimedia, and security capabilities to
computers. Both PC Cards and Express Card modules conform to standards
developed by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.
These standards help to ensure the interchangeability of PC Cards and Express
Card modules among personal computers.
Other Components
Buses
As previously explained, a computer
processes and stores data as a series
of electronic bits. These bits are
transferred internally within the
circuitry of the computer along
electrical channels. Each channel,
called a bus, allows the various
devices inside and attached to the
system unit to communicate with
each other. Just as vehicles travel on
a highway to move from one destination to another, bits travel on a bus.
A PC Card slides in a PC Card slot

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Buses are used to
transfer bits from
input devices to
memory, from
memory to the CPU,
from the CPU to
memory, and from
memory to output
or storage devices.
All buses consist of
two parts: a data
bus and an address
bus. The data bus
transfers actual
data and the
address bus
transfers
information about
where the data
should go in
memory.
A bus is measured by its size. The size of a bus, called the bus width, determines
the number of bits that can be transmitted at one time. For example, a 32-bit
bus can transmit 32 bits (4 bytes) at a time. On a 64-bit bus, 64 bits (8 bytes)
are transmitted from one location to another at a time. The larger the number of
bits handled by the bus, the faster the computer transfers data. If a number in
memory occupies 64 bits, it must be transmitted in two separate steps when
using a 32-bit bus: once for the first 32 bits and once for the second 32 bits.
Using a 64-bit bus, however, the number can be transmitted in a single step,
transferring all 64 bits at once. The wider the bus, the fewer number of transfer
steps required and the faster the transfer of data. Most personal computers today
use a 64-bit bus.
Every bus also has a clock speed. Just like the processor, the clock speed for a
bus is measured in megahertz. The higher the bus clock speed, the faster the
transmission of data, which results in applications running faster. Most of
today's processors have a bus clock speed of 400, 533, 667, 800, 1066, or 1333
MHz.
Just as vehicles travel on a highway, bits travel on a bus

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Two basic types of buses are found in a computer: a system bus and an
expansion bus. A system bus is part of the motherboard and connects the CPU
to main memory. An expansion bus allows the CPU to communicate with
peripheral devices. Data transmitted to the CPU travels from the expansion bus
and the system bus. When computer professionals use the term bus by itself,
they usually are referring to the system bus. Since the types of expansion buses
on a motherboard determine the types of expansion cards you can add, you
should understand the expansion buses commonly found in today's personal
computers:
Buses allow the various devices inside and attached to the system unit to
communicate with each other

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 An old and slowest expansion bus is the ISA (Industry Standard
Architecture) bus. A mouse, modem card, sound card, and low-speed
network card are examples of devices that connect to the ISA bus directly
or through an ISA bus expansion slot.
 The PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus is a high-speed
expansion bus that connects higher speed devices. Types of cards inserted
into a PCI bus expansion slot include video cards, sound cards, SCSI
cards, and high-speed network cards. The PCI bus transfers data about
four times faster than the ISA bus. Most current personal computers have
a PCI bus.
 The PCI Express (PCIe) bus is an expansion bus that expands on and
doubles the speed of the original PCI bus. Nearly all video cards today use
the PCI Express bus, as well as many hard disks and network cards.
Experts predict the PCI Express bus eventually will replace the PCI bus
completely.
 The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is actually a bus designed by Intel
to improve the speed with which 3-D graphics and video are transmitted.
When an AGP video card is inserted in an AGP bus slot, the AGP bus
provides a faster, dedicated interface between the video card and memory.
Newer processors support AGP technology.
 The Universal Serial Bus (USB) and FireWire bus are buses that
eliminate the need to install expansion cards into expansion slots. In a
computer equipped with a USB, USB devices are connected to each other
outside the system unit and then a single cable attaches to the USB port.
The USB port then connects to USB, which connects to the PCI bus on the
motherboard. The USB hot plug feature allows peripheral devices to be
connected to or removed from the USB port while the PC is running. The
FireWire bus works in a similar fashion. With these buses, expansion slots
are available for devices not compatible with USB or FireWire.
 The expansion bus for a PC Card is the PC Card bus. With a PC Card
inserted into a PC Card slot, data travels on the PC Card bus to the PCI
bus.

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A system unit has many ports
Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a
system unit so that the peripheral can send data to or receive information from
the computer. An peripheral device, such as a keyboard, monitor, printer,
mouse, digital camera, and microphone, often attaches by a cable to a port on
the system unit. Most of the time, ports are located on the back of the system
unit, but they also can be placed on the front .
A connector joins a cable to a port. A connector at one end of a cable attaches
to a port on the system unit, and a connector at the other end of the cable
attaches to a port on the peripheral. Most connectors are available in one of two
genders: male and female. Male connectors have one or more exposed pins.

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Female connectors have matching holes to accept the pints on a male
connector. Manufacturers often identify the cables by their connector types to
assist you with purchasing a cable to connect a computer to a peripheral. Figure
show the different types of connectors you may find on a system unit. Notice that
some are color-coded to help you match the connector to the correct port. Some
system units include these connectors when you buy the computer. You add
other connectors by inserting adapter cards on the motherboard. Certain adapter
cards have ports that allow you to attach a peripheral to the adapter card.
The motherboard is designed with several port options, including at least one
serial port and parallel port each, several USB ports, and a FireWire port.
 A serial port is a type of interface that connects a device to the system
unit by transmitting data one bit at a time. It usually used to connect
devices that do not required fast data transmission rates, such as a mouse
or keyboard. The COM port (short for communications port) on the system
unit is one type of serial port. Some modems, which connect the system
unit to a telephone line, use a serial port because the telephone line
expects the data in a serial form. Serial ports conform to either the RS-232
or RS-422 standard with 9-pin or 25-pin. One of the 9 or 25 lines carries
the serial signal to the peripheral device, and another line carries the
signal from the device. The other lines carry control signals.
 Parallel ports allow the parallel transmission of data; that is, several bits
are transmitted simultaneously. Figure also shows how 8-bit bytes travel
in parallel over 8 separate lines. Extra lines carry control signals. Parallel
ports use the same 25-pin RS-232C connect

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or or the 36-pin Centronics connector. These ports provide the interface
for such devices as high-speed printers, external magnetic tape or disk
backup units, and other computers. Two newer types of parallel ports, the
EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) and the ECP (Extended Capabilities Port),
use the same connectors as the Centronics port, but are more than 10
times faster.

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 USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports are used in high-speed device
interfaces. Up to 127 peripheral devices can be daisy-chained to a single
USB port. USB ports are ideal for digital cameras, scanners, games
controllers, MP3 music player, CD & DVD, removable hard disk, PDA,
smart phone, and high-speed modems. Many system units have six to
eight USB ports. Some newer peripheral devices may attach only to a USB
port. Others attach to either a serial or parallel port, as well as a USB port.
When connecting a device to a USB port, you do not need to install a card
in the computer. Simply plug one end of the cable into the USB port and
the other end into the device. To attach multiple peripherals using a single
USB port, you can use a USB hub. A USB hub is a device that plugs in a
USB port on the system unit and contains multiple USB ports in which
you plug cables from USB devices. Some USB hubs are wireless. The latest
A serial port and parallel port

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version of USB, called USB 2.0, is a more advanced and faster USB, with
speeds 40 times higher than that of its predecessor.
 FireWire ports,
also called IEEE
1394 port, are
similar to the
USB port and
can connect
multiple types of
devices that
require faster
data
transmission
speeds such as
digital video
cameras, digital
VCRs color printer, scanners, digital cameras, and DVD drives to a single
connector. Up to 63 devices can be connected together using a FireWire
port. The latest FireWire version, called FireWire 800, is much more
advanced than its predecessor, FireWire 400. The FireWire also supports
Plug and Play. Many computer professionals believe that ports such as
USB and FireWire someday will replace serial and parallel ports
completely. Having standard ports and connectors, such as USB and
FireWire, greatly simplify the process of attaching devices to a computer.
In general, FireWire has replaced parallel and SCSI ports, and USB ports
have replaced mouse, keyboard, serial, audio, and parallel ports. Some
newer computers do not have a serial or parallel port. Users plug the device
in a USB or FireWire port. Figure 4-32 shows how USB and FireWire are
replacing other ports completely.
There are five special-purpose ports available: MIDI, eSATA, SCSI, IrDA, and
Bluetooth. These ports are not included in typical computers. For a computer to
have these ports, you often must customize the computer purchase order. MIDI
(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) ports connect the system unit to a
musical instrument, such as an electronic keyboard. The electronic music
industry has adopted MIDI as a standard to define how devices, such as sound
cards and synthesizers, represent sounds electronically. A synthesizer, which
can be a peripheral or a chip, creates sound from digital instructions. A system
USB and FireWire ports are replacing traditional ports

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unit with a MIDI port has the capability of recording sounds that have been
created by a synthesizer and the processing the sounds to create new sounds.
Nearly every sound card supports the MIDI standard, so you can play and
manipulate on one computer sounds that originally were created on another
computer.
An eSATA (external Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) port, allows
you to connect an external SATA hard disk to a computer. SATA hard disks are
popular because of their fast data transmission speeds. eSATA connections
provide up to six times faster data transmission speeds than external hard disks
attached to a computer's USB or FireWire port.
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports are special high-speed parallel
port and provide a parallel interface that enables faster data transmission than
serial and parallel ports. Also up to 15 SCSI peripheral devices can be daisy-
chained to a single SCSI port; that is, they are connected along a single cable.
The first SCSI device connects to the computer, the second SCSI device connects
to the first SCSI device, and so on. SAS (serial-attached SCSI) is a newer type of
SCSI that transmits at much faster speeds than parallel SCSI.
Power Supply, Cooling Technology
Many personal computers plug in standard wall outlets, which supply an
alternating current (AC) of 115 to 120 volts. This type of power is unsuitable for
use with a computer, which requires a direct current (DC) ranging from 5 to 12
volts. The power supply is the component of the system unit that converts the
wall outlet AC power into DC power. Different motherboards and computers
require different wattages on the power supply. If a power supply is not providing
the necessary power, the computer will not function properly.

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Built into the power supply is a fan that keeps the power supply cool. Many
newer computers have additional fans near certain components in the system
unit such as the processor, hard disk, and ports. Processor chips generate quite
a bit of heat, which could cause the chip to burn up. Although the computer’s
main fan generates airflow, many of today’s processors require additional
cooling. A heat sink is a small ceramic or metal component with fins on its
surface that absorbs and disperses heat produced by electrical components such
as a processor. Because a heat sink consumes extra space, smaller device called
a heat pipe cools processors in notebook computers.

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TASK SHEET. 1.1-4
Title: Identify the Different Computer Components and Peripherals
Performance Objective In the tool shop, given the supplies, computer
components and peripherals, materials, and equipment, you are
required to identify the different computer components and peripherals
and their specifications in 15 Minutes.
Supplies/Materials: Paper and Pen
Equipment:
1. Computer
2. PPE
Steps/Procedure:
1. Proceed to the station (with PC Unit) assigned to you
2. Identify the different components and write the specifications of
each component on your paper.
3. Submit output to trainer for evaluation
Assessment Method: Practicum with interview

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PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST TASK 1.1-4
Criteria Yes No
Computer components and peripherals are identified
correctly
Questions about the computer components and peripherals
are answered correctly
Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) were used properly
The objective of the activity are achieved accordingly

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INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-5
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS
1. Identify the different tools and equipment used in computer systems
and networks
2. Determine the different use and functions of these tools and equipment
One important thing to consider before executing a well-planned computer
installation is that one must be knowledgeable in the different tools and
equipment used in computer systems and networks. Furthermore, the idea on
how these tools and equipment are properly used is another important
consideration in installing computer systems.
Hardware Tools/Equipment and
their Functions
Illustrations
Protective Eyewear
enclose or protect the eye area in
order to prevent particulates,
infectious fluids, or chemicals
from striking the eyes

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Multi-tester or Multi-meter
A multi-meter or a multi-tester,
also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm
meter), is an electronic measuring
instrument that combines several
measurement functions in one
unit
Pliers (Assorted)
Pliers is a hand tool used to hold
objects firmly, for bending,
or physical compression.
Screwdriver
A screwdriver is a tool for
driving screws and often rotating
other machine elements with the
mating drive system

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Soldering Gun
A soldering gun is
a tool for soldering metals using
tin-based solder to achieve a
highly conductive contact
Desoldering Tool
Desoldering tools are used for
removing the molten solder so that
the joint may be separated.
Allen Wrench
A hex key, Allen key, or Allen
wrench (also known by various
other synonyms) is a tool of
hexagonal cross-section used to
drive bolts and screws that have a
hexagonal socket in the head
(internal-wrenching hexagon drive)

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Flashlight
A flashlight (or torch in British
English) is a hand-held portable
electric-powered light source.
Usually the light source is a
small incandescent light
bulb or light-emitting diode (LED)
IC Insertion and Extraction Tool
Used for extracting and inserting
BIOS Chip
Mirror

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In hardware servicing a mirror is
used for inspecting the peripherals
Tweezers
Tweezers are tools used for
picking up objects too small to be
easily handled with
the human hands
Antistatic Wrist Strap
An antistatic wrist strap, ESD
wrist strap, or ground bracelet is
an antistatic device used to
safely ground a person working on
very
sensitive electronic equipment, to
prevent the buildup of static
electricity on their body, which
can result in electrostatic
discharge (ESD)

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Gloves
A gloves are garments for covering
and protecting the whole hand
Printer
a printer is a peripheral which
produces a text or graphics of
documents stored in
electronic form, usually on
physical print media such as
paper or transparencies
Computer
A computer is
a programmable machine designed
to automatically carry out a
sequence of arithmetic or logical
operations

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Windows Operating System
CD/DVD
An operating system is used as an
intermediary between hardware
and software
Device Driver
CD/DVD
An application used
to install the device
and peripherals of a
computer systems
and networks
RS 232 pin
insertion/extraction
tool

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RS232 and D-Sub
Pin Insertion and
Removal Tool
Computer Networking
Tools and Device and
their Functions
Illustrations
Crimping Tool
A crimping tool is a tool
designed to crimp or
connect a connector to the
end of a cable. For
example, network cables
and phone cables are
created using a crimping
tool to connect the RJ-
45 and RJ-11 connectors
to the end of the cable. In
the picture to the right, is
an example of what a
crimping tool looks like.

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This example shows a tool
capable of crimping both
RJ-11 and RJ-45
connectors.
LAN Tester
A Device used for
testing network
cable connectivity
UTP Unshielded
Twisted Pair Cat 5
Cable

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A cable used for
computer
networking
RJ 45 Connector
A plastic connector
used for UTP Cable
to connect
computers in a
network
Ethernet Switch
A network
switch or switching
hub is a computer
networking
device that
connects network
segments or network
devices

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References
1. http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/OHS/default.htm
2. www.cengageasia.com
3. www.wikipedia.com
A. IDENTIFICATION.
Direction: Identify the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the
statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.
________1. Protective Eyewear enclose or protect the nose area in order to
prevent particulates, infectious fluids, or chemicals
________2. Uni-tester is an electronic device for measuring instrument that
combines several measurement and functions
________3. Fliers are hand tool used to hold objects firmly for beding or physical
Compression
________4. A screw is a tool for driving screws and often rotating other machine
elements with the mating drive system
________5. A Soldering Gun is a tool for soldering metals using tin-based solder
to achieve a highly conductive contact

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