This document provides an overview of the key topics that will be covered in a Control Systems course, including:
1) Definitions of open-loop and closed-loop systems and how they differ.
2) Modeling of mechanical systems using Newton's laws and differential equations.
3) Analysis of systems using transfer functions, block diagrams, and signal flow graphs.
4) Time response analysis including steady state errors and classification of systems.
5) Stability analysis using the s-domain and tools like Routh's criterion and frequency response.
6) State space representation including state variables, state space, controllability, and observability.
Mathematical Modelling of Control SystemsDivyanshu Rai
Different types of mathematical modeling in control systems [which include Mathematical Modeling of Mechanical and Electrical System (which further includes, Force-Voltage and Force-Current Analogies)]
The Controller Design For Linear System: A State Space ApproachYang Hong
The controllers have been widely used in many industrial processes. The goal of accomplishing a practical control system design is to meet the functional requirements and achieve a satisfactory system performance. We will introduce the design method of the state feedback controller, the state observer and the servo controller with optimal control law for a linear system in this paper.
Electronics and Communication Engineering : Control systems, THE GATE ACADEMYklirantga
THE GATE ACADEMY's GATE Correspondence Materials consist of complete GATE syllabus in the form of booklets with theory, solved examples, model tests, formulae and questions in various levels of difficulty in all the topics of the syllabus. The material is designed in such a way that it has proven to be an ideal material in-terms of an accurate and efficient preparation for GATE.
Quick Refresher Guide : is especially developed for the students, for their quick revision of concepts preparing for GATE examination. Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
GATE QUESTION BANK : is a topic-wise and subject wise collection of previous year GATE questions ( 2001 – 2013). Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
Bangalore Head Office:
THE GATE ACADEMY
# 74, Keshava Krupa(Third floor), 30th Cross,
10th Main, Jayanagar 4th block, Bangalore- 560011
E-Mail: info@thegateacademy.com
Ph: 080-61766222
Philippe Guicheteau (1998) - Bifurcation theory: a tool for nonlinear flight ...Project KRIT
Philippe Guicheteau "Bifurcation theory: a tool for nonlinear flight dynamics", Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.A (1998) 356, 2181-2201
This paper presents a survey of some applications of bifurcation theory in flight dynamics at ONERA (France). After describing basic nonlinear phenomena due to aerodynamics and gyroscopic torque, the theory is applied to a real combat aircraft, and its validation in flight tests is shown. Then, nonlinear problems connected with the introduction of control laws to stabilize unstable dynamic systems and transient motions are addressed.
Mathematical Modelling of Control SystemsDivyanshu Rai
Different types of mathematical modeling in control systems [which include Mathematical Modeling of Mechanical and Electrical System (which further includes, Force-Voltage and Force-Current Analogies)]
The Controller Design For Linear System: A State Space ApproachYang Hong
The controllers have been widely used in many industrial processes. The goal of accomplishing a practical control system design is to meet the functional requirements and achieve a satisfactory system performance. We will introduce the design method of the state feedback controller, the state observer and the servo controller with optimal control law for a linear system in this paper.
Electronics and Communication Engineering : Control systems, THE GATE ACADEMYklirantga
THE GATE ACADEMY's GATE Correspondence Materials consist of complete GATE syllabus in the form of booklets with theory, solved examples, model tests, formulae and questions in various levels of difficulty in all the topics of the syllabus. The material is designed in such a way that it has proven to be an ideal material in-terms of an accurate and efficient preparation for GATE.
Quick Refresher Guide : is especially developed for the students, for their quick revision of concepts preparing for GATE examination. Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
GATE QUESTION BANK : is a topic-wise and subject wise collection of previous year GATE questions ( 2001 – 2013). Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
Bangalore Head Office:
THE GATE ACADEMY
# 74, Keshava Krupa(Third floor), 30th Cross,
10th Main, Jayanagar 4th block, Bangalore- 560011
E-Mail: info@thegateacademy.com
Ph: 080-61766222
Philippe Guicheteau (1998) - Bifurcation theory: a tool for nonlinear flight ...Project KRIT
Philippe Guicheteau "Bifurcation theory: a tool for nonlinear flight dynamics", Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.A (1998) 356, 2181-2201
This paper presents a survey of some applications of bifurcation theory in flight dynamics at ONERA (France). After describing basic nonlinear phenomena due to aerodynamics and gyroscopic torque, the theory is applied to a real combat aircraft, and its validation in flight tests is shown. Then, nonlinear problems connected with the introduction of control laws to stabilize unstable dynamic systems and transient motions are addressed.
Stability and stabilization of discrete-time systems with time-delay via Lyap...IJERA Editor
The stability and stabilization problems for discrete systems with time-delay are discussed .The stability and
stabilization criterion are expressed in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMI). An effective method
allowing us transforming a bilinear matrix Inequality (BMI) to a linear matrix Inequality (LMI) is developed.
Based on these conditions, a state feedback controller with gain is designed. An illustrative numerical example
is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method and the reliability of the results.
Biomedical Control Systems - SYSTEM CONCEPTS (Short Questions & Answers)Mathankumar S
Biomedical Control Systems - SYSTEM CONCEPTS (Short Questions & Answers) - Its Deal with Types of systems, Open loop systems, Closed Loop systems, Effects of feedback, Mathematical Models of Physical systems: Introduction, Differential equations, Transfer functions, Block Diagram Algebra, Signal Flow Graphs.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Cs handouts(r18)
1. SHRI VISHNU ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN::BHIMAVARAM
(AUTONOMOUS)
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
SUB: Control systems BRANCH: ECE A,B,C
HAND OUT (UNIT-I)
System: when a number of elements or components are connected in a sequence to perform a
specific function,the group is called a system.
Open loop system: any physical system which does not automatically correct the variation in its
output is called open loop system ,or control system in which the output quantity has no effect
upon the input quantity are called open loop system.
Closed loop system: control system in which the output has an effect upon the input quantity in
such a manner as to maintain the desired output value are called closed loop systems.
Modeling of Mechanical Systems: Mechanical systems can be idealized as spring-mass damper
systems and the governing differential equations can be obtained on the basis of Newton’s
second law of motion, which states that
Σ F = ma: for Translational systems: where F: Force, m: mass and a: acceleration (with
Consistent units)
Σ T = I α: or Jα for Rotational systems: where T: Torque, I or J: moment of inertia and α:
angular acceleration (with consistent units)
Mechanical systems can be of two types: 1) Translation Systems 2) Rotational Systems
The variables that described the motion are displacement, velocity and acceleration.
Translational Systems
Mass: Property or means – Kinetic energy is stored
TEXT BOOKS:
T1.B. C. Kuo, “Automatic Control Systems” 9th edition John wiley and sons, 2003.
T2.Katsuhiko Ogata, “Modern Control Engineering” PHl, 5th edition, 1998
2. UNIT II-TRANSFER FUNCTION REPRESENTATION
Transfer Functions:
It is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of output (response) to the Laplace transform of
input (excitation) assuming all the initial conditions to be zero.
Procedure for reduction of Block Diagram
Step. 1 : Reduce the Cascade Blocks
Step. 2 : Reduce the parallel Blocks
Step. 3 : Reduce the internal Feed back loops
Step. 4 : It is advisable to shift take off points towards right and summing points towards left.
Step. 5 : Repeat steps 1 to step 4 until the simple form is obtained
Step. 6 : Find transfer function of the over all system using the formula C(S) / R (S)
SIGNAL FLOW GRAPHS:
A signal flow graph is a diagram that represents a set of simultaneous linear algebraic equations.
Guidelines to Construct the Signal Flow Graphs:
1) Arrange the input to output nodes from left to right.
2) Connect the nodes by appropriate branches.
3) If the desired output node has outgoing branches, add a dummy node and a unity
gain branch.
4) Rearrange the nodes and/or loops in the graph to achieve pictorial clarity.
3. UNIT-III TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS
Changes in the reference input will cause unavoidable errors during transient periods, and also
cause steady state errors.
Classification of Control Systems:
Control systems may be classified according to their ability to follow step inputs, ramp
inputs, parabolic inputs etc.
A system is called Type 0, Type 1, Type 2 …. If N = 0, 1, 2, … respectively.
Steady State Errors:
Three types of static error constants are
1) Static position error constant Kp due to unit step input.
2) Static velocity error constant Kv due to unit ramp input.
3) Static acceleration error constant Ka due to unit parabolic input which indicate the figures of
merit of control systems
Since the error constants are defined with respect to forward path transfer function G(s), the
method is applicable to a unity feedback system only.
Principle of superposition can be used if combination of the three basic inputs are present.
TEXT BOOKS:
T1.B. C. Kuo, “Automatic Control Systems” 9th edition John wiley and sons, 2003.
T2.Katsuhiko Ogata, “Modern Control Engineering” PHl, 5th edition, 1998
4. UNIT – IV STABILITY ANALYSIS IN S-DOMAIN
Stability: all roots must be negative real numbers or complex numbers with -ve real parts.”
The following statements on stability are quite useful.
i) If all the roots of the characteristic equation have –ve real parts the system is STABLE.
(ii) If any root of the characteristic equation has a +ve real part or if there is a repeated root on
-axis, the system is unstable
(iii) If condition (i) is satisfied except for the presence of one or more non repeated roots on the
-axis the system is limitedly STABLE
Routh’s Creterion:
E.J. Routh (1877) developed a method for determining whether or not an equation has roots with
+ ve real parts with out actually solving for the roots.
A necessary condition for the system to be STABLE is that the real parts of the roots of the
characteristic equation have -ve real parts. This insures that the impulse response will decay
exponentially with time.
If the system has some roots with real parts equal to zero, but none with +ve real parts the system
is said to be MARGINALLY STABLE.
It determines the poles of a characteristic equation with respect to the left and the right half of the
S-plane with out solving the equation.
TEXT BOOKS:
T1.B. C. Kuo, “Automatic Control Systems” 9th edition John wiley and sons, 2003.
T2.Katsuhiko Ogata, “Modern Control Engineering” PHl, 5th edition, 1998
5. UNIT-V STABILITY ANALYSIS IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Frequency response: Frequency response of a control system refers to the steady state
response of a system subject to sinusoidal input of fixed (constant) amplitude but frequency
varying over a specific range,usually from 0 to ∞.
Frequency response can be obtained as
The linear system is subjected to a sinusoidal input. I(t) = a Sin t and the corresponding output
is O(t) = b Sin (t +)
The following
quantities are very important in frequency response analysis.
M () = b/a = ratio of amplitudes = Magnitude ratio or Magnification factor or gain.
() = = phase shift or phase angle
These factors when plotted in polar co-ordinates give polar plot, or when plotted in rectangular
co-ordinates give rectangular plot which depict the frequency response characteristics of a
system over entire frequency range in a single plot.
6. STABILITY ANALYSIS IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN :
Graphical Methods to Represent Frequency Response Data
Two graphical techniques are used to represent the frequency response data. They are: 1) Polar
plots 2) Rectangular plots.
The frequency response data namely magnitude ratio M() and phase angle () when
represented in polar co-ordinates polar plots are obtained. The plot is plotted in complex plane. It
is also called Nyquist
plot.
Rectangular Plot:
The frequency response data namely magnitude ratio M() and phase angle () can also be
presented in rectangular co-ordinates and then the plots are referred as Bode plots.
TEXT BOOKS:
T1.B. C. Kuo, “Automatic Control Systems” 9th edition John wiley and sons, 2003.
T2.Katsuhiko Ogata, “Modern Control Engineering” PHl, 5th edition, 1998
7. UNIT – VI STATE SPACE REPRESENTATION
State space technique is one of the modern approaches in the design and analysis of control
system.
state variable model :an order of differential describing a physical system can be reduced to a
set of first order differential equation and is represented in vector matrix rotation known as state
variable model.
This approach has the following advantages.
It can be applied to linear and non-linear, time-invariant and time varying, single input
single output system and multivariable systems.
Since it is a time domain approach, state variable model lends itself more really to
computer solution and analyses.
State variable approach enables the designer to include initial condition.
State Variables: The state variables of a dynamic system are the smallest set of variables which
determine the state of the dynamic system.
State Space The n-dimensional space whose coordinate axes consist of the x1 axis, x2 axis, …..
xn axis is called a state space. Any state can be represented by a point in the state space.
Controllability: The concept of controllability refers to the ability of a controller to arbitrarily
alter the functionality of the system plant.
Observability: The term observability describes whether the internal state variables of the
system can be externally measured.
TEXT BOOKS:
T1.B. C. Kuo, “Automatic Control Systems” 9th edition John wiley and sons, 2003.
T2.Katsuhiko Ogata, “Modern Control Engineering” PHl, 5th edition, 1998