The document provides information on protein crystallization, including what is needed to crystallize a protein, how to improve crystallization chances, the theory behind crystallization setups and conditions, evaluating crystallization screens, optimizing conditions if hits are found, adding ligands or modifying the protein if no crystals are obtained initially, and qualities of good crystals. The goal is to crystallize pure, concentrated, monodisperse protein in conditions that will cause it to come out of solution and form ordered crystal lattices for structure determination.
Proteins are dynamic molecules whose functions almost invariably depend on interactions with other molecules.
A molecule bound reversibly by a protein is called a ligand.
A ligand binds at a site on the protein called the binding site, which is complementary to the ligand in size, shape, charge, and hydrophobic or hydrophilic character.
Proteins are dynamic molecules whose functions almost invariably depend on interactions with other molecules.
A molecule bound reversibly by a protein is called a ligand.
A ligand binds at a site on the protein called the binding site, which is complementary to the ligand in size, shape, charge, and hydrophobic or hydrophilic character.
Centrifugation is a mechanical process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed. The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles, the faster they separate from the mixture.
The three hybrid system of yeast has been described in this ppt. Yeast one Hybrid system, yeast two hybrid system and yeast 3 hybrid system is explained. This explain about the DNA-protein interaction and Protein-DNA-Protein interaction.
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Centrifugation is a mechanical process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed. The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles, the faster they separate from the mixture.
The three hybrid system of yeast has been described in this ppt. Yeast one Hybrid system, yeast two hybrid system and yeast 3 hybrid system is explained. This explain about the DNA-protein interaction and Protein-DNA-Protein interaction.
The search for alternative methodologies for industrial scale production of metabolites has paved way for the Rotary Disc Bioreactors (RDB). In this presentation, the analysis of the available methodologies is being defined for the production of commercially relevant products. Also, the critical factors and operational parameters are also being discussed for the design of RDB. It was found that to this date, the use of RDB is limited to production of Microbial Cellulose and Lipopeptides.
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Stability;
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Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
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Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
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The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Nightthomasard1122
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Night
Bats, the mysterious creatures of the night, have long been a source of fascination and fear for humans. With their eerie squeaks and fluttering wings, they have captured our imagination and sparked our curiosity. Yet, beyond the myths and legends, bats are fascinating creatures that play a vital role in our ecosystem.
There are over 1,300 species of bats, ranging from the tiny Kitti's hog-nosed bat to the majestic flying foxes. These winged mammals are found in almost every corner of the globe, from the scorching deserts to the lush rainforests. Their diversity is a testament to their adaptability and resilience.
Bats are insectivores, feeding on a vast array of insects, from mosquitoes to beetles. A single bat can consume up to 1,200 insects in an hour, making them a crucial part of our pest control system. By preying on insects that damage crops, bats save the agricultural industry billions of dollars each year.
But bats are not just useful; they are also fascinating creatures. Their ability to fly in complete darkness, using echolocation to navigate and hunt, is a remarkable feat of evolution. They are also social animals, living in colonies and communicating with each other through a complex system of calls and body language.
Despite their importance, bats face numerous threats, from habitat destruction to climate change. Many species are endangered, and conservation efforts are necessary to protect these magnificent creatures.
In conclusion, bats are more than just creatures of the night; they are a vital part of our ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. By learning more about these fascinating animals, we can appreciate their importance and work to protect them for generations to come. So, let us embrace the beauty and mystery of bats, and celebrate their unique place in our world.
2. What you need
• Pure Protein
– Native PAGE - IEF
– SDS PAGE - Mass Spec
– N-terminal sequencing
• Single aggregation state
– Monomeric, dimeric, heteromeric
– Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
• Stable for a reasonable period of time
– Dependent on stabilization buffer, 4°C vs Room
temperture
• Concentrated
– Need a concentration that will precipitate in screens
about 30-40% of the time.
3. What you can do to improve your
chances of crystallization
• Make a bunch of protein (2-50mg/L is nice)
• Evaluate your construct prior to starting,
Avoid:
– Floppy ends
– Long tags
4. Effect of protein concentration
• The more concentrated the protein the more it
interacts with itself in the crystallization solution
and can form crystals.
• If it’s too concentrated it can aggregate and
precipitates too readily in the crystallization
conditions.
• A protein should precipitate about 30-40% of the
time in a screen.
• Rule of thumb is that the protein should be
concentrated enough to precipitate in condition #4
and #6 of the Hampton Screen #1.
5. Reality of Protein Concentration
• People have been able to crystallize
proteins at concentrations from 0.5 – 50
mg/ml.
• Larger proteins require less concentrated
solutions.
• Small highly soluble proteins require more
concentrated solution.
6. Theory of Crystallization
• The protein is mixed with a crystallization
solution containing various precipitants. (usually
2µl and 2µl) (called the drop)
• The diluted protein and crystallization mixture is
incubated “over” the concentrated crystallization
solution (called the well).
• Over time, the drop will equilibrate with the well
concentrating both the protein and the precipitants.
• As the protein concentrates it can come out of
solution as either a precipitate, a phase transition
(oil), or as a crystal.
7. Theory of Crystallization II
Increasing precipitant concentration
precipitant
Crystalline?
soluble
Increasing protein concentration
8. Types of crystallization setups
Hanging drop Sitting Drop
Cover slip Drop
(attached with grease) (Protein/precipitant mix)
Clear tape
Well
(precipitant)
9. What’s in the “well.”
• “Precipitant”
– Buffers
• Screens usually contain 100 mM Buffer pH 4.5-9
– Salts
• Huge variety here, usually at 200 mM in screens
– Precipitants
• Poly Ethylene Glycols (PEGS)
– 10-30%
– MW 400 to 10,000 with very different results
• Salts (AmSO4, LiCl, NaFormate, NaCitrate @ 1-3M)
• Ethanol, MPD, iso-propanol
10. Types of screens
• Hampton Research®: Crystal Screen I and II
• Emerald Biosystems®: Wizard Screen I and II
• Usually 24-50 solutions
• Both Companies go on to produce a variety of
specialty screens
– PEG/ION
– CRYO (conditions ready for freezing)
– AmSO4
– MPD
11. Evaluating Screens
• Light, Medium or Heavy precipitate
– Note whether precipitate is always in a certain type of
condition, <pH 7, PEGS, Salts etc.
• Oiling out
– Phase separation
• Aggregates
– Protein is forming gloopy bunches, might lead to
crystals if conditions are tweaked.
• Microcrystalline
– Best start you can have other large crystals. Usually
just need to reduce the main precipitant concentration.
– Depending on how small the crystals it may be difficult
to see the crystals and might appear as a precipitate.
Experience will tell.
12. What to do if you have a hit!
• Usually the screens have too much precipitate
– Example: Screen may contain 30% PEG 4K but
crystals optimum is 10-15%
– Less precipitate usually means larger crystals from
fewer nucleations.
• Check other salts, buffers and precipitants near to
the current condition.
– Check everything you can think of. Do not rely on the
variety in the screens and assume that all the other
conditions have been checked.
– Change pH over range ∆0.2.
– Check concentration of best salt (~50-300mM)
• Once stable conditions have been found/repeated,
then try small amounts of “addatives.”
13. Additives
• I usually use this term to mean an additional
chemical added in small amounts to alter the
crystallization condition.
• 20-100µl of any of the following is a a good start.
(There are also purchased screens)
– MPD, Ethanol, iso-propanol, PEG 400, DTT/βME, 1,4-
Dioxane, Ethylene Glycol, Glycerol, NaCl, SB-12
14. What to do if you don’t
• Evaluate the Screen carefully.
– What pH’s are soluble, what salts
– Does your protein need more salt/glycerol to remain
stable?
• Crystallize in the presence of ligand.
• Change the stabilization buffer or protein
concentration.
• Did you really check the purity thoroughly before?
• Try chemical modification of your protein.
– Iodoacetate, Iodoamide
• Try and different constructs
– +/- tags
15. Value of ligands, substrates or
inhibitors
• Very important to try to crystallize in the presence
and absence of ligands.
• Ligands can bind to protein and cause
conformational changes.
• Might try different ratios of ligand to protein.
• Add multiple substrates at a time.
• Try an inactive protein with substrate rather than
an inhibitor with the wild-type protein.
16. Types of protein modifications
• Huge variety I won’t cover here.
• If your protein is too soluble you can modify with
iodoacetimide.
• If you protein isn’t soluble enough, you can try to
modify with iodoacetate.
• 5-10mM overnight at room temp. No reductants.
Then wash out chemical. Modification is hard to
evaluate, may not be uniform across protein
population.
17. Qualities of a Good Crystal
• Single (not attached to others, grown in cluster etc.
– this might be fine, or might be evidence of
problems)
• Straight edges.
– Curves are generally bad
– Experienced crystallographers can tell the point group
of a crystal from the crystal itself.
• Reasonable size, 100-400nm
• Despite what I’ve said here some great looking
crystals don’t diffract well and some horrible
looking crystals diffract great. You never know.
18. Clusters This cluster probably okay
Crystals are
probably too Good example
small of oiling out
Great crystals!