Cryptograpy Exam

Cryptograpy Exam
1. What are some threats associated with a direct digital signature scheme?
a. The scheme validation is dependent on the security of the sender's private key, which the sender
can later claim lost or stolen and that the signature was forged when trying to deny sending a
particular message.
b. If a private key is stolen from Bob at time t, the thief can send a message signed with Bob's
signature with a time stamp equal to or less than t.
c. The need for trust between 2 participants is a potential threat since there is no independent
verification process.
2. How can you get physical possession of the password hashes from a MS Server 2008 running
Active Directory?
a. To obtain hashes from a MS Server 2008, the system has to be ... Show more content on
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b. Two parties each create a public–key, private–key pair and communicate the public key to the
other party. The keys are designed in such a way that both sides can calculate the same unique secret
key based on each side's private key and the other side's public key.
4. What are the principal services provided by PGP?
a. Digital Signature (DSS/SHA or RSA/SHA)
b. Message Encryption (CAST–128, IDEA, 3–DES in conjunction
c. with RSA)
d. Compression (Lempel–Ziv)
e. E–mail compatibility (Radix–64 conversion)
f. Segmentation (to overcome maximum message length of 50,000 bytes for SMTP)
5. What is involved in obtaining a VeriSign certificate? There are some 3rd party companies that
provide VeriSign certificates below is one process from Internet Junction:
a. Domain Ownership
i. The person applying for VeriSign must be either the owner of a registered domain or an employee
of the company that owns the domain
b. Proof of Right
i. Organizations applying for VeriSign must be legitimate and registered with the proper government
authorities. The following can be provided as proof of right.
1. DUNS (Dun & Bradstreet) number
2. Business license
3. Articles of incorporation
4. Partnership papers
5. Business license
c. Application completion

i. Application is completed once the required documents have been verified
d.
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Case Study: Quality Medical Company
As Chief information technology (IT) security officer for the Quality Medical Company I
understand that the senior management is concerned with complying with the multitude of
legislative and regulatory laws and issues in place with the company. Quality Medical Company is
presented with having to enforce new regulations and policies to stay compliant with the data and
information that stored, transmitted, or received. We will accomplish just this by ensuring that all
data in whatever form is treated with high standards. In this process Quality Medical Company must
follow and understand the compliance issues such as:
The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 will protect the shareholders and the general public from
accounting errors and fraudulent practices ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regulations such as HIPAA will be made compliant by adopting PKI capabilities. These capabilities
will allow CA requirements to meet these regulations by giving support for registration, generation
of keys and certificates. Additional features are certificate revocation and renewal, and on–demand
private–key recovery. Personally Identifiable Information (PII), information that can be used to
identify or track and individuals' identity will be another requirement that will need to be protected
at high levels in order to be compliant. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) will allow this highly
sensitive data to be encrypted, secure when not in use, and secure when disposing of the data and
information. Data encryption will protect the data when it is being transferred through email, stored
on a server, transferred to media such as thumb drives or portable hard drives, faxing, or sharing
internally.
The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) can be as strong as we want to design the system. Public Key
Infrastructure (PKI) adoption is necessary in order to stay competitive and secure in today's world.
After implementation, data will more secure, customer will have more trust in operations, and this
company will be compliant for years to

An Example Of Inference Control
1.
An example of inference control in a database is implementing inference control in a medical
records database by explicitly identifying information, individual attributes such as address and zip
code cannot identify individuals personally, each individual attribute alone does not provide
sufficient information to identify individuals. A combination of the individual attributes may provide
enough information to identify individuals forming an inference channel. An inference control
would block database user's access from obtaining queries that consists of all the attributes that
forms an inference channel.
2.
For
Faster processing
Not as much Production of keys
Against
If compromised, attacker can use key for encryption and to use your signature.
3.
Kerberos PKI
Symmetric Cryptography. Asymmetric Cryptography.
Tickets are used to authentication users, and tickets by Key Distribution Center (KDC). Each user
has a key pair, private key and public key. The public key is published to others publicly; the private
key is kept secret by the user. The private key is used to generate a digital signature. The public key
is used to verify the digital signature signature.
A password is needed to authenticate users. The private key is used to authenticate users. The
private key is stored and maintained by users.
The KDC must register every user for the user to have access to the network. Pre–registration is not
required in this case
4.
Digital signatures are not

The Pros And Cons Of Cryptography
INTRODUCTION
Cryptography Is considered the most important thing by means of secure communication. It is used
to encrypt and decrypt data and provide secure communication between the sender and receiver. As
a finance company, the most important thing to look after is the process speed and security of the
data. There are two types of encryption and decryption methods known as a Symmetric key and
Public key cryptography. Symmetric key has set of algorithms such as Blowfish, two fish, DES,
3DES, AES etc and on the other hand Asymmetric key has set of an algorithm such as Elliptic curve,
Diffie–Hellman, DSA, RSA etc. These symmetric and asymmetric keys have its own advantages
and disadvantages. Hybrid cryptography is one of most famous cryptography ... Show more content
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Asymmetric cryptography:
Asymmetric encryption is also known as public key encryption. This uses two keys for encryption
and decryption of data. The two keys are the Public key which it can be shared with anyone and the
other one is a Private key or secret key which should be kept secretly. Each user will have its own
public key and private key. Let's assume Alice and Bob are the sender and receiver. Alice(A) wants
to send a message to Bob(B). Alice will first encrypt(E) the plaintext(M) with Alice's public key and
send to bob. Now Bob verifies Alice's message by checking whether it is Alice's digital signature
and then bob decrypts(D) the key using the bob private key. This process will be the same if Bob
sends Alice message.
↓ ↓
Plain text(M)→ → → →Plain text(M)
Advantages:
More secure when compared to symmetric key because the private key is not shared with each other.
Uses digital signature for encrypting data.

A Study For Public Key Digital Signature Schemes
‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬
UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM
Faculty Of Mathematical Sciences
Department Of Computer Science
MSC 2014
Proposal Of:
Survey of Digital Signature Schemes
Prepared By:
Abdalla Adel Abdalla
Rashad Tag Eldean Habob
Mamoun Omer Bashier
Supervisor :
Dr. Hwaida Tagelser Elshosh
Abstract: In this proposed paper a study for public–key digital signature schemes that based on
different mathematical NP hard problems. That problems influence in performance and reliability of
digital signature schemes. In this paper we make a survey on mathematical NP hard problems of
digital signature schemes and present the powerful and practical of some schemes depending on its
security level.
Introduction:
Digital signature is a verification mechanism based on the public–key scheme, and it provides: Data
integrity (the assurance that data has not been changed by an unauthorized party). Authentication
(the assurance that the source of data is as claimed). Non–repudiation (the assurance that an entity
cannot deny commitments). Generally, every public–key digital signature schemes is based on a
mathematical problem. This problem is known as NP (Non–deterministic polynomial) hard problem.
The problem is considered to be an NP hard mathematical problem if the validity of a proposed
solution can be checked only in polynomial time. Basically, public–key digital signature schemes
are successfully classified into many major

Malicious Detection And Detection System
MALICIOUS DETECTION IN MANET USING ENHANCED ADAPTIVE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT C.VINODHINI Mr.S.Sakthivel Dept.name of org:ME(AE),dept of ECE
Dept.name of org:AP,dept of ECE Vivekanandha College Of Vivekanandha College Of Engineering
For Women Engineering For Women City,Country:Elayampalayam,India
City,Country:namakkal,India vinoblossom@gmail.com sakthiece@gmail.com ABSTRACT:
Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not
connected by an electrical conductor. Node works as both transmitter and a receiver and in which
MANET does not require a fixed network infrastructure.Within the communication range,the nodes
can communicate with each other.MANET made popular in military use and emergency recovery.In
this paper a new approach for intrusion and detection system named EEACK is proposed. Both of
the TWOACK and Watchdog methods are considered as the first line of defense and it is not
sufficient to protect MANETs from packet dropping attacks. EAACK provide higher malicious–
behaviordetection rates in certain circumstances while does not greatly affect the network
performances. This paper proposes a mechanism for a novel IDS named EAACK protocol specially
designed for MANETs and compared it against other popular mechanisms in different scenarios
through simulations and migration

Controlled Content Distribution For Peer Networks
CONTROLLED CONTENT DISTRIBUTION IN PEER–TO–PEER NETWORKS
Amna Qureshi
Controlled Content Distribution in Peer–to–Peer Networks
Research Problem:
Centralized fingerprinting mechanism has an encumbrance of computational overheads and high
communication bandwidth costs. Central repository of authenticating data has also raised concerns
over the loss of privacy and potential misuse of biometric data. For instance, biometric data stored at
a central repository can be used to track individuals by checking where they visit or shop. This
centralization, when compromised, may lead to data being used for unintended purposes like
searching private information using latent fingerprints, revelation of certain health problems that
may lead to discrimination among peers, etc.
Objectives:
To develop a multicast approach to the anonymous fingerprinting problem. This will reduce
computational overheads and high communication bandwidth costs that characterize anonymous
fingerprinting.
To ensure privacy in Controlled Content Distribution in Peer–to–Peer Networks through the use of
advanced cryptography features of group signatures.
To provide a straightforward alternative to the conventional broadcast transmission that precludes
fingerprinting the copy obtained by each receiver.
To make data privacy a striking feature in peer–to–peer applications.
To achieve security and scalability in content distribution.
To provide a fingerprinting scheme that is not susceptible to

State-of-the-art E-mail Encryptions
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION Today with drastic changes in
communication technologies based on computer and internet, people more often communicate via
emails. However, traditional email protocol is insecure because the message that has been
transmitted is in plain text. Someone can intercepts copy or even alter the emails. Individual
privacies such as personal/commercial secrets, bank transaction and even the countries intelligence
information that send through email are more vulnerable to be hacked. Therefore, the security of
emails has raised the attention of community. The primary explanations behind the Email
communication not utilizing encryption is that the current Email encryption results require
monotonous operations and hard key administrations. In this way, research about on basic, very
secured also effective Email content protection frameworks are in incredible need. This paper will
discuss about some background information is provided, state–of–art email encryptions are
reviewed and the IBE scheme is introduced. Then an encryption system based on IBE, DNS and
proxy service is proposed. 2.1 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORKS The protected informing
framework has three profits: keeping sensitivity information private, keeping anybody from messing
with the substance of the message and validating the personality of both the message sender and
receiver. The two primary security administrations gave by the current secured email system are
2.1.1 Digital

Public Key Infrastructure
Public key infrastructure, known as PKI supports the distribution and identification of public
encryption keys which allows users and computers to securely exchange data over the internet and
networks to confirm the identity of the other party. Without PKI, sensitive information can still be
encrypted and exchanged, but there would be no assurance of the identity of the other party. Any
form of sensitive data exchanged over the Internet is reliant on PKI for security.
A standard PKI consists of several components: hardware, software, policies and standards,
administration, distribution of keys and digital certificates. Digital certificates are at the heart of PKI
as they confirm the identity of the certificate subject and bind that identity to the public key
contained in the certificate. A typical PKI includes several key elements. A trusted party, known as a
certificate authority or CA, acts as the root of trust and provides services that authenticate the
identity of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The company can choose between using a public certification authority or operating an in house a
private CA.
The in–house approach provides the maximum level of control. Certificates and keys can be made
any time with little wait time. However, the cost of software licenses, maintenance fees, and the
expense to purchase and deploy the entire supporting infrastructure can be big. Also add in training
of a few employees or hiring new ones with the needed skills. The cost will pay for its self
eventually. (Walder, Bob. July 2003)
Outsourcing the PKI service will allow for faster implementation. The initial cost is low but will be
continuous. There is no need for training or new employees. Availability will be the key deciding
component. Will the outsourced company be available anytime? How long is the turnaround time
when requesting a certificate? (Walder, Bob. July

Computer Security
Contents
INTRODUCTION 4
SECURITY 4
Client Security 4
Server Security 5
Document Confidentiality 5
Risks and threats to E–commerce Sites 5
Hackers 5
Software/hardware failure 5
WHY SECURITY FAIL 6
Exposure of confidential data 6
Modification of Data 6
Errors in Software 6
Poor stipulation and testing 6
Repudiation 6
Solutions to E–commerce Security Risks 7
Encryption 7
Data Encryption Standard (DES) 7
RSA Public Key Algorithm 8
Digital signatures 8
Digital certificates 9
Security for Transactions 9
Secure sockets layer 10
Secure Electronic Transactions (SET) 10
Conclusions 11
INTRODUCTION
Internet security is not fully understood by many. However, ... Show more content on

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Now that the more general risks that E–commerce websites face have been examined,
The security issues that present themselves to E–commerce websites can be
Crucially examined.
WHY SECURITY FAIL
Exposure of confidential data
A web server is the wrong place for the storage of confidential information as it is
Information that is made accessible by the public unless intended. To reduce the risk of
Exposure it is important to limit the methods by which information can be accessed
And Limit the people who can access it as it can also lead to loss of files. Authentication is a main
requirement for websites. It means asking people to prove their identity. The most common ways of
authentication are passwords and digital signatures.
Modification of Data
Modification to files could include changes to data files or executable files. A hacker's motivation
for Altering a data file Might be to vandalise a company's site or to obtain fraudulent Benefits.
Replacing The Data can be protected from modification as it travels over the network by using
digital Signatures. This does not stop somebody from modifying the data but if the signature Still
matches when the files arrive, it can be seen whether the file has been modified.
Errors in Software
Errors in

Benefits Of An Effective Protection Measure Essential For...
Every business from small to big, the information security has become a risk factor which has put all
business on the verse of serious risk. In this paper, we will be more focused on general explanations
of the business need for information security, confidentiality, integrity, availability, non–repudiation,
authentication, and authorization. This policy, which is listed on paper, can be mitigating denial of
service (DOS), which can lead several losses in small business. Finally, costs and benefits of an
effective protection measure essential for small business is also provided in this paper.
A business trend has been changing and adapting new technology to enhance the success of business
as a result of which public information are always at high risk. According to the NIST video, there
are some 26 million small businesses which are prone to the dangers of cyber crime. The private
personal information (PPI) such as electronic commerce, social security number, account number,
User Ids, Payroll, Internet Transactions, passport number, employee databases home address, credit
card, etc. are at risk due to digitization. The information security should meet many purposes such as
protecting people information, unauthorized access, disclosure, and any kind of modification.
Moreover, information security also provides the company consensus baseline stance on security;
help minimize risk; and help track compliance with regulations and legislation (Diver, 2006).
According to

Using Lightweight Dynamic User Authentication Scheme
There are many popular authentication protocol schemes and some of them are as follows.
Lightweight Dynamic User Authentication Scheme – In Wireless Sensor Networks the authorized
users can access and communicate with the sensor nodes. This scheme comprises of registration,
login and authentication phases. Based on the predefined period the user registers and gets access to
secure data and restarts if period expires. It states it is secure only against replay and forgery attacks.
And provides many benefits like efficiency, avoiding leakage of password, etc. Lightweight Trust
Model – Usage of this scheme benefits in reducing the memory consumption and energy. And it is
done by three steps such as computing bytes, not storing the value in the transaction table,
consuming 3 bits of memory and also avoids promiscuous operation mode. Lightweight
Authentication Scheme – This requires HMAC and encryption algorithms and decrease the effects
of resource consumption attack. It consists of three phases such as key predistribution phase,
network initialization phase and authentication protocol. Secured Energy Conserving Slot–Based
Topology Maintenance Protocol uses a symmetric key–based authentication mechanism for a
sleep/wake–up schedule of nodes for better energy efficiency and increase in lifetime the network.
Lightweight Key Management Scheme – This reduces the resource consumption and acts as
building block for all mechanisms. It requires less key storage with minimal number of

Public Key Cryptography : Cryptography
PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY
Public key cryptography is also known as asymmetric cryptography. Public key cryptography is
dependent upon cryptographic algorithms which are based on mathematical problem. In Public key
cryptography there are two keys public key and private key. Public key is a mathematical code
which is known to all i.e. it is widely known. Private key is also a mathematical code but is known
only to proprietor. There are many algorithm used for public key cryptography some of them are
discussed below.
 RSA algorithm. This algorithm is used in bank security and online banking. It is also used in
secure electronic communications. This algorithm is discussed briefly in the following section.
 DSA. Digital signature algorithm is a method in which digital signature of a person are saved and
can be used to authentication of electronic document. These types of authentication are used widely
in modern world.
 Elliptic curve cryptography. It is based on algebraic stricter of a curve. In this type of
cryptography key required are smaller than other algorithm.
RSAALGORITHM This scheme was discovered by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman so it
is called RSA method. In this method we choose two large prime number p and q. These number
should be very large an acceptable range for this number is at least 256bit number. Bank use p and q
of 512 bit. Now n = p*q then we choose a number e such that the gcd of e and (p–1)(q–1) is, gcd(e,
(p–1)(q–1)) = 1.This pair (n,e) form

Cryptography : Computer And Science Of Breaking Encoded...
Cryptography:–
If you want to keep information secret, you have two possible strategies: hide the existence of the
information, or make the information unintelligible. Cryptography is the art and science of keeping
information secure from unintended audiences, of encrypting it. Conversely, cryptanalysis is the art
and science of breaking encoded data. The branch of mathematics encompassing both cryptography
and cryptanalysis is cryptology.
Modern cryptography uses sophisticated mathematical equations (algorithms) and secret keys to
encrypt and decrypt data.
Encryption Decryption
Today, cryptography is used to provide secrecy and integrity to our data, and both authentication and
anonymity to our communications.
Types of Cryptography:–
There are a few methods for grouping cryptographic calculations. For purposes of this paper, they
will be classified focused around the quantity of keys that are utilized for encryption and decoding,
and further characterized by their application and utilization. The three sorts of calculations that will
be examined are:
Secret Key Cryptography (SKC): Uses a single key for both encryption and decryption
Public Key Cryptography (PKC): Uses one key for encryption and another for decryption
Hash Functions: Uses a mathematical transformation to irreversibly "encrypt" information
Secret Key Cryptography:–
With Secret key cryptography, a solitary key is utilized for both encryption and

Cloud Computing : Data Security
Louisiana Tech University
Department of Computer Science
Fall 2016
Course: CSC 552 Distributed and Cloud Computing
Data Security in Cloud Computing using RSA
Sai Sanjay Sivva
Student Id: 102–53–018
Email: sss045@latech.edu
ABSTRACT
Cloud computing is the set of IT services provided to a customer by a company through the network
giving the customer freedom to modify his requirements anytime he wants. Cloud Computing is
now a fast growing segment of the IT Industry due to the economical services it provides to its
customers. Start Ups and growing companies are now preferring to use Cloud computing rather than
maintaining traditional server as it saves establishment and running costs. Especially when you are
unsure about the usage. But as the Information present in the cloud has been increasing rapidly in
the recent times, it also causes concern over the safety of data stored in cloud. This paper will
discuss the Security Issues faced by the Cloud Service Providers and also focus on the encryption
using RSA algorithm which enhance the Security of the data protected over cloud.
INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing provides various services to its users through internet using a pay as per usage
plan giving users the freedom to use just exactly what they want and change their requirements
accordingly based on their usage. Hence avoiding the huge costs that incur to setup and monitor a
server system which has a limited scalability. Even though Cloud Service

Different Types of Attacks
An attack is any malicious or accidental disruption in the confidentially, integrity, or availability of
information and network resources. Attacks can come from many places, electronic, physical, or
human. Electronics attacks may come from the external network (Internet) or the internal network
(Intranet); physical attacks can come in the form of hardware and equipment sabotage or theft, and
human attacks most often come in the form of social engineering. Some of the attacks identify and
evaluate in this paper are: spoofing, replays attacks, access attack suppress–relay, and source and
repudiation attack. Spoofing is when the attackers attempts to appear to be someone else, usually an
authentic user. The phenomenon of Web spoofing or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Website defacements are a common form of modification attack. Repudiation attack is the main
application layer level attack repudiation refers to the rejection or attempted denial by a node
involved in a communication of having contributed in a part or the entire communication. For
example, is someone access your email account and inflammatory information to other under the
guise of one of your top managers. This information might prove humiliation to your company and
possibly do irreparable harm. This type of attack is easy to accomplish because most email systems
do not check outbound email for validity. Data encryption and decryption have become increasingly
important as more people are communicating over the internet. Although cryptology is not new, the
demand for this technology has soared as its usefulness for security purposes has become more
evident. Cryptology involves converting original messages into non–readable formats and plays an
important role in keeping data safe while it is in transit (Agrawal & Mishra, 2012). Two popular
forms of cryptology are symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric cryptology–also known as single
key encryption–has been in existence for several decades. It is the most widely used. Symmetric
encryptions consist of five components: plaintext, encryption algorithm, secret key, ciphertext, and
decryption algorithm. Additionally, in order for the

Technological Saga in the World of Online ARPANET
These are some alarming confederacies pouring out from the biggest technological saga or
extravaganzas you may embellish in the world of online ARPANET. WWW, Info route, global
village, toll free highway whichever pseudonym we harp it on this cyber world have had its share of
unnerving impact and tumultuous setback.
The above hen–pecked headlines clearly indicate the later part of cyber arena the information peer
to peer system now into expansive appendage of online monetary exchange (digital currency) called
the BITCOIN. The idea of no physical currency, easy leisurely tramway of cash with no holds
barred wallet size gave BITCOIN the demeanor of futurity which will acquire the gamut of space in
everyone's life.
But not every internet excogitation initiates with good recognition, instead of being used for baby
toys purchases, ornaments or trading into algorithms of Wall Street this poor chap (bitcoin) fell into
likes of Cosa Nostra, Chechen and was believed to be traded in covert market place called The "silk
route" which was founded in Feb 2011 used Bitcoins for trading which was founded in Jan 2009.
Silk Route specialized in drug trafficking, soliciting murders, computer hacking, and money
laundering .....Bitcoins wrapped under suspicion of guilt and peril though actions were called for,
silk route was closed, bitcoin marooned out for sake. But everything in vain the silk route raises its
tentacles with more ferocity and ugliness, with better version and new pseudonyms.
But

Use Of Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm Essay
Abstract–Internet of Things (IoT) nodes create vulnerabilities exposed to malicious software attacks.
Thus, security is necessary to maintain growth in the IoT technology. This paper will focus on the
use of Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) as a digital authenticator for use in the
IoT. Although ECDSA improves security, it comes at the cost of computational complexity in
comparison to authentication methods that use ciphers that are symmetric or simple hashes. This
complexity often causes significant limitations in devices applied in the IoT, where resources are
restricted. This paper will mainly focus on speed and memory performances, and will briefly cover
other constraints such as power consumption and size when applicable.
Keywords–IoT; ECDSA; security; embedded; systems; low–resource
I. INTRODUCTION:
The purpose of digital signature is to provide a means for an entity to bind its identity to a piece of
information. The process of signing entails transforming the message and some secret information
held by the entity into a tag called a signature. Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
Algorithm (ECDSA) is the elliptic curve analogue of the digital signature algorithm (DSA) and its
security is based on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). To date, no sub
exponential–time algorithm is known to solve the
ECDLP in a properly selected elliptic curve group [1].
This makes Elliptic

Security Aspects Of Lisk Security
The security aspects of Lisk are on the higher side. Since the applications are built on the sidechains,
the failure of an application does not affect the Lisk network which is not the case in many other
blockchain platforms. All aspects of the Lisk system is secured using cryptographic hash techniques.
The EdDSA technique is adopted in Lisk as it does hashing fast and provide high security. Along
with the security provided using public and private keypairs, additional security is provided using a
second passphrase which has association with the public key of the user. The users can opt for extra
security with the aid of multisignature accounts which is another feature provided by Lisk. F.
KEYLESS SIGNATURE INFRASTRUCTURE (KSI) Keyless ... Show more content on
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Hence, KSI can be considered as massively scalable in which the performance of the chain does not
have any dependency on the number of participants. The signatures generated by KSI are in the
exabyte scale and it is done with minimum computational overhead. 3. Flexibility and Limitations
The platform is highly flexible with a lot of newly incorporated functions. One main advantage of
the platform is the portability which allows to verify the properties of any signed data irrespective of
the location of the data. It also takes only milliseconds to verify the integrity of data and allows
offline verification of data. However, no details regarding the limitations of the blockchain platform
are available till now. Instead, the KSI blockchain solves the major limitations of traditional
blockchains. 4. Consensus Mechanisms and Incentives KSI follows the distributed consensus
mechanism which is like the mechanism used in the Bitcoin blockchain. Not much details are
available regarding the exact way in which the consensus is achieved. No mining is involved in KSI
blockchain and therefore there is no reward mechanism adopted for the same. 5. Currency Used
There is no currency used in the KSI blockchain platform. The only idea is to preserve the integrity
and confidentiality of data. 6. Security KSI blockchain has all the security aspects of other
blockchains like the Bitcoin blockchain. It maintains the immutability of data. Along with that, KSI
have also focused on

What Are The Major Principles Of Risk Analysis?
1) What are the major principles of risk analysis? List the common steps in developing a risk
analysis strategy.
Risk analysis is the methodical study of uncertainties and risks we encounter in business,
engineering, public policy, amongst other areas. Thus, risk analysts seek to identify the risks faced
by an institution or business unit, understand the process, they arise, and estimate the impact
regarding financial or else of adverse outcomes. Risk analysis helps identify and manage potential
problems that could undermine important business leads or projects.
Common steps in developing a risk analysis strategy are:
Assessment and Evaluation which is to correctly assess and evaluate the existing information
technology systems within an organization (Fritsch et al, 2015). Usually, those who conduct the
studies tend to focus on external vulnerabilities and threats. However losses of information come
from inside. The assessment must include an evaluation of the organizational, managerial, and
administrative procedures directly relevant to IT systems.
Threats: This is to identify the threats facing an organization. In numerous cases, organization
suffers from main individuals intentionally stealing information or corrupting files (Fritsch et al,
2015). Information security breaches from within, and there is almost no detection of an incident
that has occurred. Thus, information is accessed, altered, stolen, or damaged without the
organizational victim's knowledge by

Digital Signature Certificate ( Dsc ) & Din Essay
1. Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) & DIN:
Digital signature to be able to write a computer issued the way, and the only real. All entries on the
electronic module for MCA portal allow use of the digital signature of the person, which will allow
you to sign the document. It must be for the purchase of the application of the digital signature of
the license award (CA) in collaboration with the certified copy of the certificate of self examination
– of identity and address.
2. Name Approval: Name approval must be obtained from the companies register ["ROC "] by an
application on behalf of the approval of the bill – 1. INC can give the customer the maximum of six
names a series of preferences. Name the one approved by the authority is valid for sixty days. The
promoter / subscribers to the Memorandum and Articles of Association will be available for the
name of the client application. Name the one approved by the authority is valid for 3 months. Name
approval generally takes 1–2 working days.
3. Memorandum and Articles of Association: After obtaining the permission name, project design of
the Companies Act i.e. Memorandum of Association (MOA) and the articles (hours) must be
recorded and filed with the ROC and other documents for E–form 12 INC licensing under Article 8
of the Act, 2013.
4 Form INC – 7 (in accordance with the requirements of the company 's application for registration

Cryptography Report On Technology On The Age Of Internet...
Cryptography Report
Introduction
Security in the age of internet has become a tremendously important issue to provide comfort not
only for paranoid people but for many others who are naïve to believe that protection in digital era is
essential to communication between millions of people that increasingly used as a tool for
commerce.
There are many aspects to security and applications, from secure commerce and payment to private
communications and protecting passwords. Cryptography, is the practice and study in securing
communication between parties in the presence of potential adversaries (Yousuf, N.D.). This report
focuses on modern methods of cryptography its operation, strengths and weaknesses, its application
techniques in computing and some other aspects where cryptography deemed essential as discussed
in this report.
Moreover, it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications,
this report is not by itself sufficient. The reader is advice then, that the topics covered in this paper
only describe the first of the many steps necessary for better security in a number of situations.
Cryptography
The practice and study in securing communication between parties in presence of potential
adversaries. A cryptographic algorithm or cipher is a mathematical function used in a plaintext in the
encryption and decryption process. A cryptographic algorithm works in combination with a key
(number, word, or phrase) to encrypt the plaintext. The

Benefits And Benefits Of A Lunch Hours
Lunch hours are the times that the bank is busiest the most. The customers want to be sure that they
can be taken care of in a minimal amount of time and still have time left on their lunch hour. Since
most customers come during this time, the wait times can be a little longer. Reed (2014) gives an
example of a customer having to take a half day off from work just to complete account documents.
At Capital One, the customer may not need to take a half day to complete an account, but the
opening process does take about 45 minutes. Reed (2014) further explains that digital signatures
offer a true benefit to the customer being able to sign quickly and safely. This addition will help
bankers and tellers provide better customer service to our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
During account opening, the banker has the customer sign a signature card. Once the signature card
is scanned, it is filed away. Sometimes, this may not happen and the document may be misplaced.
There are two inconveniences that this may cause: customer inconvenience and customer
information is compromised. The customer may be inconvenienced if the signature did not register
properly in the system; the customer may need to come back into the branch to complete another
signature card. In addition, there is so much personal information on this signature card that it would
be detrimental to the bank and to the customer if this information had been retrieved by someone
else. Electronic signatures could be a remedy for all these issues. If the customer signs a signature
pad, there is no information being left on a paper that can potentially get lost. Also, the signature
would already be on file before the customer leaves the branch so there would never be a need for
the customer to return to the branch to re–sign a document.
POTENTIAL DRAWBACKS
Throughout the proposal, much information has been given to explain the benefits of implementing
a paperless environment at Capital One bank. There are also some drawbacks that should be taken
into consideration when deciding whether or not to implement this paperless environment. Table 3
below shows the benefits and potential drawbacks of integrating a paperless environment in the
banking branch

Software Based Systems : Using Specialized Security...
Software–Based Systems In software–based security systems, the coding and decoding of
information is done using specialized security software. Due to the easy portability and ease of
distribution through networks, software–based systems are more abundant in the market. Encryption
is the main method used in these software–based security system. Encryption is a process that
modifies information in a way that makes it unreadable until the exact same process is reversed. In
general, there are two types of encryption. The first one is the conventional encryption schemes, one
key is used by two parties to both encrypt and decrypt the information. Once the secret key is
entered, the information looks like a meaningless jumble of random characters. The file can only be
viewed once it has been decrypted using the exact same key. The second type of encryption is
known as public key encryption. In this method, there are two different keys held by the user: a
public key and a private key. These two keys are not interchangeable but they are complementary to
each other, meaning that they exists in pairs. Therefore, the public keys can be made public
knowledge, and posted in a database somewhere. Anyone who wants to send a message to a person
can encrypt the message with the recipient public key and this message can only be decrypted with
the complementary private key. Thus, nobody but the intended receiver can decrypt the message.
The private key remains on one's personal computer and

A Study For Public Key Digital Signature Schemes
Abstract: In this proposed paper a study for public–key digital signature schemes that based on
different mathematical NP hard problems. That problems influence in performance and reliability of
digital signature schemes. In this paper we make a survey on mathematical NP hard problems of
digital signature schemes and present the powerful and practical of some schemes depending on its
security level.
Introduction:
Digital signature is a verification mechanism based on the public–key scheme, and it provides:
Data integrity (the assurance that data has not been changed by an unauthorized party).
Authentication (the assurance that the source of data is as claimed).
Non–repudiation (the assurance that an entity cannot deny commitments). Generally, every public–
key digital signature schemes is based on a mathematical problem. This problem is known as NP
(Non–deterministic polynomial) hard problem. The problem is considered to be an NP hard
mathematical problem if the validity of a proposed solution can be checked only in polynomial time.
Basically, public–key digital signature schemes are successfully classified into many major types
depending on the NP mathematical hard problem. These problems are the integer factorization
problem (IFP), the discrete logarithm problem (DLP), the Elliptic Curve discrete logarithm problem
(ECDLP), the chaotic maps hard problem In the present e–commerce and e–government era, digital
signatures have become more and more important

The Digital Signature Commercial Use Should Be Governed By...
The Digital Signature Commercial Use Should Be Governed by Law Since the number of taxi's
companies that use smart phone's application to provide their services has increased, the popularity
of those companies has increased too. Unfortunately, one of the famous taxi's company in Saudi
Arabia called Karim had lost their customer's trust because the customers' credit cards information
has been stolen by a hacker, who hacked the company's digital signature to accesses their server and
steal information. In fact, the internet has influenced our life and the E–commerce was not an
exception. Many customers prefer online shopping, leasing, and selling, which are considered trade
contracts. As the contract should contain a signature that represents the agreement between parties, a
written signature is not viable in E–commerce. As a result, electronic signatures have existed to
provide convenient and faster service that E–commerce needs. In fact, electronic signatures have not
taken as a proof of evidence except a digital signature because the requirement to accept the
signature to proof documents could be existed only in a digital signature. In this paper, I argue that
government should regulate a digital signature to satisfied E–commerce expectation and growing.
First, I will define the digital signature and distinguish it from similar signatures. second, I will
explain the usage of the digital signature in E–commerce and how it expanded. Third, I will explain
the law importance

Digital : Digital Signature And Encryption
1. Digital Certificates
Digital signature and Encryption together protects data in the internet. Digital signature is the
internet ID that is given to a person to identify himself that who is and how they can be trustable.
They are used together to protect the data that are confidential from the intruders and threats. A
digital certificate is a file on your computer a pair, you can use it to create the digital equivalent of a
handwritten signature and seal of the envelope. Each file is divided into two parts: a public key and
a private key. The public key is shared part; the private key is you and only you should be able to
access parts. Your computer and the program learn how to share only the public part of your key so
that others can see them, while still maintaining the security of your private key.
Any Email and Bank transaction application are common application that has digital signatures and
encryption process. For example, when sending e–mail, you can connect your digital certificate
signed message through digital. Once the message they received, the recipient can verify that it
came from you via e–mail to view the attachment on small, which contains your public key
information. This protects you people who might try to look like it comes from you, but really spoof
emails from a different e–mail account to send. The authorized users are identified by their unique
ID and given access. The all the information or mails are encrypted in between the sender and the

Block Chain Essay
What Is Block Chain and Where does it come from
Block chain comes in to existence with the invention of world's first crypto currency "bitcoin".
Bit coin is the first crypto currency of world that was introduced on 31 October 2008. It was
released as open source– software in 2009. It was introduced by satoshi nakmoto. After the success
of bitcoin, a lot of crypto currencies were introduced in world. Today there are more than 700 crypto
currencies in world.
All the crypto currencies work on block chain technology. So, let's first start with understanding
what block chain is?
Block Chain
Block chain is like a chain of block, each block represent a record of exchange. It is actually a
distributed database that maintains continuously growing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In spite of major cryptographic advances, failure to ensure compatibility between centralization,
anonymity, and double–spending prevention, eventually put the viability of this new form of money
into question. Three decades later, Bitcoin has acquired notoriety on the global marketplace, by
replacing the central server's signature with a consensus mechanism based on proof of work (Back
et al, 2014, p.3). The novelty and improvement over Chaum's thought–experiment are the
decentralized nature of the payment system allowed by block chain technology, thereby ushering in
a new era that extends beyond global payments, to corporate governance, social institutions,
democratic participation and the functioning of capital markets (Wright and De Filippi, 2015, p.3).
In this chapter, we present the main principles behind this revolutionary technology as well as some
cutting edge applications. In a first part, we present the core concepts. Secondly, we discuss a
definition by Vitalik Buterin, the distinction between public and private block chains, and the
features of public ledgers. Thirdly, after restating the foundational and disruptive nature of this
technology, we present the risks and drawbacks of public distributed ledgers, and show why the
latter explain the shift toward hybrid solutions. Finally, we sketch out a list of important
applications, bearing in mind the most recent developments.
The

Annotated Bibliography On Cryptography And Presence Of...
Cryptography
(number, word, or phrase) to encrypt the plaintext. The same plaintext also encrypts to different
cipher text with the use of different keys. The core of modern cryptography is the construction and
analyzation of protocols of various aspects in information security such as data integrity and
confidentiality, authentication, and non–repudiation.
Modern practice of cryptography involves cryptographic method.
First cryptographic method is the Symmetric–Key Algorithm also known as Secret key
Cryptography. The symmetry of algorithm comes from both parties involved sharing the same key
for both data encryption and decryption. It works like a physical door where anyone who has the
right locking and unlocking uses a copy of the same key. Symmetric–key Algorithm works by taking
the message and combining it with a shared key that inputs the algorithm then outputs a ciphered
message.
Two ways of symmetric–key algorithm encryption involve block ciphers and stream ciphers.
Stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom
cipher digit stream (keystream). In astream cipher each plaintext digit is encrypted one at a time
with the corresponding

Detecting and Responding to Malicious Misbehavior in...
INTRODUCTION Owing to the developed technology and cheap prices, wireless networks have
increased more preferences over wired networks in the previous few decades.Mobile Ad hoc
Network (MANET) is agroup of mobile nodes armed with both a wirelesstransmitter and a receiver
that connect with each othervia bidirectional wireless links either directly or indirectly.One of
themajor benefits of wireless networks is it allows data to be communicated between different
parties and still maintaintheir movement. The main factor in this type of communication is range of
transmitters.That is the node which is outside the range of one node cannot communicate with the
other node which is outside its range.This difficulty in MANET is resolved by letting ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In areas where wired infrastructure is not possible MANETS can be easily deployed. Theyare free
from any fixed infrastructureor base stations.Base stations are absent and each and every node in the
MANET network co–operate in forwarding packets in the network. II EXISTING SYSTEM IDS in
MANETs Each node in MANETs accept that other nodescontinuouslywork together with each other
to transmit data.If MANET can detectthe attackers immediately as they enter the network, we will
beable to completely eradicate the possiblecompensationsproduced bycompromised nodes at the
first time. In this section, we mainly describe three existing Approaches namely, 1) Watchdog, 2)
TWOACK, and3) Adaptive ACKnowledgment (AACK) A)WATCHDOG Watchdog is a technique
used for intrusion detection in Mobile ad hoc networks.There is no any fixed infrastructure for
MANETs.Each node in multihop MANET forwards the packets to the next node and so the battery
power, CPU time and memory are used up. From a pool of nodes in MANET some nodes are
unwilling to forward the nodes to the next node. Such kinds of nodes are called the Selfish Nodes.
Selfish nodes are unwilling to forward the packets in order to save their battery power, memory and
CPU time.As, a selfish node will not cooperate in the transmission of packets which affects the
network performance very badly. Watchdog detects this kind of selfish nodes in the mobile adhoc
networks. Collaborative watchdog

Cyber Laws in India and their Implications
Cyber Laws in India and their Implications
Contents
Cyber space – Nature of threat 2
Growth of Internet user Population 3
The Legal Framework 4
The US and the UK Approaches for Data Protection and Privacy 4
The US 4
The UK 5
India's Legal Framework Meets Most Requirements 5
Indian IT Act 2000 5
Indian Copyright Act 5
Indian Penal Code 5
Indian Contract Act, 1872 5
IT Act of India 2000 6
Proposed Amendments to the IT Act 8
Other Government Measures 9
Cyber space – Nature of threat
Existing and potential threats in the area of cyber security are among the most critical challenges of
the 21st century. Threats emanate from a wide variety of sources, and manifest themselves in
disruptive activities that target individuals, businesses, national infrastructures, and governments
alike. Their effects carry significant risk for public safety, the security of nations and the stability of
the globally linked international community as a whole. Malicious use of information technology
can easily be concealed. The origin, identity of the perpetrator, or motivation for the disruption can
be difficult to ascertain. Often, the perpetrators of these activities can only be inferred from the
target, the effect or other circumstantial evidence. Threat actors can operate with substantial
impunity from virtually anywhere.
The motives for disruption vary widely, from simply demonstrating technical prowess, to the theft of
money or information, or as an extension of state

Annotated Bibliography On The Security Of The Age Of...
1. Introduction
Security in the age of internet has become a tremendously important issue to provide comfort not
only for paranoid people but for many others who are naïve to believe that protection in digital era is
essential to communication between millions of people that increasingly used as a tool for
commerce.
There are many aspects to security and applications, from secure commerce and payment to private
communications and protecting passwords. Cryptography, is the practice and study in securing
communication between parties in the presence of potential adversaries (Yousuf, N.D.). This report
focuses on modern methods of cryptography its operation, strengths and weaknesses, its application
techniques in computing and some other aspects where cryptography deemed essential as discussed
in this report.
Moreover, it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications,
this report is not by itself sufficient. The reader is advice then, that the topics covered in this paper
only describe the first of the many steps necessary for better security in a number of situations.
Cryptography
(number, word, or phrase) to encrypt the plaintext. The same plaintext also

Digital Image Of A Optical Signature Recognition
3.4.1 Offline Signature Recognition
In this type of recognition, the text is not recognized at the same time as it is produced but after the
user has finished writing. In this case, the text is originally written on a surface such as paper and
from there on it is recognized by the computer by scanning the surface. In the scanned Signature is
first stored digitally in grey scale format. bitmap image, and then further processing is done on it to
have a good recognition accuracy.
Features for recognition are enhanced and extracted from the stored bitmap image by using digital
image processing. Offline signature recognition is known as Optical Signature Recognition (OCR),
because the image of writing is converted into bit pattern by an optically digitizing device such as
optical camera or scanner. The recognition is done on this bit pattern data for machine–printed or
hand–written text [3]. Recognition of machine printed signatures is also a part of Optical Signature
Recognition. In offline, methods are less suitable for man–machine communication because no real
time interactivity is present. It is suitable for automatic conversion of paper documents to electric
documents, which then may be interpreted by computers. Some applications of the off–line
recognition are large–scale data processing such as postal address reading; check sorting, office
automation for text entry automatic inspection and identification [11].
3.4.2 Online Signature Recognition
In contrast to the offline

Software Networks With Predictive Emptive Certificate
OLSR based key management in VANET networks with Predictive Preemptive Certificate Chaima
BENSAID1 , BOUKLI HACENE Sofiane2 , FAROUAN Kamel mohamed3 1 2 3 Computer science
department, Djillali Liabes University at Sidi bel abbes , Sidi Bel Abbes , Algeria
Chaimaa184@hotmail.fr, boukli@gmail.com, kamel_mh@yahoo.fr Abstract– A VANET network is
a subset of ad hoc networks where each mobile node is an intelligent vehicle equipped with
communication resources (sensor). The optimal goal is that these networks will contribute to safer
roads and more effective in the future by providing timely information to drivers. They are therefore
vulnerable to many types of attacks. Many proposals have been proposed to secure communication
in VANETs. In this paper; we propose an approach to adopt a new method of distributing certificates
in VANET. In Our proposal the cluster–head acts as a virtual CA and issues certificates to cluster
members. The main objective of our approach is to avoid making a new certificate request in case a
node passes from a cluster to another. This approach has been evaluated by simulation study using
the simulator network NS–2. Keywords–PKI; VANET; CA; OLSR I. INTRODUCTION A VANET
network is a subset of ad hoc networks where each mobile node is an intelligent vehicle equipped
with communication resources (sensor). In vehicular networks, there are three modes of
communication, communications Vehicle–to–vehicle (V2V), communications Vehicle–to–
Infrastructure

Benefits Of Effective Protection Measures For Small Business
Every business from small to big the information security has become a risk factor which has put all
business in a verse of serous risk. On this paper we will be more focused general explanation of the
business need for information security, confidentiality, integrity, availability, non–repudiation,
authentication, and authorization. This policy, which is listed in paper, can be mitigating denial of
service (DOS), which can lead several losses in small business. Finally costs and benefits of
effective protection measure which provides a protection measures for small business.
A business trend has been changing and adapting new technology to enhance the business success
but also this new technology put public information in a high risk. According to the video there are
some 26 million small businesses which attention to the dangers of cyber crime. The private
personal information (PPI) such as electronic commerce social security number, account number,
User Ids, Payroll, Internet Transactions, passport number, employee databases home address, credit
card, etc. are in risk. The information security should meet many purposes such as protecting people
information, unauthorized access, disclosure, and any kind of modification. Moreover, information
security also provides defines the company consensus baseline stance on security; help minimize
risk; and help track compliance with regulations and legislation (Diver, 2006). According to Chris
Duckett more than 65% of transaction

Advantages Of Elliptic Curve Cryptography
Index
Sr.no Topic Page no Sign sign 1. Abstract
2. 1. Introduction
3. 2. Objective
4. 3. Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem
5. 4.Application
A. Personal computer
B. Hand Held and other small devices
C. Identity Based Encryption
6. 5.Advantages Of ECC over RSAA. Security B. Space Requirements C. Efficiency
7. 6. Conclusion 16
9. 8.References 17
Elliptic curve cryptography
Abstract:
Cryptography is the art of hiding or securing the important communication from the possible attacks
of the outside. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Identity Based Encryption is a public key encryption scheme where any string can be a users email
address or name. The advantage of Identity Based Encryption is no certificate is needed to bind
names to public keys. This feature may help to launch a public key infrastructure since receiver does
not have to obtain public key and certificate before receiving encrypted communication. The sender
can use receivers Id as its public key and does not need to obtain and verify certificate on the
recipient's public key.
5. Advantages of ECC over RSA

A. Security
The main advantage ECC has over RSA is that the essential operation in ECC is point addition and
it is computationally very costly. To maintain the same security degree the bits number will increase
in RSA generated key pair. We can see from below figure that RSA should use 3072 bit while 256
bit for ECC. Hence ECC is more secure than RSA.
B. Space Requirements
Because increasing computation is needed for higher bit encryption more transistors are needed
onboard the smart card to achieve operation. This causes growth in the area of employed processors.
By ECC transistor number can be cut back on since numbers required are much smaller than RSA
with similar level of security. Bandwidth requirements are same for RSA and ECC when message is
long but when message is short ECC is

Wireless Sensor Network : Mobile Sensor Networks
"Secure & Efficient Data Transmission in Cluster Based Wireless Sensor Network" Anup Pawar
Student, M. Tech (Software Engineering), NHCE, Bangalore, India Abstract: Wireless Sensor
Network is a collection of homogeneous/heterogeneous wireless devices used to monitor the
changes in the surrounding of the wireless device. Each wireless device present in the network has
the capability of sensing the changes in the surrounding environment. Homogeneous sensors are
those which have same computational power, energy etc. Each node is battery powered which is
used to transmit the sensed data over the network. So efficient transmission of data in Wireless
Sensor Network is important and to transmit the data unaltered over the network to the receiver
security is important Clustering of Wireless Sensor Network is important to increase the network
scalability. Cluster Based Wireless sensor Network (CWSN) are organised in hierarchical manner. In
CWSN a leader node called Cluster Head (CH) is responsible for aggregation of data from the leaf
nodes which are present in the Cluster. In this paper we will discuss how to transmit the data
securely and efficiently over the network. 1. INTRODUCTION Cluster based Wireless Sensor
Network (CWSN) has been researched in order to minimize the network consumption for
transmitting data and increasing the wireless devices lifetime by maximizing the battery lifetime of
the device. In CWSN the nodes are arranged in a cluster, based on algorithms

Importance Of Cryptography And Its Accompanying Security...
Table of Contents
Abstract 2
Who is Rakuten? 2
What is Cryptography? 2
Cryptography and Rakuten.com 3
Feasible Attacks 3
Passive Attack 3
Native Attack 1
Circulated Attack 1
Insider Attack 1
Close–in Attack 1
Phishing Attack 1
Hijack Attack 1
Spoof Attack 1
Buffer overflow 1
Exploit attack 2
Password attack 2
Protection through Cryptography 2
Authentication 2
Confidentiality 2
Integrity 2
Non–repudiation 2
Key Cryptography 2
The Applications of Keys 1
Public Key Cryptography 1
Certification administration 1
Attacks on Encrypted Data and Keys 1
Data Encryption Standards 2
Password–Based Encryption 2
Biometrics 2
Identification 2
Verification 3
Use of Digital Signatures 3
References 3

Abstract
The purpose of this report is to provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is Cryptography?
Cryptography is a method of storing and transmitting data in a particular form so that only those for
whom it is intended can read and process it. (Rouse, Definition: Cryptography, 2016)
It's meant for keeping secrets secret.
The objectives of Cryptography are as follows:
Confidentiality – Ensuring that the information cannot be understood by anyone other than whom it
was intended.
Integrity – Ensuring that the information cannot be altered in storage or in transit.
Non–repudiation – Where the creator or sender of information cannot later deny creation of the
message to be sent.
Authentication – In which the sender and receiver can confirm each other's identity as well as the
origin and destination of the information.
Cryptography and Rakuten.com
There will be 8 concepts covered and we'll attempt to address how they concern Rakuten.com
1. Feasible Attacks
2. Protection Through Cryptography
3. The Applications of Keys
4. Attacks on Encrypted Data and Keys
5. Digital Encryption Standards
6. Password–Based Encryption
7. Biometrics
8. Use of Digital Signatures
Feasible Attacks
In the past, hackers were highly skilled computer users who used exploited computer vulnerabilities,
fiddled with code, or otherwise were programmers in their own right. Today however, nearly any
person can become a "hacker" by downloading "hacking" software from the Internet. With these
pieces of software that often attack devices and generally open

Wireless Sensor Networks Is Growing Rapidly Over The Few...
1. Abstract: Wireless sensor networks is growing rapidly over the few decades. Due to its flexibility,
wireless sensor networks has been in practice in many areas. Among various wireless networks,
Mobile Ad hoc networks has been one of the unique network. Unlike other network architectures,
MANETs have no central architecture; every node is free to work both as a transmitter and receiver.
Every single node can communicate freely with every other node which is in their communication
range. Otherwise, it depends on neighboring nodes to relay messages. Due to this nature, MANETs
are used in many missionary applications like health care, military use and emergency recovery.
However the wide distribution of MANETs makes it vulnerable to malicious attacks. Hence it is
necessary to design a secure system for MANETs. In this paper we implement a secure system
named Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement especially for MANETs. To ensure higher security
and reduce the network overhead, we use a different approach called hybrid cryptography in our
proposed scheme. Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgment detects higher malicious attackers without
greatly disturbing the network performances. We compare the differences within the Enhanced
Adaptive Acknowledgment before and after introducing the Hybrid cryptography approach
2. Introduction: The term MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) refers to a wireless network composed
of a set of mobile nodes that can communicate with other nodes without using a fixed

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