The document discusses conducting a greenhouse gas emissions inventory for a municipality. It provides steps for conducting the inventory including defining the scope to measure direct emissions, power usage, and indirect emissions from different sectors. The document also shares lessons from completing an inventory for the Village of Croton-on-Hudson, which found buildings and facilities were the top emitting sector. Next steps discussed include developing reduction goals and a climate action plan.
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Welcome to the October issue of our bioenergy market review. This month has seen heightened scrutiny of energy bills, in the wake of rising bills and the forthcoming launch of the UK Governments Energy Bill.
Since 2009 Utilities and City staff have incorporated energy efficient, conservation-minded
initiatives into the overall operations for the municipality. The 25x25 Plan demonstrates how both the City of Oconomowoc and Oconomowoc Utilities have worked hard to conserve financial and ecological resources.
This Updated 25x25 Plan should be viewed as a road map, which showcases all the key activities which have occurred since 2009 when the original plan was created. This updated Plan further high lights the importance of strategic decision-making and planning championed by City leadership and staff as evidenced by energy savings contained within this report
In 2013 the Oconomowoc Utilities Lead by Example team was tasked with updating the municipalities 25x25 Plan. The updated plan included water use data for the municipal operations as well as information on each municipal project that occurred between 2009 - 2013.
In her capacity as Lead by Example Team Coordinator Lisa Geason-Bauer was tasked with project managing the updated 25x25 Plan, she also served as lead plan author.
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Mark Jacobs' responses to FVCM conference questions, delivered during the 4/8/09 webinar. Much more information on the February 2009 Forest Values and Carbon Markets conference in Cloquet, MN is at http://www.blandinfoundation.org/events/events-detail.php?intResourceID=550.
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Since 2009 Utilities and City staff have incorporated energy efficient, conservation-minded
initiatives into the overall operations for the municipality. The 25x25 Plan demonstrates how both the City of Oconomowoc and Oconomowoc Utilities have worked hard to conserve financial and ecological resources.
This Updated 25x25 Plan should be viewed as a road map, which showcases all the key activities which have occurred since 2009 when the original plan was created. This updated Plan further high lights the importance of strategic decision-making and planning championed by City leadership and staff as evidenced by energy savings contained within this report
In 2013 the Oconomowoc Utilities Lead by Example team was tasked with updating the municipalities 25x25 Plan. The updated plan included water use data for the municipal operations as well as information on each municipal project that occurred between 2009 - 2013.
In her capacity as Lead by Example Team Coordinator Lisa Geason-Bauer was tasked with project managing the updated 25x25 Plan, she also served as lead plan author.
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Climate Change Mitigation & AdaptationLaurence Mills
Climate Change Plan
Renewable Technologies
Financial Assistance
Conservation & Efficiency
Mitigation with Technology
Global Climate Change
UK Energy Supply & Climate
Scotland\'s Projected Climate Changes
Climate Change Adaptation & Forward Planning
Harris, MEMR - Indonesia's RE Investment Promotion Strategy in Eastern IslandsOECD Environment
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In its Third Assessment Report (TAR), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concludes that human activities are the main contributors to global warming. Each nation is adopting measures to combat issues related to climate change. Global initiatives have been taken up by governments and companies to reduce the impact of their operations on the environment. To help these organizations better understand their carbon footprint, reporting systems for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were created. GHG emissions are disclosed either through regulated schemes or through voluntary reporting.
A public work I developed while under contract with UL to build and operate their Sustainability and energy Practice across the US, global offices and management consultant base.
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The expected cost of the whole package will be in the region of £1700 a significant reduction from normal consultancy costs.
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Benefits of Putting Carbon Tax in Ohio State 12Benefits.docxAASTHA76
Benefits of Putting Carbon Tax in Ohio State 12
Benefits of Carbon Tax in Ohio State
Sujan Kumar Karki
BSC
Summer 2017
Capstone Advisor: William J. Doyle, Ph D.
Copyright by:
Sujan Kumar Karki
2017
To: Meena and Laba Karki
Acknowledgement
I am forever indebted to by mom Meena Karki and Dad Laba Karki for all the support and sacrifices they have provided me throughout my career. I am thankful to Prof. Dr William J Doyle for his constant support and generosity. I really admire his patience throughout this project. I will always be thankful to my friends Tej Prasad Ghmire, Nikita Dhungel for their motivation, support and guidance for completion of this project.
LIST OF ACRONYMS
ACES: American Clean Energy and Security
CO2: Carbon dioxide
CO: Carbon monoxide
EPA: Environment Protection Agency
GHGs: Greenhouse Gases
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
ATM: Automated Teller Machine
MW: Megawatt
EU ETS: European Union Emissions Trading System
RGGI: Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
SCC: Stop Climate Change
Table of Contents
Abstract7
Introduction7
Effects of emissions on climate change10
Industrial processes10
SOLVENTS AND OTHER PRODUCT USE11
Agriculture11
Wastes12
Land use and forestry13
Transportation13
Energy intensity14
CAP- AND- DIVIDEND – The basics16
Permits versus Taxes19
Potential uses of carbon pricing taxes in the state level20
Tax cuts20
Returning money to households or electricity consumers21
Deficit reduction21
Investment in combating climate change21
Transitional assistance22
Carbon Pricing Design Features22
Scope22
Point of regulation23
Reporting and verification23
Setting the price or cap24
Changes in the carbon price over time26
Cost- containment mechanism28
Offsets28
Price ceiling and floors in carbon taxing29
Complimentary policies30
Addressing emissions and sources outside the program scope30
Energy efficiency30
Regulations and standards31
Investing in enabling technologies31
Research and development32
Benefits of EPA standards in Ohio State32
Primary Policy Options34
Next steps35
Conclusion36
References39
Abstract
Ohio is one of the states in the US that advocates the use of a kind of energy that does not cause any effects on the climate change. Due to the diverse effects of climate change many states have created taxes which will take care of the environment. Ohio is the first state in the US that rolled back clean energy mandates when they signed a bill that is called SB 310 to be a state law. The law was backed by deep- pocketed Ohio- based utilities as well as conservative groups. The bill came exactly a week after the EPA announced tough new rules on carbon emissions that were coming from power plants and other industries or factories. Looking at it closely, the impacts on consumers of a cap on carbon emissions are different across the income levels as well as in the different states of the US. This paper is going to look at the benefits ...
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Provided May 10, 2010 at Simon Fraser University by Bjorn Stigson, President of the World Business Council on Sustainable Development. (Recv'd via email distrubtion from SFU)
2. “ If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it." — Lord Kelvin Why measure? How to do a GHG inventory: WMPF March 10, 2010
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4. How to do a GHG inventory Engage hearts, heads, and hands How to do a GHG inventory: WMPF March 10, 2010
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10. what’s our tonnes? (table) www.crotononhudson-ny.gov How to do a GHG inventory: WMPF March 10, 2010 Summary by Sector Emissions (tonnes of CO 2 e) (%) Energy (MMBtu) (%) Cost ($) (%) 1. Buildings and Facilities 528 29.8% 6,525 37% $149,262 28% 2. Water Delivery Facilities 369 20.8% 3,583 20% $149,560 29% 3. Vehicle Fleet 415 23.4% 5,701 32% $126,894 24% 4. Streetlights & Traffic Signals 184 10.4% 1,699 10% $88,791 17% 5. Wastewater Facilities 24 1.4% 252 1% $9,269 2% 6. Indirect Emissions: Commuting, solvents, etc. 254 14.3% 0 0% $8,430 0% Totals 1,774 100% 17,760 100% $532,206 100%
11. Mapping our emissions Top 20 Emitters in Village Operations tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent www.crotononhudson-ny.gov Lessons from GHG Emissions Baseline Inventory: Communities & Climate Action (Fall 2009)
12. What’s next? Immediate savings and more planning How to do a GHG inventory: WMPF March 10, 2010
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14. Resources Croton’s GHG report (Gov. sector for all 3 emission sources 12/2009) www.crotononhudsonny.gov/Public_Documents/CrotonHudsonNY_BComm/Croton_GHG_Inventory_v2007.pdf Other Westchester GHG inventories: Town of Bedford Town of Somers Village of Mt Kisco Town of New Castle ...who am I missing....? for more see: Northern Westchester Energy Action Consortium www.nweac.org How to do a GHG inventory: WMPF March 10, 2010
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16. Appendix: Samples from slide deck we used for the GHG rollout in Croton with our residents and village staff and volunteers
19. 3 sectors to count For a full inventory, 3 different sectors need to counted. Governmental Sector Commercial Sector Residential Sector 1. Direct emission exhaust from vehicles fuel oil combustion, etc. 2. Power emission electricity from grid 3. Indirect emissions employee commuting solid waste disposal fertilizer & solvent use, etc. Croton will use 2010/2011 data for these 2 Croton used 2007 data
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21. Mapping our emissions Top 20 Emitters in Village Operations tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent www.crotononhudson-ny.gov Lessons from GHG Emissions Baseline Inventory: Communities & Climate Action (Fall 2009)
23. what’s our tonnes? pie chart The total cost of the energy consumed by each sector is displayed, together with the percent of the overall greenhouse gas emissions the energy consumption for that sector produced. We sorted these by largest to smallest emission source, with building and facilities as the #1 emitting sector. Notice that if we sort by largest to smallest cost, water delivery would be #1 most expensive sector, followed by buildings and facilities. (data is from table in prior slide) www.crotononhudson-ny.gov Lessons from GHG Emissions Baseline Inventory: Communities & Climate Action (Fall 2009)
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28. “ Doing nothing about climate change is far more expensive and risky than taking strong pro-active and immediate measures.” –Sir Nicholas Stern (2007) www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/sternreview_index.ht m Why bother? www.crotononhudson-ny.gov Lessons from GHG Emissions Baseline Inventory: Communities & Climate Action (Fall 2009)
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30. #3: US family’s emission pie Typical US family’s annual greenhouse gas emissions pie: www.crotononhudson-ny.gov Lessons from GHG Emissions Baseline Inventory: Communities & Climate Action (Fall 2009) (Adapted from: Vandenbergh et al (2008) Individual carbon emissions: low hanging fruit . UCLA Law Review.) See also http://behavioralwedge.msu.edu/ Fact: Each gallon (3 . 7 liters) of gasoline burned produces 19 . 4 pounds (8 . 8 kilograms) of carbon dioxide emissions. The average US automobile emits 5 . 7 tons (5 , 200 kilograms) of carbon dioxide per year.
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32. One small example: http://bit.ly/Croton_Firehouse_SolarPanels www.crotononhudson-ny.gov Lessons from GHG Emissions Baseline Inventory: Communities & Climate Action (Fall 2009)
33. http://bit.ly/Croton_Firehouse_SolarPanels The Grand Street Firehouse consumed 52,459 kWh in 2007 at a utility cost of $5,988. The solar electric panel may generate 20% or more of the building’s electricity in 2009-2010. (Clean energy output should be about 12,000 kWh and represents and 8,000 kg ( 17,600 pounds) of avoided CO 2 e emissions . NYPA provided a grant that paid for the PV panel. The Village bore the installation costs. . www.crotononhudson-ny.gov Lessons from GHG Emissions Baseline Inventory: Communities & Climate Action (Fall 2009)
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35. #2b: #1=Water Dept: 400,000 gallons/year Emission sources within Water Dept The dept-wide figures include water delivery total (369 t) plus heating/cooling for buildings operated by water dept (14 t) for 383 total tonnes. (Note on units: scale in tonnes is same for both figures; 1 metric tonne = 1 long ton = 2,204 pounds) } www.crotononhudson-ny.gov Lessons from GHG Emissions Baseline Inventory: Communities & Climate Action (Fall 2009)
36. #2b: #2=DPW Dept: 7,455 tons/yr solid waste collected Emission sources within DPW Dept (excluding street lighting) (Note on units: scale in tonnes is same for both figures; 1 metric tonne = 1 long ton = 2,204 pounds) www.crotononhudson-ny.gov Lessons from GHG Emissions Baseline Inventory: Communities & Climate Action (Fall 2009) }
37. #2b: #3=Fire Dept: 3 firehouses Emission sources within Fire Dept: 188 tonnes emitted by 3 Firehouses combined, compared with 191 tonnes from Mun. Bldg. with its 24/7 Police Station. (Note on units: scale in tonnes is same for both figures; 1 metric tonne = 1 long ton = 2,204 pounds) { www.crotononhudson-ny.gov Lessons from GHG Emissions Baseline Inventory: Communities & Climate Action (Fall 2009) }
38. Energy & costs per resident Emissions (lbs/resident) Energy consumed (kWh/resident) Energy cost ($/resident) Buildings & Facilities Vehicle Fleet Water Delivery Streetlights Wastewater Indirect Emissions Big “jumps” from energy to cost show up in those sectors MOST reliant on electricity which is MORE expensive per unit of energy consumed than other fuel sources: water and waste water (electric pumps). Note on energy units: 1 MMBtu = 1 millions Btus (therms) = 293 kiloWatt-hours (kWh) www.crotononhudson-ny.gov Lessons from GHG Emissions Baseline Inventory: Communities & Climate Action (Fall 2009)