CCXG March 2019 Anshari Rahman Challenges and Opportunities for Implementing NDCs

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Singapore has introduced a carbon tax to help meet its climate targets of reducing emissions intensity by 36% below 2005 levels by 2030 and stabilizing emissions around 2030. The tax will start at S$5/tCO2e in 2019, increasing potentially to S$10/tCO2e and S$15/tCO2e by 2030, applying to facilities emitting over 25 ktCO2e annually. Revenue will be recycled to support emissions abatement projects. As a densely populated country with few renewable options and an export-focused economy, Singapore faces challenges in reducing emissions and established carbon pricing over a decade of discussions with stakeholders.

3. Context for Carbon PricingSingapore’s Challenges
2
Dense Urban Landscape
– Low-lying, highly
urbanised city-state
– Accommodate housing,
commercial centres,
air/sea ports, etc.
– High population density of
7,650 per km2
Limited Alternative Energy
Options
– Unfavourable climatic conditions
for large scale deployment of
hydro, wind and geothermal
– Solar energy is the best option
but limited by intermittency and
land constraints
– 95% electricity generated from
natural gas
Export-oriented and Open
Economy
– Lack of natural resources
and hinterland
– Manufacturing as one of
our twin engines of growth

3. Context for Carbon PricingSingapore’s Pledges
4
2020
• Reduction of GHG emissions by 16% below Business-as-Usual
(BAU) levels in 2020
2030
• Reduce Emissions Intensity* (EI) by 36% below 2005 levels by
2030 and stabilise our emissions with the aim of peaking around
2030
*Emissions Intensity refers to the amount of GHG emitted per dollar of GDP

3. Context for Carbon PricingSingapore’s Climate Change Mitigation Strategy
5

6
Singapore’s Suite of Mitigation Measures

3. Context for Carbon PricingCarbon Tax: Price Level and Coverage
7
Tax rate: Transitory rate of S$5/tCO2e (USD3.80) from 2019
• To be reviewed in 2023
• Plans to increase the rate to S$10/tCO2e and S$15/tCO2e by 2030
• Uniform, transparent price across the economy; no benchmarks or
exemptions
Threshold Level: Facilities that emit 25 ktCO2e or more
• About 30 to 40 companies accounting for ~80% of Singapore’s total
emissions
• Balance between maximising coverage and directly affecting only the
largest emitters
Sectors covered: Manufacturing, Power Generation, Water and Waste
Management
GHG Coverage: CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs and PFCs

3. Context for Carbon PricingCarbon Tax Revenue
8
• Revenue will be recycled back; Government prepared to spend
more than the revenue generated in the initial five years to
support worthwhile projects which deliver the necessary
abatement in emissions
• Funds set aside to enhance support for energy efficiency through
existing grants such as the Productivity Grant (Energy Efficiency)
and Energy Efficiency Fund

3. Context for Carbon PricingCarbon Tax
9
Fixed-Price Credit-Based (FPCB) Tax Mechanism
• Carbon tax – start with mechanism that is simple to implement
and will minimise burden on companies
• Building blocks (e.g. credit registry infrastructure) to facilitate use
of carbon credits
• Open to linking our carbon tax framework to external carbon
markets where feasible

Long History of Preparation for Carbon Pricing
Conversations on pricing carbon started early
• Started considering carbon pricing options in 2007 in preparation for our 2020 targets
• Yearly conversations with large emitters since 2010
• Regular consultation with broader public as we updated our climate strategy
• Build on momentum and established relationships to have genuine exchanges
10

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