The document provides information on various topics related to agronomy including definitions of agronomy, revolutions in Indian agriculture, seed structure and viability, classes of seeds, and common methods of sowing seeds. It defines agronomy as the branch of agriculture dealing with crop production and soil management. It also describes achievements in Indian agriculture through the white, blue, and yellow revolutions and milestones in the development of the agriculture department and institutes. Common sowing methods like broadcasting, drilling, and dibbling are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Farm tools and equipment are used for various tasks on the farm such as land preparation, cultivation, harvesting and applying inputs. Common hand tools include hoes, shovels, sickles and pruners which are used for smaller garden plots. Larger machinery is needed for tasks like plowing, planting, spraying and transporting materials. Proper use and maintenance of tools and equipment helps ensure safety in farm operations.
crop production and management power point production sajeevnv
This document provides information about crop production. It begins by defining crop production as dealing with growing crops for food and fiber. It then lists the main categories of crops as food crops, cash crops, plantation crops, and horticulture crops. Examples are given for each category. The document also discusses the key methods of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing, adding manure/fertilizers, irrigation, weed protection, harvesting, and storage. Details are provided about each step in the crop production process.
This document discusses common nursery tools and their uses, factors to consider in site selection for a nursery shed, materials needed to set up a nursery shed, and characteristics of good quality seeds. It provides descriptions and pictures of common nursery tools including digging tools, propagation tools, pruning shears, budding knives, grafting knives, trowels, wheelbarrows, and dibblers. It also lists potential support posts, roofing materials, fencing, and benches that can be used for a nursery shed.
Cultural control methods are regular farming practices used to destroy pests and prevent injury. The main methods discussed are tillage operations, crop rotation, trap cropping, field sanitation, timing of sowing/planting, and use of resistant varieties. Tillage exposes pests to predators on the soil surface. Crop rotation and trap cropping disrupt pest life cycles. Field sanitation removes hosts for pests. Adjusting sowing times can prevent pest infestations. Resistant varieties have traits that make them less vulnerable to certain pests. While cultural controls are environmentally friendly and work with other methods, they require knowledge of pest ecology and long-term planning as full control is not guaranteed.
It is a process of growing different crops in succession on a piece of land in a specific period of time, with an objective to get maximum profit from least investment without impairing the soil fertility
vegetable cultivation under open and protected environmentamritpal singh
Vegetables are classified into root, stem, tuber, leafy, and seed vegetables. They are good sources of vitamins, minerals, fibers, and have antioxidant properties. Protected cultivation involves partially or fully controlling the microclimate around plants. Greenhouse technology is well-suited for vegetables, flowers, and nursery crops due to their small lifespans. Factors like light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and ventilation must be controlled in greenhouses.
Crop rotation refers to growing different crops in succession on the same piece of land. It helps maintain soil fertility through legumes that fix nitrogen. Crop rotation provides various benefits like increased yields, reduced costs from weeds and pests, and regular income. Principles of effective crop rotation include adapting to soil and climate, maintaining soil organic matter, and rotating between deep and shallow root crops. Other cropping systems discussed are intercropping, mixed cropping, relay cropping, and monocropping.
The document provides information on various topics related to agronomy including definitions of agronomy, revolutions in Indian agriculture, seed structure and viability, classes of seeds, and common methods of sowing seeds. It defines agronomy as the branch of agriculture dealing with crop production and soil management. It also describes achievements in Indian agriculture through the white, blue, and yellow revolutions and milestones in the development of the agriculture department and institutes. Common sowing methods like broadcasting, drilling, and dibbling are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Farm tools and equipment are used for various tasks on the farm such as land preparation, cultivation, harvesting and applying inputs. Common hand tools include hoes, shovels, sickles and pruners which are used for smaller garden plots. Larger machinery is needed for tasks like plowing, planting, spraying and transporting materials. Proper use and maintenance of tools and equipment helps ensure safety in farm operations.
crop production and management power point production sajeevnv
This document provides information about crop production. It begins by defining crop production as dealing with growing crops for food and fiber. It then lists the main categories of crops as food crops, cash crops, plantation crops, and horticulture crops. Examples are given for each category. The document also discusses the key methods of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing, adding manure/fertilizers, irrigation, weed protection, harvesting, and storage. Details are provided about each step in the crop production process.
This document discusses common nursery tools and their uses, factors to consider in site selection for a nursery shed, materials needed to set up a nursery shed, and characteristics of good quality seeds. It provides descriptions and pictures of common nursery tools including digging tools, propagation tools, pruning shears, budding knives, grafting knives, trowels, wheelbarrows, and dibblers. It also lists potential support posts, roofing materials, fencing, and benches that can be used for a nursery shed.
Cultural control methods are regular farming practices used to destroy pests and prevent injury. The main methods discussed are tillage operations, crop rotation, trap cropping, field sanitation, timing of sowing/planting, and use of resistant varieties. Tillage exposes pests to predators on the soil surface. Crop rotation and trap cropping disrupt pest life cycles. Field sanitation removes hosts for pests. Adjusting sowing times can prevent pest infestations. Resistant varieties have traits that make them less vulnerable to certain pests. While cultural controls are environmentally friendly and work with other methods, they require knowledge of pest ecology and long-term planning as full control is not guaranteed.
It is a process of growing different crops in succession on a piece of land in a specific period of time, with an objective to get maximum profit from least investment without impairing the soil fertility
vegetable cultivation under open and protected environmentamritpal singh
Vegetables are classified into root, stem, tuber, leafy, and seed vegetables. They are good sources of vitamins, minerals, fibers, and have antioxidant properties. Protected cultivation involves partially or fully controlling the microclimate around plants. Greenhouse technology is well-suited for vegetables, flowers, and nursery crops due to their small lifespans. Factors like light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and ventilation must be controlled in greenhouses.
Crop rotation refers to growing different crops in succession on the same piece of land. It helps maintain soil fertility through legumes that fix nitrogen. Crop rotation provides various benefits like increased yields, reduced costs from weeds and pests, and regular income. Principles of effective crop rotation include adapting to soil and climate, maintaining soil organic matter, and rotating between deep and shallow root crops. Other cropping systems discussed are intercropping, mixed cropping, relay cropping, and monocropping.
Agronomy is the study of soil management, crop production, and other agricultural practices. It deals with maximizing crop yields through practices like introducing new crop varieties, proper soil fertility management, and intensive cropping systems. The document discusses key agronomy concepts like the meaning and scope of agronomy, seed types and sowing methods, tillage and crop geometry. It also covers topics like essential plant nutrients, the difference between manures and fertilizers, and nutrient use efficiency. The overall document provides an introduction to fundamental agronomy concepts and practices.
This document discusses key aspects of crop production and management. It begins by explaining the origins of agriculture and defines key terms. It then outlines the main agricultural practices farmers follow for good crop yields, including soil preparation, selection and sowing of seeds, manuring/fertilizing, and irrigation. The document also discusses crop seasons in India and different methods for sowing seeds. It explains the differences between manure and fertilizers and natural methods to maintain soil fertility like field fallow, mixed cropping, and crop rotation.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
This document provides an overview of important engineering properties of agricultural crops including cereals, pulses, and oilseeds. It discusses various physical properties like size, shape, density, and thermal properties. It describes the structure and milling processes of various cereals like wheat, rice, and corn. It also discusses properties of pulses and common oilseeds and their uses. The document is intended to familiarize students with these engineering properties and how they influence the design of processing equipment.
This document outlines the key topics covered in an agronomy course on crop production, including:
(1) An introduction to the course, objectives, grading criteria, and strategies for lectures and field work.
(2) A weekly course outline covering various field crops and their production.
(3) The basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. Traditional and modern methods are discussed for several of these practices.
This document outlines the key concepts and course details for an agronomy course on crop production. It discusses the course objectives of acquiring crop production skills and applying agronomic practices to improve yields. It also covers the basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. The document provides examples and details for each step of crop production.
This document discusses improving food resources through increasing crop production, animal husbandry, and other means. It covers topics like the need to increase food production to feed the growing population, different types of crops and their uses, ways to improve crop yields through variety improvement, production management involving nutrients, irrigation, and cropping patterns, protecting crops from pests and diseases, animal farming practices for cattle, poultry and fish, and beekeeping. The overall aim is to scientifically manage agriculture and livestock to boost food production efficiency.
To provide food for a growing population, various agricultural practices are necessary. These practices include preparing the soil, sowing seeds, adding fertilizers, irrigating crops, harvesting mature crops, and storing the harvest. Key activities involve tilling soil, selecting quality seeds, replenishing soil nutrients, supplying water, removing weeds, cutting crops, and protecting stored grains from pests. Proper agricultural management through these practices helps maximize food production.
This document discusses production practices for annual crops, focusing on site selection, planting materials, and land preparation. Key points:
- Site selection considers climate, soil, biological, socioeconomic and environmental factors. Crops have different climate, soil and light requirements.
- Planting materials include seeds, vegetative cuttings, tubers, and bulbs. Seed quality, variety selection, storage and pre-germination treatments are important.
- Land preparation methods differ for wetland (puddled soil) and upland systems. Wetland preparation involves plowing, harrowing and leveling under flooded conditions to create small, dense soil particles. Upland preparation maintains soil structure.
- Three
This document discusses planning effective crop rotations for organic farms. It begins by defining crop rotation as alternating annual crops on a field in a planned sequence to prevent growing the same species repeatedly. Crop rotation is important for managing diseases, nutrients, weeds and building soil quality. The document then discusses how 12 expert farmers plan rotations in an ad hoc manner based on field conditions rather than long-term plans. It also provides examples of general rotation plans from other farms. The remainder of the document outlines a systematic procedure for planning crop rotations and managing pests and weeds through rotation.
IX-15-Improvement in food resources.pptClass9BShift1
This document provides information on improving food resources through increasing crop production, animal husbandry, and other means. It discusses the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Various methods are described to improve crop yields, including crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification, crop production management involving nutrient, irrigation, and cropping practices, and crop protection. It also covers livestock farming, poultry, fish, and bee keeping to augment food resources.
The document discusses improving food resources through increasing crop production and animal husbandry. It notes that population growth requires increasing food production since arable land area cannot expand significantly. Crop yields can be improved through variety improvement, production management like fertilizer use and irrigation, and protection from pests. Animal farming including cattle, poultry and fish is also important to increase food resources. Improved breeds, nutrition, disease control and hygienic conditions help boost animal production. Overall the document emphasizes the need to boost both crop and livestock outputs to adequately feed the growing population through scientific agricultural practices.
Plant Breeding: Art and Science
"Plant breeding means the improvement in the heredity of crops and production of new crop varieties which are far better than original types in all aspects."
1. Agronomy is the science and practice of crop production and soil management. It aims to maximize crop yields through choosing the best crop varieties, soil management techniques, and cultivation practices.
2. An agronomist studies crop production problems and develops better solutions, such as more efficient field preparation methods and optimal harvesting times, to obtain maximum output at minimum cost.
3. Agronomists conduct research on scientifically cultivating crops based on soil, climate, and crop variety factors and adjust production techniques accordingly.
This document discusses crop production and management. It describes different types of crops including kharif crops like rice, maize, cotton and groundnuts that are planted in June and harvested in October, and rabi crops like wheat, barley, pea and gram that are planted in November and harvested in April. The key agricultural practices for crop production are described as soil preparation, selection and sowing of seeds, irrigation, weeding, harvesting and storage. Traditional and modern irrigation methods as well as challenges like waterlogging are covered. The document also discusses weeding, use of weedicides and pesticides, harvesting techniques including threshing and winnowing, and strategies to increase crop yields such as crop rotation and mixed cultivation.
B.sc agri i paam unit 1 introduction to agronomyRai University
The document provides an introduction to the subject of agronomy, including definitions and scope. It discusses key topics in agronomy such as crop classification, developments in agriculture, research institutes, and agro-climatic zones of India. The document outlines the relationships between agronomy and other sciences and describes important management practices for crop growth.
This document provides an overview of improving food resources in India. It discusses the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Key points include:
- Crop production can be improved through crop variety improvement, production management practices like nutrient and irrigation management, and crop protection.
- Animal husbandry also plays an important role through practices like cattle farming, poultry farming, fish farming, and bee-keeping.
- Mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation can maximize land use and reduce risks from crop failure. Proper storage is also needed to reduce post-harvest losses of grains.
Pearlmillet, also known as bajra or cumbu, originated in Africa. There are 32 species of pearlmillet, but only two are commonly cultivated - P. glaucum for grain production and P. purpureum for fodder. Pearlmillet is well-adapted to hot, dry climates and poor soils. It is an important food source high in calories, protein, and minerals for people in dry regions where it is grown. India is a major producer of pearlmillet, with most production occurring in Rajasthan. The document provides details on varieties, cultivation practices like sowing methods, weed control, nutrient management, and harvesting of pearlmillet.
Agronomy is the study of soil management, crop production, and other agricultural practices. It deals with maximizing crop yields through practices like introducing new crop varieties, proper soil fertility management, and intensive cropping systems. The document discusses key agronomy concepts like the meaning and scope of agronomy, seed types and sowing methods, tillage and crop geometry. It also covers topics like essential plant nutrients, the difference between manures and fertilizers, and nutrient use efficiency. The overall document provides an introduction to fundamental agronomy concepts and practices.
This document discusses key aspects of crop production and management. It begins by explaining the origins of agriculture and defines key terms. It then outlines the main agricultural practices farmers follow for good crop yields, including soil preparation, selection and sowing of seeds, manuring/fertilizing, and irrigation. The document also discusses crop seasons in India and different methods for sowing seeds. It explains the differences between manure and fertilizers and natural methods to maintain soil fertility like field fallow, mixed cropping, and crop rotation.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
This document provides an overview of important engineering properties of agricultural crops including cereals, pulses, and oilseeds. It discusses various physical properties like size, shape, density, and thermal properties. It describes the structure and milling processes of various cereals like wheat, rice, and corn. It also discusses properties of pulses and common oilseeds and their uses. The document is intended to familiarize students with these engineering properties and how they influence the design of processing equipment.
This document outlines the key topics covered in an agronomy course on crop production, including:
(1) An introduction to the course, objectives, grading criteria, and strategies for lectures and field work.
(2) A weekly course outline covering various field crops and their production.
(3) The basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. Traditional and modern methods are discussed for several of these practices.
This document outlines the key concepts and course details for an agronomy course on crop production. It discusses the course objectives of acquiring crop production skills and applying agronomic practices to improve yields. It also covers the basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. The document provides examples and details for each step of crop production.
This document discusses improving food resources through increasing crop production, animal husbandry, and other means. It covers topics like the need to increase food production to feed the growing population, different types of crops and their uses, ways to improve crop yields through variety improvement, production management involving nutrients, irrigation, and cropping patterns, protecting crops from pests and diseases, animal farming practices for cattle, poultry and fish, and beekeeping. The overall aim is to scientifically manage agriculture and livestock to boost food production efficiency.
To provide food for a growing population, various agricultural practices are necessary. These practices include preparing the soil, sowing seeds, adding fertilizers, irrigating crops, harvesting mature crops, and storing the harvest. Key activities involve tilling soil, selecting quality seeds, replenishing soil nutrients, supplying water, removing weeds, cutting crops, and protecting stored grains from pests. Proper agricultural management through these practices helps maximize food production.
This document discusses production practices for annual crops, focusing on site selection, planting materials, and land preparation. Key points:
- Site selection considers climate, soil, biological, socioeconomic and environmental factors. Crops have different climate, soil and light requirements.
- Planting materials include seeds, vegetative cuttings, tubers, and bulbs. Seed quality, variety selection, storage and pre-germination treatments are important.
- Land preparation methods differ for wetland (puddled soil) and upland systems. Wetland preparation involves plowing, harrowing and leveling under flooded conditions to create small, dense soil particles. Upland preparation maintains soil structure.
- Three
This document discusses planning effective crop rotations for organic farms. It begins by defining crop rotation as alternating annual crops on a field in a planned sequence to prevent growing the same species repeatedly. Crop rotation is important for managing diseases, nutrients, weeds and building soil quality. The document then discusses how 12 expert farmers plan rotations in an ad hoc manner based on field conditions rather than long-term plans. It also provides examples of general rotation plans from other farms. The remainder of the document outlines a systematic procedure for planning crop rotations and managing pests and weeds through rotation.
IX-15-Improvement in food resources.pptClass9BShift1
This document provides information on improving food resources through increasing crop production, animal husbandry, and other means. It discusses the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Various methods are described to improve crop yields, including crop variety improvement through hybridization and genetic modification, crop production management involving nutrient, irrigation, and cropping practices, and crop protection. It also covers livestock farming, poultry, fish, and bee keeping to augment food resources.
The document discusses improving food resources through increasing crop production and animal husbandry. It notes that population growth requires increasing food production since arable land area cannot expand significantly. Crop yields can be improved through variety improvement, production management like fertilizer use and irrigation, and protection from pests. Animal farming including cattle, poultry and fish is also important to increase food resources. Improved breeds, nutrition, disease control and hygienic conditions help boost animal production. Overall the document emphasizes the need to boost both crop and livestock outputs to adequately feed the growing population through scientific agricultural practices.
Plant Breeding: Art and Science
"Plant breeding means the improvement in the heredity of crops and production of new crop varieties which are far better than original types in all aspects."
1. Agronomy is the science and practice of crop production and soil management. It aims to maximize crop yields through choosing the best crop varieties, soil management techniques, and cultivation practices.
2. An agronomist studies crop production problems and develops better solutions, such as more efficient field preparation methods and optimal harvesting times, to obtain maximum output at minimum cost.
3. Agronomists conduct research on scientifically cultivating crops based on soil, climate, and crop variety factors and adjust production techniques accordingly.
This document discusses crop production and management. It describes different types of crops including kharif crops like rice, maize, cotton and groundnuts that are planted in June and harvested in October, and rabi crops like wheat, barley, pea and gram that are planted in November and harvested in April. The key agricultural practices for crop production are described as soil preparation, selection and sowing of seeds, irrigation, weeding, harvesting and storage. Traditional and modern irrigation methods as well as challenges like waterlogging are covered. The document also discusses weeding, use of weedicides and pesticides, harvesting techniques including threshing and winnowing, and strategies to increase crop yields such as crop rotation and mixed cultivation.
B.sc agri i paam unit 1 introduction to agronomyRai University
The document provides an introduction to the subject of agronomy, including definitions and scope. It discusses key topics in agronomy such as crop classification, developments in agriculture, research institutes, and agro-climatic zones of India. The document outlines the relationships between agronomy and other sciences and describes important management practices for crop growth.
This document provides an overview of improving food resources in India. It discusses the need to increase food production to feed the growing population. Key points include:
- Crop production can be improved through crop variety improvement, production management practices like nutrient and irrigation management, and crop protection.
- Animal husbandry also plays an important role through practices like cattle farming, poultry farming, fish farming, and bee-keeping.
- Mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation can maximize land use and reduce risks from crop failure. Proper storage is also needed to reduce post-harvest losses of grains.
Pearlmillet, also known as bajra or cumbu, originated in Africa. There are 32 species of pearlmillet, but only two are commonly cultivated - P. glaucum for grain production and P. purpureum for fodder. Pearlmillet is well-adapted to hot, dry climates and poor soils. It is an important food source high in calories, protein, and minerals for people in dry regions where it is grown. India is a major producer of pearlmillet, with most production occurring in Rajasthan. The document provides details on varieties, cultivation practices like sowing methods, weed control, nutrient management, and harvesting of pearlmillet.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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1. AGRO - 111
Fundamentals of Agronomy-I
Important Topics
1) Define Agronomy & write scope and importance of Agronomy.
Agronomy-
‘It is the branch of agricultural science which deals with the principles and practices of field
management for the crop production.’
Scope-
scope means at which things or places we can apply the knowledge of Agronomy. We can get all
possible things (production, yield) which the basic farmers or producers need. We can study of
the following contents…..
- Crop production - by maximizing our yield.
- Soil management - by improving soil fertility & productivity.
- Proper method of tillage - by using modern concept of tillage (Minimum tillage, Zero
tillage).
- Suitable time of sowing - most important for seed germination & stability of plants.
- Proper method of sowing - (Drilling, Dibbling etc) for maintaining plant population.
- Maintaining farm implements & machineries in proper shape.
- Management of livestock including their feeding, management & disposal of farm and
animal products like milk and eggs etc.
Importance-
For getting higher yield, agronomy benefits in…
- Organic farming
- Sustainable agriculture
- Forestry
- Mixed farming
- Poultry production
- Sheep & Goat rearing
- Mixed & Inter Cropping etc.
2. 2) Explain relationship of agronomy with other sciences & Role of agronomist in short.
Relationship with other sciences –
agronomy has a deep relation with the following sciences these are…
- Soil science & agriculture chemistry
- Genetics & plant breeding
- Horticulture
- Crop physiology
- Animal husbandry & dairy science
- Agro meteorology
- Agriculture extension
- Agriculture engineering
- Agriculture economics
- Agro-forestry
- Statistics
- Basic science like Mathematics, Zoology, Ecology etc
Role of agronomist- are…
- He should know the deep knowledge of agronomy.
- He should have the ability to convert his theoretical knowledge into practical.
- He is the co-ordinator of different SMS. (subject matter specialist)
- He is the consultant for the farmers.
- He should have mastery in agriculture production through research.
- He has well information of conducting experiments on different aspects like sowing time,
seed rate, spacing, fertilizer requirement, weed management, cropping systems etc.
3) Define Tillage & write Objectives of Tillage.
-
Tillage- ‘The manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust and
bringing conditions favorable for the seed germination & crop growth.’
Objectives-
- To make the soil loose and porous (friable).
- To remove weeds.
- To mix manures and fertilizers.
- To destroy insects and their eggs.
- To aerate the soil.
- To increase the soil temperature.
- To remove stubbles.
- To break hard pan (big stones).
- To incorporate organic manures.
- To have repeated exchange of air & gases. Etc.
3. 4) What is Soil tilth or Tilth ? Explain the characteristics of good soil tilth & how soil tilth
is measured.
-
Tilth - ‘It is the physical condition of soil resulting from tillage & said to be good when the soil
is soft, friable and properly aerated.’
Characteristics of good soil tilth -
- It should have higher % of larger aggregates (more than 5 mm diameter) for irrigated
farming.
- It should have higher % of smaller aggregates (1-2 mm diameter) for dry-land farming.
- Good soil tilth should be porous & has free drainage up to water table.
- Micro-pores (capillary) & Macro-pores (non-capillary) should be in equal proportion.
- The soil particles should not be easily eroded by water or wind.
- Soil should not be sticky when moist.
- Soil should permit easy infiltration of water.
Note (Aggregate means Different sized soil particle)
Measurement of soil tilth -
It can be measured by following methods
- 1) Feel and appearance method
- 2) Pore space content – equally divided in micro & macro pores.
- 3) Measuring size of soil aggregates – best size of soil aggregates ranges from 1 to 6 mm.
5) What are the Types of Tillage ? write the names of tools & implements used in different
tillage operations.
Types of tillage operations…
A) Preparatory tillage
‘Tillage operations which are carried out from the time of harvesting of the previous crop
to the sowing of the next crop are known as preparatory tillage/cultivation.
i) Primary tillage – Ploughing (cutting & inverting the soil)
ii) Secondary tillage – Clod crushing, Land leveling, Discing (Disking), Manure mixing.
B) Seedbed preparation
After preparatory tillage the land is to be laid out properly for irrigating crops if irrigation
is available for sowing or planting seedlings which is known as seedbed preparation.
i) Harrowing
ii) Preparation of irrigation layouts – Ridge & Furrow, Flat beds, BBF etc
iii) Sowing & covering of seeds
C) Intercultural operations / Inter-tillage / Inter-cultivation
The tillage operations which are carried out in the standing crops. Viz.
i) Thinning ii) Gap filling
iii) Weeding iv) Hoeing
v) Top dressing of fertilizers vi) Earthing up etc.
4. Tools & implements used in tillage operations
Ploughing – MB plough, Chisel plough, Desi plough, Disc plough, Sub soil plough etc.
Clod crushing – Norwegian harrow, Plank etc.
Land leveling – Bulldozer, Keni, Plank-leveler etc.
Manure mixing – Manually, Disc harrow, country plough, cultivator etc.
Harrowing – Blade harrow, Disc harrow etc
Irrigation layout – Ridger, Bund former (Sarayantra), Blade harrow etc
Inter-tillage – Weeding hook (khurpi), Hoe, Japanese hoe.
Harvesting – Combine harvester etc.
6) Explain the Modern Concept of Tillage.
-
Main aim of modern concept of tillage is to minimize the cost of cultivation by reducing
some tillage operations.
Need of modern concept of tillage is very necessary today. In India maximum farmers are
marginal according to area & cost of cultivation is also increasing day by day, so the generation
of Minimum & Zero tillage is helpful.
Modern concept includes….
1) Minimum Tillage
2) Zero Tillage
3) Stubble Mulch Tillage
Modern Concept Preparatory Tillage Seedbed Preparation
Primary Secondary
Minimum Tillage Carried out Reduced
(1 instead of 2
harrowings etc)
Reduced by combining
Agril. Operations like
(seeding & fertilizer
application)
Zero Tillage Avoided Avoided Row zone only
&
Stubble Mulch Tillage –
Clean cultivation and unnecessary ploughing lead to soil erosion due to heavy rains and
wind in the arid lands. A new approach has been developed for protecting soils all the time either
by growing crops or spreading of crop residues.
‘Covering the soil surface with crop residues or stubbles during the fallow periods for
protecting soil is known as stubble mulch tillage or stubble mulch farming.’
5. 7) Define Seed and write the qualities/characteristics of good seed.
-
Seed - ‘Any material used for sowing or planting or propagation of a crop is called as seed. It
may be in the form of seed or seedlings or tubers or bulb or rhizome or root or cuttings or graft
or any other vegetatively propagated material.’
Characteristics/Qualities of good seed…
- It should be genetically pure.
- It should have high germination percentage.
- It should be free from any insect pests.
- It should be free from disease bearing organisms.
- It should be free from any admixture, dirt & inert material.
- It should be free from noxious, objectionable & satellite weed seeds.
- It should be clean, dry, bold, uniform in size & shape etc.
8) Define Seed Treatment & write the objectives of seed treatment.
-
Seed Treatment - ‘It is the process in which the seeds are treated before sowing to overcome
heavy losses due to natural & unforeseen infections.’
Healthy seed materials, free from pests & diseases and having high viability is essential
for establishment of crop.
Objectives of seed treatment…
- Convenience in sowing.
- Disease control includes seed born, soil born & air born diseases.
- Insect control like white ants and other ants, termites.
- Quicker germination.
- Better yield.
- Protection against insects.
- Increasing nitrogen fixation.
- Inducing earliness (Vernalization).
Note- (Vernalization – is the treatment in which the seeds are soaked in water for inducing
germination. By giving this treatment, the maturity period of long durational crop is
shortened.)
Name of crops Seed treatment Diseases
Sorghum 300 mesh fine sulphar dust @ 3gm/kg of seed. Grain smut
Bajra 20 % brine solution (NaCl or common salt solution) Ergot
Rice 3 % brine solution. Blast
Wheat Thirum (Fungicide) @ 2.5 gm/kg of seed. Smut
6. 9) Define Seed Dormancy. Write down the causes of seed dormancy.
-
Seed Dormancy- ‘It is an internal condition of viable seed which does not allow its actual
germination, although suitable temperature, moisture and aeration etc are provided.’
Causes of seed dormancy-
- Inadequate supply of oxygen due to poor soil aeration.
- Excess or deficiency of moisture in the soil.
- Lower or higher soil temperature than the requirement of the crop.
- Attack of insects pests, diseases and birds on seed or newly emerging seedlings.
- More or less depth of sowing than the optimum depth of sowing.
- Rough or poor seedbed preparation.
- Faulty seeds – seeds with poor germination, diseased seeds, damaged seeds etc.
10) Short notes on A) Types of Dormancy.
B) Methods of breaking dormancy.
C) Types or Stages of Seed multiplication.
-
A) Types of Dormancy - there are 3 types.
i) Innate dormancy - occurs due to the genetical characters of the seed or due to hard seed coat,
immature embryo etc.
ii) Enforced dormancy - due to conditions of deficient oxygen, excess CO2 & deep placement of
seed in the soil etc.
iii) Induced dormancy – due to sudden physiological change in seed by unfavorable climatic
conditions.
B) Methods of breaking seed dormancy - by
i) Scarification- hard seed coat is broken by chemical (by dipping seeds in dilute solutions of
HNO3, HCl or H2SO4) Or by mechanical means (by filling the seeds in gunny bags & beating
them to rupture the seed coat).
ii) Exposure of seed to light.
iii) Gas treatment.
iv) Soaking seeds in hot water - deep seeds in boiling water for 2-3 minutes.
C) Stages of seed multiplication –
- Seed viability is the ability or capacity of the soil to germinate.
There are five stages of seed multiplication
1) Nucleus seed 2) Breeder’s seed
3) Foundation seed 4) Certified seed 5) Truthful seed.
7. 11) Enlist different methods sowing & explain any one in detail.
-
Sowing of crop is done by following methods
1. Broadcasting
2. Drilling or line sowing.
3. Dibbling
4. Transplanting
5. Planting
6. Putting the seeds in plough furrow.
12) Define plant population. What are the effects of plant population on crop growth and
yield.
-
Plant population- ‘It is defined as the number of plants per unit area’. Eg. Optimum plant
population of kharif hybrid sorghum is 1,37,000 to 1,50,000 plants/ha. ( plants pe hectare).
Effect of plant population plant growth & yield – Plant densities influence the crop growth
considerably….
1. High density is conducive for building up of pests diseases.
2. At very high density, seedling mortality is common.
3. High plant density may decrease protein & oil content.
4. At high plant density lodging is more.
5. With increasing density, competition for light, plant height increased.
6. Widely spaced plants have circular root distribution.
7. There is interpenetrated root growth at high density.
13) Define Crop/Planting geometry. Explain it.
-
Crop geometry or plant geometry is the pattern of distribution of plants over the ground or the
shape of the area available to the individual plant.
It includes – 1) Solid planting 2) Paired planting & 3) Skip Row planting
1) Solid planting – sowing of crop on a solid basis by drilling or dibbling method at same
spacing. (Eg. Groundnut at 30 cm × 10 cm)
2) Paired planting – sowing of crop on a given area in a specific paired arrangement.
(Eg. Soybean at 45 cm × 15 cm, but skip the one or two rows).
3) Skip Row planting – sowing of a crop in a specific row pattern and add the other one row
of different crop in it.
8. 14) Define manures & Fertilizers. Write the importance of manures and fertilizers.
-
Manures – it is a well decomposed refuse from stable and barn yards including both animal
excreta and straw or other litter.
Fertilizers – these are industrially manufactured chemicals containing plant nutrients which
when added to the soil makes it productive and promotes plant growth.
Importance of manures and fertilizers –
- Manures and fertilizers are the main source of essential plant nutrients.
- Application of manures & fertilizers overcomes the deficiency symptoms of nutrients.
- Manures increase the physical condition of soil thereby productivity increases
- Manures increase the fertility of the soil.
- Fertilizers increase the per hectare yield of crop.
- Fertilizers help in giving maximum output (yield) than manures.
- Application of some fertilizers is helpful in different climatological calamities like in
excess rainfall, in drought condition. Etc.
15) Give the classification of manures & fertilizers with suitable examples.
-
Mainly three basic types…
A) Organic (Natural) – includes
Bulky organic manures Concentrated organic manures
FYM Groundnut cake
Compost Linseed cake
Vermi-compost Neem cake
Green manure cotton seed cake
Sheep manure Bone meal
Sewage waste Meat meal
Sludge Slaughter house refuse etc
B) Inorganic (Artificial) – includes
Nitrogenous Phosphatic Potassic Others
Urea SSP MOP Gypsum
Calcium nitrate DSP Sulphate of potash Lime
Ammonium sulphate Rock phosphate Potassium nitrate Complex fertilizers
Ammonium nitrate Basic slag - Micro-nutrients
Etc Row bone meal - Etc
C) Biofertilizers –
1. Rhizobium 2. Azotobacter 3. Azospirillum
4. PSB 5. Blue green algae
9. 16) Enlist the methods of fertilizer application & explain any one. Write the time of
fertilizer application in short.
-
Methods of fertilizer application are…
1. Broadcasting
2. Drilling
3. Band placement
4. Point placement
5. Injection into soil
6. Fertigation
7. Root dipping
8. Foliar application
Time of fertilizer application…
1. Before sowing
2. At sowing
3. After sowing
4. Slit application
17) Define Green Manuring, write types of green manuring with example, write advantages
& disadvantages of green manuring.
-
‘Green manuring is a practice of ploughing or turning the undecomposed green plant tissues into
the soil for the purpose of improving soil fertility.’
Types of green manuring Crops used in green manuring
1) Green manuring in situ Sunhemp, Dhaincha, Guar beans, Kulthi, Senji etc.
2) Green leaf manuring Glyricidia, Sesbania, Karanj etc.
Advantages of green manuring –
1. It increases the fertility of soil.
2. Being a legume, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
3. Being a quick growing crop, it helps in suppressing the weed growth.
4. It improves the soil structure, water holding capacity & decreases run off.
5. It adds organic matter & stimulates activities of soil micro-organisms.
Disadvantages of green munuring –
1. It may increase the incidence of pests & diseases.
2. There is loss of one season especially kharif.
10. 18) Define Weed & explain the characteristics of weeds.
-
Weed – Any plant not sown in the field by farmer is out of place called weed.
Weed is an unwanted plant growing where it is not wanted & it is extremely noxious, useless and
poisonous.
Characteristics of weeds…
1. Weeds have high reproductive capacity.
2. They thrive well under adverse climatic condition.
3. They have morphological similarities with associated crops.
4. They can protect themselves from animal and human being.
5. They are harmful to crops, cattle and human being.
6. Weed seeds have similarities with crop seeds.
7. Weeds have competitive in nature. Etc.
19) Give the classification of weeds. & explain any one
-
Classification
A) Based on Life cycle.
B) Based on Habitat or place of occurrence.
C) Based on Dependence on other hosts.
D) Based on Soil type.
E) Based on plant family.
A) Based on Life cycle -
1. Annual - weeds complete their life cycle within a year. In kharif season or in winter season.
Ex. Aghada, Hazardana etc
2. Biennial - weeds require two years for completion of their life cycle.
Ex. Wild carrot etc.
3. Perennials - weeds continue their life cycle for years together.
Ex. Lavala, Hariyali etc.
20) Write Advantages (benefits) & Disadvantages (damages/losses) occurred by weeds.
- advantages disadvantages
Weeds add nutrients & organic matter into the
soil.
Reduction in crop yield.
Weeds control soil erosion. It increases the cost of cultivation.
Weeds are useful as fodder for animals. It reduces the quality of produce.
Weeds have medicinal value. Harm to animal and human being.
Weeds are used as vegetables. Check the flow of water in irrigation water.
Weeds serve as ornamental plants. Harbour insects & diseases.
Weeds are used in reclamation of alkali land. Depreciate the land value. Etc.
11. 21) Enlist the methods of weed control. Explain any one.
-
Classified in two groups.
A) Preventive – it consists of…
- Use clean seed.
- Use well decomposed FYM/Compost.
- Cut the weeds before seeding.
- Remove weed growth or keep irrigation & drainage channels clean or free from seeds.
- Clean all the farm implements before using it. Etc
B) Curative – it includes
1) Mechanical/Physical methods
2) Cultural methods
3) Biological methods
4) Chemical methods
Explanation-
1) Physical
i) Hand weeding ii) Hoeing iii) Hand pulling iv) Burning
v) Flooding etc
2) Cultural
i) Crop rotation ii) Kind of crops
iii) Use of fertilizers iv) Date & seed rate of sowing etc
3) Biological
Using of living organisms (insects) for controlling the weeds.
Ex.
Bio-Agents (insects) Host weeds
1. Cochineal scale (insect) Prickly pear (Nagphana)
2. Moths Lantana camara (Ghaneri)
3. Zygograma bicolorata (beetle) Parthenium (Gajar gavat) etc
4) Chemical
Using of different types of chemicals for the control of weeds.
Ex.
2,4-D, MCPA, Atrazine, Simazine, Glyphosate, Alachlor, Diuron, Pendamethalin etc
12. 22) Define herbicides and classify it. Write short notes on Allelopathy or Allelopathic effect
of weed.
-
Herbicides are the chemicals used for weed control and which suppress or destroy the growth of
weeds.
Classification of herbicides –
A) Based on chemical composition
B) Based on selectivity
C) Based on time of application
D) Based on formulation
E) Based on residual effect.
B) Based on selectivity-
1) Selective 2) Non-selective
i) Foliage ii) Soil application i) Foliage ii) Soil application
DNBP Simazine Glyphosate Soil fumigants -
Nitrofen Atrazine Paraquat Cynamide
Propanil Butachlor Dalapon Methyl bromide
2,4-D MCPA Sulphuric acid Soil sterilents
MCPA Nitrofen Sodium cloride NaCl
MCPB Dinitrophenols Etc Atrazine
Allelopathy or allelopathic effect of weed –
Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more
biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival and reproduction of other
organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and can have beneficial
(positive allelopathy) or detrimental (negative allelopathy) effects on the target organisms and
the community.
Some weeds also secrete the chemicals from their roots into the soil. These chemicals are
mostly harmful to the other crops. Thereby ultimately it cause effect on crop growth &
development.
13. 23) Define Crop Rotation. Write Principles & Advantages of crop rotation.
-
‘Crop rotation is the recurrent succession of crops on the same piece of land either in a year or
over a longer period of time.’ OR
‘It is a process of growing different crops in a succession on a piece of land in a specific period
of time, with an objective to get maximum profit from least investment without impairing the
soil fertility.’
Principles of crop rotation-
1. The crop rotation should be adaptable to the existing soil, climatic & economic factors.
2. It should be cover all type of crops viz. cereals, pulses, fodder etc.
3. It should be helpful to the land by adding OM into it.
4. It should be arranged in a specific manner for controlling weeds, diseases & insect-pests.
5. It should give maximum yield and minimum soil erosion.
6. It should provide maximum employment to the family as well as labors. Etc
Advantages of crop rotation-
1. There is an overall increase in the yield of crops.
2. It adds organic matter (OM) content into the soil.
3. There is regular flow of income throughout the year.
4. It supply various needs of farmers & their cattle.
5. It supply the more nutrients into the soil.
Example of crop rotation-
1. Cotton – Jowar/Bajra – Groundnut
2. Sugarcane – Rice – Gram
3. Soybean – Jowar/Safflower/Gram
4. Sunflower – Jower
5. Groundnut – Wheat – Vegetables
6. Sorghum – Wheat – Greengram – Cotton – Groundnut. Etc.
14. 24) Define growth & development. Explain Growth Curve. Write the factors affecting
growth & development.
-
Growth- may be defined as an irreversible permanent increase in size, volume or mass of a cell
or organ or whole organism accompanied by an increase in dry weight.
Development- Plant development is an overall term which refers to the various changes that
occur in a plant during its life cycle.
In consideration of various horticultural crops and products, Watada et al. (1984) proposed the
following definition of development: ‘the series of processes from the initiation of growth to
death of a plant or plant part.’
Growth Curve -
It is an ‘S’ shaped curve obtained when we plot growth against time. It is also called
‘sigmoid curve’.
This curve mainly shows four phases of growth-
1. Lag phase - Initial slow growth occurs
2. log phase/grand period of growth/exponential phase - The rapid period of growth where
maximum growth is seen in a short period.
3. Diminishing phase - where growth is seen slow.
4. Stationary/steady phase - where finally growth stops.
Factors affecting growth & development
Includes –
A) Genetic factors - (Internal factors)
1) Genes
2) Chromosomes
3) Genomes etc.
B) Environmental factors – (External factors)
1) Temperature 2) Moisture supply
3) Radiant energy 4) Composition of the atmosphere
5) Soil aeration 6) Soil reaction
7) Biotic factors 8) Plant nutrients.
15. 25) Define plant ideotype. Write in short types of ideotype.
-
The term Ideotype was introduced by Donald (1968).
Acc. to him ideotype- is a biological model which is expected to perform or behave in a
predictable manner within a defined environment.
This term has a following synonyms viz. Model plant type, Ideal plant type.
Types of ideotype - 3 types
1) Isolation ideotype - The model which perform best when the plants are space-planted.
Isolation means planting distance.
2) Competition ideotype - The model which perform well in genetically heterogeneous
(different) population. The crops in this model are able to compete with its less aggressive
neighbors. Such ideotype’s crops have following features viz. annual habit, tallness, leafy
canopy, tillering or branching, seed size, speed of germination & root characters.
3) Crop ideotype - This ideotype performs best at commercial crop densities because it is a poor
competitor. In case of cereals a crop ideotype is erect, sparsely-tillered plant with small erect
leaves.
Other types -
4) Market ideotype - includes traits like seed colour, seed size, cooking & baking qualities. Etc.
5) Climatic ideotype - includes traits like heat & cold resistance, maturity duration, drought
resistance. Etc.
6) Edaphic ideotype – includes traits like salinity tolerance, mineral toxicity, deficiency
tolerance. Etc.
7) Stress ideotype – traits resistant to water stress.
8) Disease & pests resistance ideotype. Etc.
Examples of crop ideotype -
1) Wheat ideotype by Donald
2) Rice ideotype by Jennings in 1964
3) Maize ideotype by Mock & Pearce in 1975
4) Cotton ideotype by - Singh & Coworkers in 1974 for irrigated cultivation
And Singh & Narayanan in 1993 for rainfed condition.
16. 26) What is nutrient use efficiency. Write the factors affecting nutrients use efficiency.
-
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) may be defined as yield per unit input. In agriculture this
is usually related to the input of fertiliser, whereas in scientific literature the NUE is often
expressed as fresh weight or product yield per content of nutrient.
The nutrients most commonly limiting plant growth are N, P, K and S. NUE depends on
the ability to efficiently take up the nutrient from the soil, but also on transport, storage,
mobilization, usage within the plant, and even on the environment.
Factors affecting nutrient use efficiency
1. Type of soil
2. Climate
3. Type of fertilizer
4. Time of fertilizer application.
5. Method of fertilizer application.
6. Quantity of fertilizer (How much ???)
7. Nutrient’s interaction. Etc.
27) What is mean by Crop adaptation & its Distribution.
-
Crop adaptation - the ability of a crop (or variety) to respond positively to changes in
agricultural conditions. The trait is genetically controlled and provides an ability to exploit
environmental attributes, both natural and agronomic.
Values of relative adaptability can be determined by the regression of the yield of the
tested crop over the average yield of compared crops from several environments.
Crop distribution - it is the transfer of crop or crop varieties or new technology from one place
to the another place (locality).
Factor responsible for crop adaptation & distribution –
1) Physical – i) Climate – Temperature, Growing Season, Altitude, Rainfall & Wind.
ii) Soil
iii) Slop of land
2) Human – i) Owner occupiers
ii) Tenants or landless labourers
iii) Market condition
iv) Transport facilities
v) Capital (money availability)
vi) Technology
vii) Government facilities (MSP, Government policies). Etc.
17. 28) Define Harvesting. Write sign of maturity of Cereals, Pulses & Oilseed.
-
Harvesting- ‘The process of separating crop plants from the field. OR The removal of entire
plants or economics parts after maturity from the field is known as harvesting.
Sign of maturity of cereals –
1. All the plant parts become dry.
2. Generally yellowing & drying of the leaves and stems occurs.
3. When ear head is pressed in between palms, seeds come out of capsule.
4. Grains break down into pieces if pressed under teeth. Etc
Sign of maturity of pulses –
1. Pods give peculiar noise when shacked in hands.
2. Drying of leaves & stems.
3. Grains break down into pieces when pressed under teeth.
29) Define Threshing. Write down the methods of threshing.
-
Threshing- ‘The process of separating grains from earheds is known as threshing.’
Methods of threshing crops -
1) Beating - threshing of earhead is done by beating with stick.
2) Use of bullock power - threshing is done under the feet of bullock on threshing yard.
3) Use of hand driven machinery - Ex. Maize Sheller, Paddy foot thresher etc.
4) Use of power driven machinery - By Tractor, Thresher etc.
30) What is physiological maturity & harvesting maturity ? Write about Cleaning, Drying
& Storage of field crops.
-
Physiological maturity - is the developmental stage after which no further increase in dry matter
occurs in the economical part. Translocation of photosynthesis is stopped to economic part at the
physiological maturity stage.
Harvesting maturity - it occurs generally seven days after physiological maturity. Loss of
moisture from the plants occurs at this stage.
Cleaning – after threshing of earheds, grain should be separated from the bhussa. For this
purpose we can use natural wind or artificial wind by holding the threshed grains against wind.
Drying – grains should be dried in bright sunshine to remove excess moisture for keeping the
quality of grains.
Storage – we can store the grains in gunny bags, containers, storage house, bins, pots etc. for the
purpose of future use.