The document discusses various topics related to plant cultivation including seed quality, seed testing methods, land preparation techniques, tools used, transplanting steps, irrigation types, weed and pest control, and fertilizer application methods. It provides information on seed viability, orthodox and recalcitrant seeds, seed testing methods like the dish, rag-doll, and seed box methods. Land preparation steps discussed include clearing, plowing, harrowing, and raising seedbeds.
Elements to be observed in planting trees and.pptxlyndonherda1
1. Properly select a planting location considering soil type, sunlight, and proximity to water sources. Choose high quality seeds suited for the soil and season.
2. Add fertilizer to improve soil nutrients for growth, using organic fertilizer when possible. Regularly care for soil and young plants by removing weeds.
3. There are two planting methods - direct seeding into soil and transplanting seedlings grown elsewhere. Select seeds and seedlings with uniform traits and free from pests.
There are four main steps to successful vegetable gardening: 1) preparing the land, 2) fertilizing the plot, 3) sowing seeds either directly in the plot or by indirect planting in boxes first, and 4) ongoing care of the plants such as watering, weeding, and applying fertilizer. Following these steps will help ensure a thriving vegetable garden.
The document provides instructions for various agri-fishery arts activities including:
1. Preparing land for planting by removing grass, plowing, and digging holes.
2. Planting trees by digging holes, adding compost, and staking trees for support.
3. Watering plants through natural rainfall, manual watering with tools, or artificial sources like wells and dams.
4. Fertilizing soil using organic fertilizers produced through composting or liquid fertilizers made from fruits and vegetables.
Lesson 2 Planting and Cultivation of Ornamental Plants.pptxEmilJohnLatosa
Ornamental plants are grown to beautify homes and surroundings. When choosing plants, consider how they will enhance the space and if their needs suit the environment. Proper tools and safety precautions are needed for cultivation. Soil preparation is important, including adding fertilizers like compost to provide nutrients and improve soil quality for healthy plant growth. Pests must also be monitored and handled carefully according to product instructions.
The document discusses different methods of irrigation including natural, manual, and artificial irrigation. It then describes various types of artificial irrigation like surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation. It also discusses fertilizers including inorganic and organic fertilizers. Specific types of organic fertilizers are described like humus, manure, green manure, compost, and vermicompost. Methods of applying fertilizers are also outlined. The document also provides tips for harvesting fruits and various marketing strategies for selling agricultural products.
It's a total management and production practice of Eeeplant cultivation .i will helpful for farmer , student & other .who want to know about Agricultural practice.
Role of fertilizer green manuring in conservation agronomyShahzad Sial
Fertilizers and green manuring are important practices in conservation agronomy. Fertilizers enhance plant growth by providing essential nutrients and can be organic or inorganic. Green manuring involves planting legumes or other crops to enrich soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and addition of organic matter. Careful consideration of soil type, crop needs, climate, and other local factors is important when determining appropriate fertilization and green manuring practices.
Green Manures; by Vegan Organic Network
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Elements to be observed in planting trees and.pptxlyndonherda1
1. Properly select a planting location considering soil type, sunlight, and proximity to water sources. Choose high quality seeds suited for the soil and season.
2. Add fertilizer to improve soil nutrients for growth, using organic fertilizer when possible. Regularly care for soil and young plants by removing weeds.
3. There are two planting methods - direct seeding into soil and transplanting seedlings grown elsewhere. Select seeds and seedlings with uniform traits and free from pests.
There are four main steps to successful vegetable gardening: 1) preparing the land, 2) fertilizing the plot, 3) sowing seeds either directly in the plot or by indirect planting in boxes first, and 4) ongoing care of the plants such as watering, weeding, and applying fertilizer. Following these steps will help ensure a thriving vegetable garden.
The document provides instructions for various agri-fishery arts activities including:
1. Preparing land for planting by removing grass, plowing, and digging holes.
2. Planting trees by digging holes, adding compost, and staking trees for support.
3. Watering plants through natural rainfall, manual watering with tools, or artificial sources like wells and dams.
4. Fertilizing soil using organic fertilizers produced through composting or liquid fertilizers made from fruits and vegetables.
Lesson 2 Planting and Cultivation of Ornamental Plants.pptxEmilJohnLatosa
Ornamental plants are grown to beautify homes and surroundings. When choosing plants, consider how they will enhance the space and if their needs suit the environment. Proper tools and safety precautions are needed for cultivation. Soil preparation is important, including adding fertilizers like compost to provide nutrients and improve soil quality for healthy plant growth. Pests must also be monitored and handled carefully according to product instructions.
The document discusses different methods of irrigation including natural, manual, and artificial irrigation. It then describes various types of artificial irrigation like surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation. It also discusses fertilizers including inorganic and organic fertilizers. Specific types of organic fertilizers are described like humus, manure, green manure, compost, and vermicompost. Methods of applying fertilizers are also outlined. The document also provides tips for harvesting fruits and various marketing strategies for selling agricultural products.
It's a total management and production practice of Eeeplant cultivation .i will helpful for farmer , student & other .who want to know about Agricultural practice.
Role of fertilizer green manuring in conservation agronomyShahzad Sial
Fertilizers and green manuring are important practices in conservation agronomy. Fertilizers enhance plant growth by providing essential nutrients and can be organic or inorganic. Green manuring involves planting legumes or other crops to enrich soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and addition of organic matter. Careful consideration of soil type, crop needs, climate, and other local factors is important when determining appropriate fertilization and green manuring practices.
Green Manures; by Vegan Organic Network
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
NURSERY MANGEMENT IN FLORICULTURE ppt.pptxBhaktiParyekar
This document discusses nursery management in floriculture. It defines a nursery and explains the importance of nurseries for propagating planting material. It covers site selection, soil preparation, watering, and drainage requirements for establishing a nursery. The document also describes different types of nurseries based on duration and plant produce. It discusses various propagation methods like sexual propagation using seeds and spores, and vegetative propagation techniques including cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. Finally, it covers harvesting, packaging, storage and marketing of nursery stock.
This document provides information about seed production of tomatoes. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the botanical description, importance, floral biology, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, nutrition, weed management, pests and diseases, harvesting, seed extraction techniques, hybrid seed production, and field and seed standards. The key steps described include soil preparation, raising seedlings, transplanting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, support structures, roguing, harvesting ripe fruits, seed extraction after fermentation or chemical treatment, grading and packing seeds, and storing seeds with proper moisture levels and pest control.
Plants need sunlight, water, air, and good soil to live and grow properly. Sunlight and water allow plants to perform photosynthesis to produce glucose or sugar, and release oxygen. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air. Good soil provides water and nutrients from decaying materials. Proper care of plants includes placing them in sunny areas, watering regularly, loosening the soil, removing dead plants and debris, using organic fertilizers, and handling plants gently without breaking them.
This document discusses methods for extending the outdoor growing season for vegetables, including using protection like cloches and tunnels. It describes propagation methods like direct sowing, seed beds, and planting young vegetable plants. It also discusses crop rotation systems using four groups (legumes, brassicas, alliums, roots), the benefits of rotation in minimizing pests and helping successive crops, and limitations like personal taste preferences. Successional cropping through staggered plantings and crop varieties is described as well as intercropping, mixed cropping, and "cut and come again" vegetables that regrow after harvesting.
This document provides guidance on properly planting trees and fruit-bearing trees. It discusses selecting an appropriate location with enough space, choosing seeds suited to the season and soil, enriching the soil with fertilizers, and ongoing care of young trees through weeding, watering, and pest/disease control. Both direct planting of seeds and indirect planting of seedlings are covered. For transplanting seedlings, the document recommends thinning, hardening, and careful placement in holes of a size suited to future tree size before watering. Ongoing care like weeding, watering and pest/disease management is also emphasized.
Unit 4. Seedling and Planting in Ecological Vegetable GardeningKarel Van Isacker
This document provides information on producing seedlings and planting vegetables in ecological gardens. It discusses seedling production methods, including substrates used, sowing techniques, and factors for successful transplanting. Seedling development and soil conditions that reduce transplant shock are outlined. The module also addresses producing seedlings for winter vegetables like radishes, spinach, onions, lettuce, and parsley through fall sowing and greenhouse cultivation.
This document provides an overview of crop production and management practices in India. It discusses the two main cropping patterns - Kharif crops grown during the rainy season like rice, maize and cotton, and Rabi crops grown during the winter months like wheat, gram and mustard. The basic practices of crop production discussed are soil preparation, sowing, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting and storage. Traditional and modern tools and techniques used for various activities are also summarized.
i. Soil preparation involves tilling the soil to loosen and aerate it for plant roots to penetrate deeply. Traditional tools like ploughs and hoes are used for tilling.
ii. Sowing seeds properly at the right depth and spacing is important for optimal plant growth. Traditional and modern seed drills are used to sow seeds uniformly.
iii. Manure and fertilizers are added to replenish soil nutrients removed by continuous cropping, improving soil health and fertility for better crop yields.
This document discusses seed characteristics, germination, sowing methods, and crop density and geometry. It provides definitions and details on:
1. The key parts and functions of seeds. Good quality seeds are genetically pure, free from impurities, have high germination rates, and are healthy.
2. The two main types of germination - epigeal and hypogeal. Methods of sowing seeds including broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, and transplanting.
3. How crop density and geometry influence plant growth and yields. Crop geometry refers to the shape of space for individual plants, such as square, rectangular, or triangular patterns. Crop density and geometry impact light interception, root growth
Crop production and management involves growing crops on a large scale, known as agriculture. There are two main types of crops - kharif crops grown during the winter and rabi crops grown during the monsoon season. The document outlines the steps involved in agriculture, including soil preparation, sowing, improving soil fertility, irrigation, weed protection, harvesting, and storage. It defines various tools used like hoes, cultivators, and ploughs. Advantages of soil preparation include improved soil quality and water retention. Fertilizers and manure are used to increase soil fertility.
This document provides information on permaculture and sustainable gardening methods. It discusses (1) permaculture principles of working with nature rather than against it, (2) five sustainable gardening methods: planning, soil building, pest management, gardening techniques, and water conservation, and (3) details on implementing each of these methods, including companion planting, rain gardens, and keyhole gardening. The overall message is that permaculture aims to create self-sufficient ecosystems through observation and design principles that conserve resources and produce food sustainably.
This document provides information on the cultivation of tomatoes. It discusses the botanical details of tomatoes including its name, family, origin in South America, and edible fruit part. It then covers tomato cultivation practices such as variety selection, climate and soil requirements, seed treatment, land preparation, manuring, transplanting, spacing, irrigation, weed control, and pest management. The key pests discussed are gram pod borer, serpentine leaf miner, fruit borer, and root-knot nematode. Control methods include using marigold as a trap crop and neem seed kernel extract sprays.
This document discusses various cultivation techniques for outdoor food production, including extending the growing season and propagation methods. It covers topics like using row covers, mulches and cold frames to protect crops from early and late season weather. Propagation methods discussed include direct seeding, raising plants in seed beds and modules, and using roots, slips and sets. The document also covers crop rotation, describing a four-bed system and benefits like minimizing pests and diseases. Successional cropping is achieved through sowing dates, cultivar choice and protection. Intercropping maximizes production by growing quick crops between slow ones. Crop spacing affects yield, and some crops can be cut and regrown for multiple harvests.
Agri-crop Production (Propagation techniques)jessangtoots
plant propagation is the Process of multiplying or increasing the number of the same species and at the same time perpetuating their desirable characteristics
Cropping patterns in India depend on climate and season. Kharif crops like rice, cotton and soybean are grown during the rainy season from June to September. Rabi crops like wheat, gram and mustard are grown from October to April during the winter season. Agricultural practices involve preparing soil through ploughing, sowing seeds, applying fertilizers, irrigating, removing weeds, harvesting crops, and storing grains. These steps are necessary for successful crop production.
Agriculture involves 7 steps to mass produce crop plants and animals for human use: 1) soil preparation through ploughing and leveling, 2) seed sowing using manual, traditional, or mechanical methods, 3) replenishing nutrients through practices like crop rotation, mixed cropping, manure, and fertilizers, 4) irrigation depending on crop, soil, and season, 5) crop protection from weeds and pests through mechanical, chemical, or biological control, 6) harvesting crops after maturation through threshing and winnowing, and 7) storage of dried grains in bags, bins, or silos to preserve them for future use. Agricultural implements are tools used during these agricultural practices.
This document outlines the key topics covered in an agronomy course on crop production, including:
(1) An introduction to the course, objectives, grading criteria, and strategies for lectures and field work.
(2) A weekly course outline covering various field crops and their production.
(3) The basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. Traditional and modern methods are discussed for several of these practices.
This document outlines the key concepts and course details for an agronomy course on crop production. It discusses the course objectives of acquiring crop production skills and applying agronomic practices to improve yields. It also covers the basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. The document provides examples and details for each step of crop production.
Agronomy is the study of soil management, crop production, and other agricultural practices. It deals with maximizing crop yields through practices like introducing new crop varieties, proper soil fertility management, and intensive cropping systems. The document discusses key agronomy concepts like the meaning and scope of agronomy, seed types and sowing methods, tillage and crop geometry. It also covers topics like essential plant nutrients, the difference between manures and fertilizers, and nutrient use efficiency. The overall document provides an introduction to fundamental agronomy concepts and practices.
The document discusses reproduction in plants. It describes the different methods of reproduction including seeds, stem cuttings, layering, spores, and roots. It explains the process of germination and parts of a seed like the seed coat, scar, and cotyledons. Seeds are categorized as monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. Dispersal of seeds by wind, water, animals, and explosion is also outlined. The document concludes by discussing agriculture, crops, obtaining high crop yields, and protecting crops.
NURSERY MANGEMENT IN FLORICULTURE ppt.pptxBhaktiParyekar
This document discusses nursery management in floriculture. It defines a nursery and explains the importance of nurseries for propagating planting material. It covers site selection, soil preparation, watering, and drainage requirements for establishing a nursery. The document also describes different types of nurseries based on duration and plant produce. It discusses various propagation methods like sexual propagation using seeds and spores, and vegetative propagation techniques including cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. Finally, it covers harvesting, packaging, storage and marketing of nursery stock.
This document provides information about seed production of tomatoes. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the botanical description, importance, floral biology, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, nutrition, weed management, pests and diseases, harvesting, seed extraction techniques, hybrid seed production, and field and seed standards. The key steps described include soil preparation, raising seedlings, transplanting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, support structures, roguing, harvesting ripe fruits, seed extraction after fermentation or chemical treatment, grading and packing seeds, and storing seeds with proper moisture levels and pest control.
Plants need sunlight, water, air, and good soil to live and grow properly. Sunlight and water allow plants to perform photosynthesis to produce glucose or sugar, and release oxygen. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air. Good soil provides water and nutrients from decaying materials. Proper care of plants includes placing them in sunny areas, watering regularly, loosening the soil, removing dead plants and debris, using organic fertilizers, and handling plants gently without breaking them.
This document discusses methods for extending the outdoor growing season for vegetables, including using protection like cloches and tunnels. It describes propagation methods like direct sowing, seed beds, and planting young vegetable plants. It also discusses crop rotation systems using four groups (legumes, brassicas, alliums, roots), the benefits of rotation in minimizing pests and helping successive crops, and limitations like personal taste preferences. Successional cropping through staggered plantings and crop varieties is described as well as intercropping, mixed cropping, and "cut and come again" vegetables that regrow after harvesting.
This document provides guidance on properly planting trees and fruit-bearing trees. It discusses selecting an appropriate location with enough space, choosing seeds suited to the season and soil, enriching the soil with fertilizers, and ongoing care of young trees through weeding, watering, and pest/disease control. Both direct planting of seeds and indirect planting of seedlings are covered. For transplanting seedlings, the document recommends thinning, hardening, and careful placement in holes of a size suited to future tree size before watering. Ongoing care like weeding, watering and pest/disease management is also emphasized.
Unit 4. Seedling and Planting in Ecological Vegetable GardeningKarel Van Isacker
This document provides information on producing seedlings and planting vegetables in ecological gardens. It discusses seedling production methods, including substrates used, sowing techniques, and factors for successful transplanting. Seedling development and soil conditions that reduce transplant shock are outlined. The module also addresses producing seedlings for winter vegetables like radishes, spinach, onions, lettuce, and parsley through fall sowing and greenhouse cultivation.
This document provides an overview of crop production and management practices in India. It discusses the two main cropping patterns - Kharif crops grown during the rainy season like rice, maize and cotton, and Rabi crops grown during the winter months like wheat, gram and mustard. The basic practices of crop production discussed are soil preparation, sowing, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting and storage. Traditional and modern tools and techniques used for various activities are also summarized.
i. Soil preparation involves tilling the soil to loosen and aerate it for plant roots to penetrate deeply. Traditional tools like ploughs and hoes are used for tilling.
ii. Sowing seeds properly at the right depth and spacing is important for optimal plant growth. Traditional and modern seed drills are used to sow seeds uniformly.
iii. Manure and fertilizers are added to replenish soil nutrients removed by continuous cropping, improving soil health and fertility for better crop yields.
This document discusses seed characteristics, germination, sowing methods, and crop density and geometry. It provides definitions and details on:
1. The key parts and functions of seeds. Good quality seeds are genetically pure, free from impurities, have high germination rates, and are healthy.
2. The two main types of germination - epigeal and hypogeal. Methods of sowing seeds including broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, and transplanting.
3. How crop density and geometry influence plant growth and yields. Crop geometry refers to the shape of space for individual plants, such as square, rectangular, or triangular patterns. Crop density and geometry impact light interception, root growth
Crop production and management involves growing crops on a large scale, known as agriculture. There are two main types of crops - kharif crops grown during the winter and rabi crops grown during the monsoon season. The document outlines the steps involved in agriculture, including soil preparation, sowing, improving soil fertility, irrigation, weed protection, harvesting, and storage. It defines various tools used like hoes, cultivators, and ploughs. Advantages of soil preparation include improved soil quality and water retention. Fertilizers and manure are used to increase soil fertility.
This document provides information on permaculture and sustainable gardening methods. It discusses (1) permaculture principles of working with nature rather than against it, (2) five sustainable gardening methods: planning, soil building, pest management, gardening techniques, and water conservation, and (3) details on implementing each of these methods, including companion planting, rain gardens, and keyhole gardening. The overall message is that permaculture aims to create self-sufficient ecosystems through observation and design principles that conserve resources and produce food sustainably.
This document provides information on the cultivation of tomatoes. It discusses the botanical details of tomatoes including its name, family, origin in South America, and edible fruit part. It then covers tomato cultivation practices such as variety selection, climate and soil requirements, seed treatment, land preparation, manuring, transplanting, spacing, irrigation, weed control, and pest management. The key pests discussed are gram pod borer, serpentine leaf miner, fruit borer, and root-knot nematode. Control methods include using marigold as a trap crop and neem seed kernel extract sprays.
This document discusses various cultivation techniques for outdoor food production, including extending the growing season and propagation methods. It covers topics like using row covers, mulches and cold frames to protect crops from early and late season weather. Propagation methods discussed include direct seeding, raising plants in seed beds and modules, and using roots, slips and sets. The document also covers crop rotation, describing a four-bed system and benefits like minimizing pests and diseases. Successional cropping is achieved through sowing dates, cultivar choice and protection. Intercropping maximizes production by growing quick crops between slow ones. Crop spacing affects yield, and some crops can be cut and regrown for multiple harvests.
Agri-crop Production (Propagation techniques)jessangtoots
plant propagation is the Process of multiplying or increasing the number of the same species and at the same time perpetuating their desirable characteristics
Cropping patterns in India depend on climate and season. Kharif crops like rice, cotton and soybean are grown during the rainy season from June to September. Rabi crops like wheat, gram and mustard are grown from October to April during the winter season. Agricultural practices involve preparing soil through ploughing, sowing seeds, applying fertilizers, irrigating, removing weeds, harvesting crops, and storing grains. These steps are necessary for successful crop production.
Agriculture involves 7 steps to mass produce crop plants and animals for human use: 1) soil preparation through ploughing and leveling, 2) seed sowing using manual, traditional, or mechanical methods, 3) replenishing nutrients through practices like crop rotation, mixed cropping, manure, and fertilizers, 4) irrigation depending on crop, soil, and season, 5) crop protection from weeds and pests through mechanical, chemical, or biological control, 6) harvesting crops after maturation through threshing and winnowing, and 7) storage of dried grains in bags, bins, or silos to preserve them for future use. Agricultural implements are tools used during these agricultural practices.
This document outlines the key topics covered in an agronomy course on crop production, including:
(1) An introduction to the course, objectives, grading criteria, and strategies for lectures and field work.
(2) A weekly course outline covering various field crops and their production.
(3) The basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. Traditional and modern methods are discussed for several of these practices.
This document outlines the key concepts and course details for an agronomy course on crop production. It discusses the course objectives of acquiring crop production skills and applying agronomic practices to improve yields. It also covers the basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. The document provides examples and details for each step of crop production.
Agronomy is the study of soil management, crop production, and other agricultural practices. It deals with maximizing crop yields through practices like introducing new crop varieties, proper soil fertility management, and intensive cropping systems. The document discusses key agronomy concepts like the meaning and scope of agronomy, seed types and sowing methods, tillage and crop geometry. It also covers topics like essential plant nutrients, the difference between manures and fertilizers, and nutrient use efficiency. The overall document provides an introduction to fundamental agronomy concepts and practices.
The document discusses reproduction in plants. It describes the different methods of reproduction including seeds, stem cuttings, layering, spores, and roots. It explains the process of germination and parts of a seed like the seed coat, scar, and cotyledons. Seeds are categorized as monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. Dispersal of seeds by wind, water, animals, and explosion is also outlined. The document concludes by discussing agriculture, crops, obtaining high crop yields, and protecting crops.
Similar to practices+in+crop+productionb cgcrdxhgffx.pptx (20)
Lesson 7_Confucianism and Daoism....pptxPaulineMae5
I apologize, upon reviewing the document I do not see any direct quotations from Lao Tzu that could be reflected on or symbolized in a drawing. The document provides overview information about Daoism and its founders but does not include any specific passages to reflect on.
This document provides information about the Shinto religion in Japan. It begins by explaining that the name "Shinto" means "way of the gods" and was adopted in the 8th century CE to distinguish Shinto practices from Buddhism and Confucianism. Shinto is nature-centric and focuses on temple worship without authoritative scriptures. Kami refer to Shinto gods/spirits that can be nature manifestations or extraordinary people. Major rituals include prayer, purification, offerings, and feasts. Festivals are also discussed. The Grand Shrine of Ise is identified as the most important Shinto temple.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. Seed – is a fertilized ripened ovule
of a flowering plant that
contains an embryo capable of
germination to produce a new
plant
3. Orthodox – are seeds that can be
kept when dried (small seeds)
Recalcitrant – are seeds which
cannot withstand drying
therefore should not be
allowed to dry before planting
4.
5. 1. Viability – seeds that can germinate
and produce healthy plants are
considered viable
2. Damage-free – seeds should be whole
and free from any damage either
by insects or mechanical elements
6. 3. True to type – seeds should be of
the same variety and should have
uniform shapes and sizes
4. Free from seed-borne disease – seeds
should come from disease-free
plants (free from pests and
pathogens)
7. 5. Free from weed mixture – seeds should
be free from weeds and other
foreign or inert matter
6. Mature – seeds should come from
fully ripened fruits
7. Suitable to local condition
8. Size and weight of seeds
8. Seed testing – is the process of
evaluating the quality of seeds
to be sure that they posses the
traits of good seeds
9.
10. 1. Dish Method or dinner plate method –
this method of conducting
germination tests is done by placing
seeds in a plate lined with moistened
tissue paper
2. Rag-doll Method or rolled towel method –
this is one of the simplest and
satisfactory methods of testing the
viability of seeds
11. 3. Seed box Method – get a box of any
convenient size. Fill the box with
garden soil about 12 cm deep. Place
about 30 seeds inside the box. Water
the seeds regularly until the seeds
germinate and the seedlings grow.
Count the germinated seeds and
compute the percentage of
germination
12. Seeds are considered germinated when
all vital parts are already visible such as
the radicle and the cotyledon. The radicle
will grow as the primary root, while the
cotyledon will grow as the primary leaf
13.
14. 1. Clearing – the garden site should be
cleaned thoroughly by removing
grasses, weeds, and other undesirable
plants that may affect the growth of
plants
2. Plowing – this is the first and most
important operation in the preparation
of land. It provides a more favorable
condition for seed germination and
development of young plants
15. 3. Harrowing – the purposed of
harrowing is to make the plowed soil
fine and compact as well as to destroy
weeds, weed seedlings, and grasses
4. Raise seedbeds – plant beds are raised
to provide drainage during the rainy
season
16.
17. A. Tools for digging holes and pulverizing soil
Crow bar – a steel bar for loosening the
subsoil and setting up posts for fences
Grab hoe – used for breaking hard top
soil and digging furrows for planting
Pick mattock – used for breaking hard top
soil and digging canals and stumps
Shovel – used for transferring soil from
one place to another
18. Spade – used for digging canals and
removing soil
Spading fork – used for loosening the soil
when soft and for digging out root crops
Rake – used for leveling the top soil and
cleaning the ground
Hand trowel – used for putting seedlings in
the ground and cultivating soil around the
plants
Hand cultivator – used for cultivating
garden plants
19. B. Equipment for loading and transporting soil, fertilizer, and
other materials
Wheelbarrow – used for hauling trash, soil,
and other heavy materials
Water pail – used for fetching water from
faucet or well
Water sprinkler – used for watering plants
Sprayer or insecticides or fungicides – used for
spraying chemicals
20. 1. Direct seeding – this method involves
planting in an area where they will grow
until they are ready for harvesting
2. Indirect seeding – in this method, the seeds
are planted first in seedbeds or seed boxes
to produce seedlings, which are then
transplanted in the field as soon as they
have three or more leaves
21. Transplanting – refers to transferring of
seedlings from one site to another
Steps in transplanting
1. Sprinkle water over the seedlings in
the seed box or seedbed to loosen the
soil
2. Lift each seedling carefully and
transfer it to the prepared pot
22. 3. Press the soil slightly around the
roots of the seedlings, and then water
them immediately. Do not wait for all
the seedlings to be transplanted
before sprinkling them with water
4. Provide a shade for the seedlings to
protect them from too much heat of
the sun
23.
24. 1. Overhead irrigation or sprinkler irrigation
– water is brought to the plants in the
form of very fine drops of spray or
mist, mimicking the rain
2. Surface irrigation – water is carried to
the field through siphons constructed
in open ditches or through small
canals near the rows of crops
25. 3. Drip/Trickle irrigation – water is
supplied directly to the roots of the
plants in small quantities by slow but
continuous drops of water
4. Subsurface irrigation – water is
supplied under the soil through a tile
system laid at a convenient depth and
slope
26. Weeds – are wild plants that are
harmful to growing plants. They
are unwanted plants that compete
with the growth of farm crops by
taking away nutrients and water
from the crops
27. 1. Annual weeds – these weeds
complete their life cycle in
one season. They can be
controlled by hoeing and
pulling them out while they
are still small
28. 2. Biennial weeds – these weeds
complete their life cycle in
two seasons. They produce
seeds on the second season
of their growth and then they
die. They can be controlled
by spraying or plowing the
land
29. 3. Perennial weeds – these weeds
lives for more than two years.
They reproduce after the
second season by seeds,
roots, or underground stems
30. Cultivation – refers to the tillage
operation of the soil around
the plants. It breaks up weeds
and loosens hardened soil to
allow water to penetrate
31. Purposes of cultivation
To destroy weeds;
To loosen and roughen the soil
so that water can easily
penetrate;
To turn in organic matter; and
To aerate the soil
32.
33. Fertilizer – are substances added to the
soil to increase it’s fertility
1. Organic (natural)fertilizers – these
are known as natural fertilizers
because they are not man-made
A. Animal manure – this contains
high amounts of organic
materials valuable to the growth
of crops
34. B. Green manure – it is produced by
planting leguminous crops over
the areas for planting
C. Compost – it is organic material
consisting mostly of animal
manure and crop residues
35. Composting – is the process of
allowing organic materials
to decompose under more
or less controlled conditions
to produce an end product
that can be used as fertilizer
or soil conditioner
36. 1. Compost pit method – this method
is done by digging a pit big enough
to accommodate cut grasses and
other dried plants in the garden
2. Compost heap method – in this
method, organic matter is piled just
on top of the ground without
digging a pit
37. 2. Inorganic fertilizers – these are
commercially prepared fertilizers
sold by agricultural suppliers
A. Complete fertilizer – these
contains the three major elements
needed by plants-nitrogen(N),
phosphorus(P), and potassium(K)
38. B. Compound fertilizer – this contains
only one or two of the major
elements such as N and NP
(nitrogen and phosphorous)
C. Straight or single-element fertilizer –
this contains only one of the three
fertilizer nutrients
39. 1. Nitrogen – gives a dark color to
plants; promotes their growth;
aids in the utilization of
phosphorous, potassium, and
other nutrients; and increase the
protein contents of plants
40. 2. Phosphorous – stimulates roots
development, flowering, and seed
formation; promotes the rapid
growth of plants; and hastens
maturity of crops
3. Potassium – strengthens the
stems of plants and develops
their resistance to plant disease
41.
42. 1. Band or localized application –
done by digging furrows
around each plant. Fertilizer is
applied by hand or by special
equipment in the soil in
measured amounts near the
seeds or seedlings
43. 2. Broadcast method – done by
scattering fertilizer uniformly
around each plant
3. Side dressing application –
fertilizers are applied close to
the seeds or around the
established plants for easy
absorption of the elements
44. 4. Foliar application - done by
dissolving fertilizer in water
and spraying it on the soil
45.
46. Pest – is a collective term that refers
to organisms that injure or
damage plants
1. Chewing insects – these insects
take in their food by biting off
and eating up the leaves and
other parts of the plants
47. 2. Sucking insect – these insects have
tubelike mouth parts, which they
can insert into leaves and stem to
suck juice or succulent plant
48. 1. Direct control – some direct
control measures involve
mechanical means and
application of insecticides
49. a. The mechanical method employs the
use of simple devices that trap and
kill pests
b. The chemical method uses chemicals
that are sprayed on affected plants
c. Fumigation or smoking involves the
use of gas to kill insects
d. Repellents are chemicals that drive
pests away
50. 2. Indirect control – these
measures also greatly help
in the control of plant pests
a. Burning all infected plants
b. Destroying all the weeds that grow
near the plant
c. Burning the remnants of plants after
harvest
51. d. Applying proper fertilizers to crops
to keep them in good growing
condition
e. Providing good drainage
f. Planting resistant varieties of crops
g. Planting of trap plants and
intercropping
h. Protecting the natural enemies of
insects such as birds, lizards, and
toads 9biological control)
52. Plant diseases – are abnormal
condition in plants that are
manifested through signs
and symptoms