This document summarizes a credit seminar presentation on maize. It provides an overview of maize production in India, including that India is the 6th largest producer globally. It also covers the classification of different types of maize, including dent, flint, flour, popcorn, sweet, and waxy corn. The document discusses maize as a solution for fodder, highlighting its importance. It outlines breeding objectives and methods for fodder maize development like mass selection and hybridization. Popular varieties cultivated in India for fodder are mentioned, including African Tall and APFM-8.

1. Credit Seminar: GP-591
2015
Presented by – Monica Jyoti Kujur
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics

2. OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Current scenario
3. Classification of Maize
4. Maize the solution provider
 Important of Fodder
5. Breeding objectives and methods
6. Maize as fodder
 Varieties cultivated in India
7. Conclusion

3. • Queen of cereals
• It was introduced to India by Portuguese during 17th century
• Its cultivation in India dates back to the Maratha Empire
• In India maize is the third most important crop after rice and wheat
and accounts for 9% of the total food grain production in country
• Kharif is the major season accounting for 85% of the crop production
Maize Overview in India
Rabi
15%
Kharif
85%

4. India is the sixth largest producer
of maize in the world contributing
2% of the global production
United
states
37%
China
22%
Brazil
7%
Europian
union
7%
Ukraine
3%
Argentina
3%
India
2%
Mexio
2% others
17%
352.7
218.5
78 64.6
30.9 24.2
US china Brazl EU Ukarain India
1st
2nd
3rd
6th
Top maize
producing
countries
Production (mn. MT)

5. Maize was domesticated from its wild grass ancestor more than
8,700 years ago in Central America.
Teosinte Modern corn
Teosinte Modern corn
Teosinte branches, which allows for more
ears per plant.
No branches and all that extra energy goes
into producing larger ears of corn.
Teosinte has 2 rows of seeds. Corn has 8-12 rows of seeds.
Teosinte seeds (kernels) are covered by a
fruitcase.
In corn, the fruit case is part of the corn
cob, leaving the corn kernels accessible.

6. Current scenario

7. Source: Indian Miaze summit 2015

8. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2010 2015 2020 2025
451 466 473 488
589 609 630 650
Dryfodder
(milliontonnes)
Supply Demand
Supply and demand scenario of forage
138(23.46) 143(23.56) 157(24.81) 162(24.92)Deficit (%)
Source: Based on Xth Five Year Plan Document, Government of India.

9. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2010 2015 2020 2025
395.2 400.6 405.9 411.3
1061 1097 1134 1170
Greenfodder
(milliontonnes)
Supply Demand
666(26.76) 696(63.50) 728(64.21) 759(64.87)
Supply and demand scenario of forage
Deficit (%)
3.2 %
Green
forage
supply
Source: Based on Xth Five Year Plan Document, Government of India.

10. Classification of Maize

11. The depression or dent in the crown of the seed is the result
of rapid drying and shrinkage of the soft starch.
Dent corn (Zea mays indentata)
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Federal
Grain Inspection Service (FGIS), there are two categories
of dent corn hybrids.

12. •This is the type first developed by Europeans.
• It has an early maturity.
• Kernels of this type are rounded on the top.
•It is a principle type of grain corn grown in India.
Flint corn (Zea mays indurata)

13. •It resembles flint corn in appearance and ear
characteristics
• The grains are composed of soft starch and have little or
no dent.
• Flour corn is one of the oldest types
of maize grown widely in the U.S.A.
and South Africa.
Flour corn (Zea mays amylacea)

14. • It has small kernels with hard corneous endosperm.
• The grains are used for human consumption and the
basis of pop corn confections.
Pop corn (Zea mays everta)

15. •The sugar and starch make the major component
of the endosperm that result in the sweetish taste of kernels
before they attain the maturity and after maturity the kernels
become wrinkled.
•The cobs are picked up green for canning and table
purpose.
Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata)

16. Waxy corn (Zea mays ceratina)
The Kernels look to have waxy appearance with gummy
starch because of higher amylopectin (upto 100%)
whereas common maize starch is about 70 per cent of
amylopectin.
• Waxy corn was found in China in 1909.
• Increases of both milk production
and butterfat content for
lactating dairy cattle,
• Increase in daily weight gains
in fattening lambs.

17. •After harvest the still young plants may be used as fodder for
cattle.
•The baby corn maize stalks are green,
succulent, nutritious and possess excellent
digestibility.
•The protein content of baby corn stalks
were almost equivalent to the maize
grown for fodder purpose.
Baby corn
Baby corn is the young ear of female inflorescence of
maize plant harvested before fertilization when the silk
has just emerged.

18. Maize the solution provider

19. why
fodder
maize?
wider
adaptability
Intercrop
with
legumes
free from
any anti-
quality
components
Silage -
fodder
bank
Urea
treated
Maize
stover
Year round
production
accounts for
over 60%of
the cost of
milk
production
Highest per
day
productivity
Maize + ricebean
Maize + cowpea

20. Nutrient Leaf blade Ear husk Whole plant
DM 92.88 93.38 93.38
CP 9.95 2.26 4.05
OM 92.46 96.92 95.16
Ca 1.01 0.21 0.40
P 0.11 0.07 0.05
Chemical composition of maize stover
DM = Dry matter
CP = Crud protein
OM = Organic matted
( % air dry basis )

21. Breeding Methods

22. Reduce
internodal
length
Branching
habit
Increasing
nutrient
content in
leaves
resistance
to disease
Non
loggingfertilize
responsive
varieties
Breeding
objective for
fodder maize

23. I) Mass Selection
Consist of selection of ears on the basis of plant and ear characteristics
and bulking seed of harvested ears to grow next cycle of mass selection.
Varieties developed 1) KT-41. Basi and Jaunpuri.
II) Hybrid
• The tassels of the female plants are removed immediately as soon as it
appears- detasseling
• It is always done in the morning.
• Cob which emerging from the leaf sheath is bagged 1 to 2 days before
pollination.
• The tassels of selected male parents is also covered with bag on
following day in the morning between 9.00 to 10.00 a.m.
Breeding Methods

24. III) Pedigree Method
In this method the pair of elite lines that complement to one another are
crossed to produce F2 generation and selection is practised in F2 and on
word generations.
IV) Back Cross Breeding
In this method two inbreeds A and B are crossed, F1 is backcrossed
with A followed by selection if desirable traits of B and F1 is also
backcrossed with B where selection for desirable traits for A are made.
After 3 backcrosses and selections selfing is done to fix the selected
genes. This method is used to transfer characters like pest resistance,
disease resistance and lodging resistance etc.

25. V) Population Improvement
A) Synthetic Variety
Produce by crossing in all possible combination a number of inbrid lines
with good general combining ability and mixing F1 crosses in equal
quantity is referred to as synthetic variety. It is maintained by open-
pollination in isolation.
B) Composite Varieties
Phenotypically out standing lines is mixed sown in isolated field to
obtain crosses in all possible combinations and mild selection is operated
to maintain uniformity and homogeneity in the population. The selected
bulk is evaluated in multi-locational testing before release.
Popular Varieties
Moti Composite, African tall, Pratap Makka Chari 6

26. Fodder maize varieties in India

27. • All varieties (composites, synthetics and hybrids) developed for grain
production can also be used for fodder production
• Usually tall varieties are preferred for fodder
• African tall, Vijay composite, Moti composite, Ganga –5, APFM-8,
JM 218, Pratham Makka chari-8, J-1006 are some important fodder
varieties
Maize Varieties for fodder purpose

28. African Tall
• The variety was bred at MPKV, Kolhapur.
• It is released for cultivation through out the country in 1983.
• It is a composite of seven genotypes developed through modified mass
selection technique.
1. H-611 C
2. H-611
3. H-611 (R)C3
4. K-III × EC-573 (R12) C3
5. Ukiri Comp A (F) C5 × Ukiri Comp A
6. (F) C3
7. Chitedge Comp A and Ilonga Comp
Fodder maize – African tall

29. • The average plant height is 260 cm
• More number of leaves/plant
• More leaf area
• Bold white seed, dull white slik
• It has more dry matter and crude protein content
• Good grain and seed yield potential than other grain varieties
• The variety is resistant to foliar diseases and stem borer
• Provide 60–70 t/ha green fodder and 30 q/ha grain
Fodder maize – African tall
African Tall

30. • This variety was developed at ANGRAU, Hyderabad in 1997
• Suitable for cultivation in south zone ( Andra pradesh) and north east.
• This is a synthetic variety derived from Varun (V- 41) X Palampur
local, advanced by mass selection.
• Plant height 180– 200 cm, non lodging
• Orange grain variety
• Sturdy plants type with dark green leaves
• The seed to seed maturity is 90–95 days during kharif and 105–110
days in winter
• It provides 35 t/ha green and 7.5 t/ha dry fodder
APFM-8

31. • The variety was developed at PAU,
Ludhiana , Released in 1992 for
cultivation in Punjab
• White grain
• Semi-open tassel
• Cross between ‘Makki safed 1-DR’ × ‘Turpeno PB’(Planta baja CL)
• It is resistant to Maydis blight, brown striped, downy mildew and
stem borer.
J-1006

32. • The variety was developed by MPUA&T, Udaipur
• Composite of 11 early to medium white seeded entries.
• The variety was released in 2008 for north-west zone.
• It is a medium tall, 223cm
• Its stem is strong, medium thick and resists lodging.
• The grains are medium, flint to semi dent and orange-yellow.
• It matures in 90–95 days.
• Its green fodder yield potential is 45–50 t/ha.
Pratap Makka Chari 6 ( EC 3135)

33. • Corn will play an important role in the socio economic perspective of
the rural folk.
• Baby corn and sweet corn cultivation will substantially add up to the
income of the farmers.
• The silage making is breakthrough technology which could provide a
quantum boost to the dairy sector.
• And lastly the urea treatment of maize stover is a simple technique
much suitable for small and marginal farmers, whereby then can easily
enhance the milk production potential of their cattle.
Conclusion

34. ThanQ

36. Kim, T.H. and Y.Y. Lee. (2005). Pretreatment and fractionation of corn
stover by ammonia recycle percolation process. Bioresource Technology.
96: 2007–2013.
Yirga, H., Melaku, S. and Urge, M. (2011). Effect of concentrate
supplementation on live weight change and carcass characteristics of
Hararghe Highland sheep fed a basal diet of urea-treated maize stover.
Livestock research for rural development. 23(12).
Gupta, B.K., B.L. Bhardwaj and A.K. Ahuja. (2004). Nutritional value of
forage crops of Punjab. Punjab Agricultural University Publication.
http://iimr.res.in/download/Maize%20as%20Fodder.pdf
http://www.igfri.res.in/pdf/bulletin_09/Forage_Crop_Varieties.pdf
References

37. New project on maize lethal necrosis
(MLN) to curb the spread of the disease
Maize is the main staple food for several
million families in East Africa. The maize
lethal necrosis (MLN), which appeared in
the region in 2011,
Funded by the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID), the
four-year project will coordinate regional
efforts to strengthen response to the rapid
emergence and spread of MLN.
B. M. Prasanna, Director Global Maize
Program, CIMMYT
On going research in cimmyt
Changing the pace of maize breeding in
Africa through doubled-haploid technolog
“CIMMYT has so far released 32 DH-
based maize hybrids in Kenya, Uganda,
Tanzania, and South Africa between 2012
and 2015.

38. first challenge was finding maize with high
levels of provitamin A carotenoids for use
in breeding efforts.
We then needed the expertise of
biochemists and geneticists to develop
essential laboratory methods to precisely
and affordably identify the few plants with
the highest amounts of these desired
carotenoids from among many thousands
of plants created each year in the breeding
projects at CIMMYT, IITA and elsewhere.
Soon, there will be new varieties with 50%
more provitamin A than those first
commercialized 2-3 years ago. And there
are varieties in the pipeline with double the
amounts of provitamin A that will improve
the nutrition and lives of farmers and
consumers in decades to come.
Maize improvement

39. Maize does not contain any harmful
chemicals and it can be fed to animals at
any of its growth stages. In India it is used
as green fodder and also as stover (by -
product from grain crop). In western
countries, it is mainly used for silage
making. We can get only single cut from
maize. The average green fodder yield will
be 40-50 t/ha and the dry matter yield will
be 10-15 t/ha. Staggered sowing is
recommended for supply of green fodder
for a long period. Harvest the crop when
the cob is in the milky stage.
Maize can be intercropped
with legumes like cowpea or lab-lab when
sown at wider spacing. Usually 2:2 ratio is
adopted. Fodder Maize can also be
intercropped with CO5 Cowpea at 1:1 ratio
and harvested together to provide
nutritious fodder.

40. African tall is a variety of maize crop which
is seasonal & single cut.But this crop is
very suitable for silage making
* Fodder Maize can be intercropped with
CO 5 or COFC 8 Cowpea at 3:1 ratio and
harvested together to provide nutritious
fodder.
Characters African Tall
Green fodder yield (t/ha) 42.00
Crude protein (%) 9.80
Dry matter (%) 17.65
Plant height (cm) 302.00
Number of leaves 13.30
Leaf length (cm) 81.30
Leaf breadth (cm) 8.15
Stem thickness (cm) 1.77
Leaf-stem ratio 0.21

41. 1
2
3
4
INDUCER
(Pollinator)
DH-DONER
(Female)

42. INDUCER
(Pollinator)
Triploid endosperm
(purple aleurone)
Diploid embryo
(purple scutellum)
Identification of inducer

43. 1
2
INDUCER
(Pollinator)
DH-DONER
(Female)
Category 1
Endosperm - no colour
Embryo - nocolour
Category 2, Regular F1
Endosperm - coloured
Embryo - coloured
Category 3, Haploid
Endosperm – coloured
Empryo - no colour
Haploid Kernel Identification

44. •0.06% colchicine, 0.5% DMSO solution; 8 hours
•Colchicine acts as mitotic inhibitor
Germination of
haploid seeds
Cutting of coleoptile Colchicine treatment
over night
Transplanting to
the field
Artificial genome doubling

45. 1
2
3
4