This document provides information about maize (corn), including its origin in Mexico, history of domestication and spread, morphology, varieties, uses, and production statistics. It discusses the origin of maize in central Mexico around 7-9,000 years ago. It was then domesticated and spread across North and South America, becoming a staple crop. The document describes the morphological features of maize plants, reproductive structures, varieties including flour, dent and sweet corn, and major uses such as food, livestock feed, and industrial applications like starch and ethanol production. Production and market statistics for maize in Pakistan are also presented.

2. SIDNH AGRICULTURE UNIVERITY TANDO JAM
FACULTY OF CROP PRODUCTION
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING AND GENETIC
C OU R SE TITLE : BR EEDING OF MA IZE , SOR GH U M A N D MILLET
COURSE CODE : PBG - 502
PR ESEN TATION TOPIC : MA IZE
SUBMITTED TO : DR. NAILA GANDHI
SUBMITTED BY :BA TCH 2K20 - P D-
239,172,195,67,245,208 ,213,103 ,81, 84, 67, 13,23,110,115,138,160,2 35,304
BA TCH 2K19 - P D- 180,235,201

4. INTRODUCTION OF MAIZE
 Maize or corn is a tall annual cereal grass crop (also
fodder) that is grown widely throughout the world in
a range of agro ecological environments.
 The crop was introduced to Europe in the sixteenth
century, from where it spread to Africa and Asia.
 It is now one of the most widely-grown crops around
the world in both temperate and tropical regions.
Kingdom Plantae
phylum Tracheophytes
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Zea
Species: Z. mays
Scientific classification

5. ORIGIN
 Most scientists agree that maize originated
in central Mexico.
 Most historians believe maize was
domesticated in the Tehuacán Valley of
Mexico.
Here you can see a map of the American continent showing
where corn was domesticated (the Balsas river basin in
Mexico).

6. HISTORY
 maize was domesticated 7-9,000 years ago from
a wild grass called teosinte.
 Maize spread fast because it was nutritious, easy
to grow, easy to store and easy to carry.
 Domesticated maize initially spread south down
the coast to Peru and beyond, as well as across
the North Americas, until eventually Native
Americans continent-wide had adopted it as a
vital part of their diet.
 Before long, it was a staple food across most
cultures in North and South America and the
Caribbean.
Maize God sculpture from Maya
civilization , central Mexico.

7. MORPHOLOGY OF SHOOT
 The maize shoot apical meristem arises early
in embryogenesis and functions during stem
cell maintenance and organogenesis to
generate all the aboveground organs of the
plant.
 It has an erect growth form with usually 1
main stem and 1-2 lateral branches.
 Large leaves (0.3-1.5 m long, 5-15 cm wide).
 Each stem produces 8-21 leaves which occur
singly on alternating sides of the stem.
leaf
shoot

8. MORPHOLOGY OF ROOT
Normally Maize plant will have three types of roots
1. Seminal roots – which develop from radicle and
persist for long period.
2. adventitious roots Fibrous roots developing from
the lower nodes of stem below ground level are
the effective and active roots of plant.
3. Brace or prop roots produced by lower two nodes.
 The roots of the maize plant grow very rapidly and
almost equally outwards and downwards. Favorable
soils may allow corn root growth up to 60 cm laterally
and in depth.

9. REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY OF MAIZE (MALE)
 The male flowers are grouped in an inflorescence called a
tassel at the tip of the stem. Maize tassels consist of a central
stem bearing branches (also called rames) on its sides.
 Each branch bears many pairs of spikelets.
 Each spikelet pair includes one pedicellate (stalked) spikelet
and one sessile (stalkless) spikelet.
 Each spikelet has two male florets (tiny flowers).

10.  Each male floret has three stamens consisting of a stalk-like
filament and an anther, or pollen-producing structure.

11. REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY OF MAIZE (FEMALE)
 Female inflorescence in maize know as
ears or spadix.
 Female maize flowers are arranged in
ears which occur at the ends of short,
thick branches on the sides of the main
stem.
 A series of modified leaves surround
each ear, forming a structure called a
husk. The thick central stem of the ear
is called a cob.

12.  The fertile floret includes a lemma, a
palea, and a pistil. Each fertile floret
has one ovary and a short style with
two long, fused stigmas, which are
called a silk. The two glumes at the
base of each female spikelet cover
much of the ovary

13. LIFE CYCLE OF MAIZE
 Generally, most maize varieties have a life
cycle of 100-120 days from planting to
harvest. However, the exact time of
harvest is greatly affected by
environmental and other factors, like the
product end-use.
 The moisture content level in the grains is
the main indicator for defining the
harvesting moment.
 It is grow to 3 to 10ft tall during cycle.

14. VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS OF MAIZE
Maize variety Double cross hybrids Single cross hybrids
 Gohar-19  YHD-555 o FH-1036
 Cimmyt-Pak  YHD-444 o FH-1046
 Pop-1  YHD-401 o FH-949
 Sahiwal Gold o YH-1898
 Malka 2016
REFERENCE ://maizecatalog.cimmyt.org/

15. TYPE OF MAIZE (ON THE BASIS OF AMOUNT OF STARCH)
 Flour Corn
 Dent Corn
 Sweet Corn
 Popcorn
 Flint Corn
 Waxy corn
 Amylo maize
 Pod corn

16. 1. Flour Corn: Contains a high starch content and is used primarily for making cornmeal,
flour, and various corn-based foods.
2.Dent Corn: Also called field corn, It contains a balance of starch and moisture and is
commonly used for animal feed, processed food, and industrial products.
3.Sweet Corn: Contains higher sugar and lower starch content, making it suitable for
human consumption as a fresh vegetable.
4.Popcorn: Contains a specific type of starchy kernel that, when heated, turns into
popcorn due to the high moisture content inside the kernel.
5.Flint Corn: Also known as Indian corn, it has hard outer shells and various colorful kernels.
It used for decoration but can also be processed into cornmeal.

17. 6.Waxy corn is processed in wet milling to produce waxy corn starch It is used
by the food industry as a stabilizer/thickener and in the paper industry.
7.Amylo maize. All high amylose corn is a non-GMO type specialty maize that
utilizes traditional plant breeding techniques to increase the relative amount of
amylose in the starch.
8.Pod corn. can be dent, flint, flour, pop, sweet or waxy. Each kernel is enclosed
in husk, and the ear is also enclosed in a husk, used for ornamental purposes. It is
not grown commercially.
These types of maize have different starch content and are used for various
purposes, ranging from food to industrial applications.

18. INDUSTRIAL USES OF MAIZE
 Corn Oil
 Starch syrup
 Alcohol and ethanol
 Chemicals,
beverages, glue
 Baked products –
bread cornflakes
cake, sweeteners.
 Health and Medicine

19.  Maize is a versatile crop that can be used in multiple ways:
 Food: Maize is consumed directly as a food source in various forms,
such as corn on the cob, popcorn, cornmeal.
 It’s a staple food in many parts of the world.
 Cooking Ingredients: corn starch
 Livestock Feed: as fodder and silage
 Health and Medicine.

20. MAIZE IMPORTANT IN PAKISTAN
 In Pakistan maize is third important cereal after wheat and rice.
 -It is used as food, feed and industrial crop.
 -Food energy yielded by maize is estimated at about 6.9 million calories per
hectare.
 Around 60% of maize grain is used in poultry/animal feed industry, 30% in wet
milling, 6% as food and 4% as seed/other purpose.
Kernels

21. MAIZE MARKETING VALUE IN PAKISTAN
 Global maize production is set to reach 1.3 billion metric tonnes by 2026, an average rate of 1.5% year on
year.
 The export price of Maize from Pakistan has seen a steady increase over the past five years. In 2018, the
export price per kilogram was 137 PKR , which increased to 153 PKR in 2019. In 2020, the price rose to
168 PKR , and in 2021 it further increased to 183 PKR. The export price of Maize from Pakistan in 2022 is
expected to be 198 PKR per kilogram. Looking ahead, it is likely that the export price of Maize from
Pakistan will continue to increase in the coming years, with an estimated price of 214 PKR per kilogram in
2023 and 230 PKR per kilogram in 2024.
 Maize fodder Price index:
District / City Minimum Rate Per 100 KG Maximum Rate Per 100 KG
Karachi PKR 3800 PKR 4200
Faisalabad 4250 5500
Okara 5275 6600
Rawalpindi 6200 7000
Gujranwala 4800 5200
Reference: Agriculture Marketing Information Service(AMIS), Directorate of Agriculture (Economics & Marketing) Punjab, Lahore.

22. LAST FIVE YEAR MAIZE PRODUCTION IN PAKISTAN
Year Production (tones)
2017 6134
2018 5902
2019 6826
2020-21 7883
2022-23 8465
Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

23. WORLD WIDE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
 World maize production and uses. (A) Maize production by country in 2020/2021. The United States,
China, and Brazil are the top producers. Production is expressed in million metric tons.
 (B) Global uses of maize in 2021. Maize is used as food and animal feed, and as a source of biofuel. It
can also be processed into a wide range of useful chemicals.
Data source: OECD/FAO, 2021; forecast.

24. BREEDING TECHNIQUES (NON CONVENTIONAL)
 Non-conventional breeding methods and
techniques refer to approaches beyond
traditional plant breeding. Some examples
include:
1. Mutagenesis: Inducing mutations in
organisms using chemicals, radiation, or
genetic engineering to create novel traits.
2. Somatic Hybridization: Combining cells
from two different species to create hybrid
plants with desired traits.

25.  The embryo rescue: It is a technique used to help immature or weak plant embryos
develop into viable plants. This is done by culturing the embryos in a controlled
environment, providing them with the nutrients and conditions they need to grow. And
it's a valuable tool for plant breeders and scientists who are working to develop new
varieties of plants. Embryo rescue is used in a variety of applications, such as: To
rescue embryos that are produced in vitro but would not be able to survive in the natural
environment. To rescue embryos that are produced from crosses between incompatible
plant species. To rescue embryos that are produced from plants that are infected with
diseases or pests.
 The marker-assisted selection : It is a plant breeding technique that uses
molecular markers to identify individuals with desirable traits. These markers are linked
to the genes that control the traits, so breeders can select for the desired traits. It is
being used in a variety of crops, including rice, wheat, maize, and soybeans
 Remember that while these techniques offer various advantages, they also raise ethical
and regulatory considerations, especially with respect to genetically modified
organisms.

26. BREEDING METHODS(CONVENTIONAL)
 Maize breeding in prehistory resulted in large plants producing large ears.
Modern breeding began with individuals who selected highly productive
varieties in their fields and then sold seed to other farmers.
 James L. Reid was one of the earliest and most successful developing
Reid's Yellow Dent in the 1860s.

27. Conventional breeding methods in maize
 Introduction
 Heterosis breeding
 Population improvement
 Mass selection
 Ear to row selection
 Modified ear to row method

29. DISEASES IN MAIZE
DISEASE CAUSE SYMPTOMS CONTROL
Bacterial Stalk Rot Bacterial The basal internodes
develop soft rot and give a
water soaked appearance.
disease resistance
varieties
Common Rust fungal Circular to elongate golden
brown or cinnamon brown,
powdery
Spray Mancozeb 2.5g/lit or
Dithane M-45 spray can be
taken (0.4%)
Charcoal-Rot fungal The out sides of lower
internodes become straw
coloured.
Use resistant varieties like
DHM 103
Black Bundle Disease and
Late Wilt
fungal Leaves become dull green,
eventually loose colour and
become dry.
Seed treatment with
Thiram or Captan 3g/kg
seed
Downy Mildews fungal Chlorosis, white stripes,
stunting with downy
fungal
Seed treatment with
Metalaxyl at 4 g/kg and
foliar spray of Mancozeb
2.5 g/l or Metalaxyl MZ at
2g/l is recommended.

30. Black Bundle Disease
Charcoal-Rot:
Common Rust:
Bacterial Stalk Rot

31. NUTRITION VALUE

32. Certainly, let's delve into more detail about the nutritional value of maize:
1. Carbohydrates: Maize is primarily composed of carbohydrates, which provide energy to
the body. It contains both simple sugars (glucose, fructose) and complex carbohydrates
(starch). The carbohydrate content can vary based on the type of maize and its preparation.
2. Dietary Fiber: Maize is a good source of dietary fiber, particularly when consumed with the
outer skin or as whole corn. Fiber aids in digestion, helps regulate blood sugar levels, and
contributes to a feeling of fullness.
3. Protein: While maize contains some protein, it's relatively low compared to other grains like
wheat or quinoa. Protein is essential for tissue repair and growth.
4. *Vitamins:
B Vitamins: Maize contains various B vitamins, including: - Thiamine (Vitamin
B1): Important for energy metabolism and nerve function. - Niacin (Vitamin B3): Aids in
metabolism and proper functioning of the digestive and nervous systems. - Pantothenic Acid
(Vitamin B5): Supports energy production and helps in the synthesis of hormones and
cholesterol.
- Folate (Vitamin B9): Essential for cell division and the formation of DNA.
Vitamin C: While not as high as in some other vegetables and fruits, maize does
contain a small amount of vitamin C, which is an antioxidant and supports the immune system.

33. 5. *Minerals:*
Phosphorus:* Important for bone health and energy production. - Magnesium:*
Supports muscle and nerve function, as well as bone health.
Potassium:* Helps maintain fluid balance, muscle contractions, and nerve signals.
Zinc:* Supports immune function and wound healing.
6. Antioxidants:* Maize contains certain antioxidants like lutein and zeaxanthin,
which are beneficial for eye health. They help protect the eyes from harmful
ultraviolet (UV) rays and oxidative damage.
7. *Phytochemicals:* Maize also contains phytochemicals, including phenolic
compounds, which have potential health benefits such as reducing inflammation
and protecting against chronic diseases.

34. Thanks
Any Questions ?