Crop Improvement Dr Venura Herath
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This document discusses various topics related to plant science including crop diversity, improved hybrid varieties, trait phenotyping, genome editing, genome analysis techniques like linkage mapping and GWAS, marker assisted selection, genome selection, gene regulation, functional genomics, gene stacking, molecular evolution, gene switching, bioinformatics, molecular markers, sequencing, high yielding crops, superior products, resource smart crops, tolerant genotypes, smart agriculture practices, processing and utilization. These topics are relevant to universities, research institutes, and industry working in plant science and agriculture.
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Successes and limitations of conventional plant breeding methods
This document discusses the successes and limitations of conventional plant breeding approaches in maize. Some key successes include improving productivity through phenotypic selection, exploiting wild germplasms, developing hybrid varieties, and developing drought tolerant varieties. However, limitations include only being able to exchange genes between closely related species, the uncertainty of gene combinations among crosses, transferring both desirable and undesirable traits, and time/cost constraints. The document suggests future prospects may involve mixed conventional and molecular breeding methods.
Towards zero-fungicide, genetically modified potatoes for Africa
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Abstract
Late blight (LB) of potato, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most devastating diseases of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Africa and in many parts of the world. Conventional cross-breeding to develop resistance has met with challenges of length of breeding time and durability of resistance in the hybrids developed. Three resistance genes (RB, Rpi-blb2, and Rpi-vnt1.1) previously cloned from two wild potatoes, S. bulbocastanum and S. venturii, and the availability of a potato transformation system allowed us to introduce all three genes into cultivated varieties in order to develop durable resistance. The genes were introduced into two cultivated potato varieties ‘Desiree’ and ‘Victoria’. The genetically modified (GM) potatoes generated were field-evaluated in Uganda at the Kachwekano Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute in Kabale. Twelve transgenic events of the variety ‘Desiree’ and one of the variety ‘Victoria’ were tested in three replications, each consisting of randomised complete block design of plots of 15 plants each. The results indicate that all 13 transgenic events are completely resistant to LB disease. These GM potatoes, if incorporated into the seed potato system for uptake by farmers in Africa and elsewhere, offer a great opportunity for durable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution to the management of LB disease in potato. Consequently, farmers could discontinue their current practice of spraying toxic chemicals to control the disease. The next steps for further development of these lines into commercial varieties for Africa and the associated deregulation challenges are discussed
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The document discusses challenges in developing crop varieties that are tolerant to abiotic stress such as heat and drought. It notes that while genome sequencing technology has advanced rapidly, allowing for cheaper and faster sequencing, phenotyping crops under stress conditions remains complex, time-consuming and resource-intensive. Initiatives at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture aim to establish phenotyping platforms to facilitate high-throughput field and controlled environment phenotyping using automated, non-invasive tools to help characterize plant responses and link genotypes to drought and heat tolerance traits.
Current trends in plant breeding
This document discusses current trends in plant breeding. It begins by defining plant breeding as the genetic improvement of crops using both traditional and modern techniques to select for desired traits. It then provides background on the history of plant breeding, including the Green Revolution. The document outlines various modern breeding technologies like phenomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, genetic modification, and the role of bioinformatics in data analysis. It discusses using these omics approaches and genome sequencing to enable a second Green Revolution with crops that are higher yielding, more nutritious, and tolerant of environmental stresses. The goal is to produce more food to feed a growing global population in a sustainable way.
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This document summarizes research on developing genetically modified potatoes resistant to late blight disease for farmers in Africa. Key points:
- Researchers cloned resistance genes from wild potato relatives into popular varieties in East Africa like Victoria and Desiree.
- In confined field trials in Uganda, transgenic events showed extreme, high, and moderate resistance to late blight, while susceptible controls were heavily infected.
- Stakeholders like farmers and government officials visited the trials and responded positively to the drought-resistant GM potatoes.
- Further multi-location trials are planned, and while GMO regulations vary in Africa, most smallholder farmers would adopt GM crops if they offer promised benefits like disease resistance.
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1) The document discusses the importance of plant genetic resources (PGR) in crop improvement and ensuring global food security. It highlights how PGR were crucial for the Green Revolution and remain important for addressing future challenges like climate change.
2) It provides an overview of the current status of biodiversity and challenges threatening it like population growth, pollution, and climate change. It also summarizes Pakistan's PGR conservation efforts and how they contribute to food security.
3) The document advocates for an integrated approach utilizing PGR, including crop wild relatives in genebanks, to develop climate-resilient varieties through techniques like molecular mapping and genetic engineering. International cooperation on PGR is also emphasized.
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My presentation Covers
Insertion of Foreign gene into host plant from any other plant or organism to make plant resistance against insect pests attack or to increase plant productivity/shelf life is known as "Genetically Modified Plants"
My presentation included
1. Methods to make GM crops
A. Direct Gene Methods
B. Vector Mediated Methods
C. Intact plant Methods
A. Direct Methods:
i. Physical Methods
ii. Chemical Methods
Physical Methods:
i. Micro-injection
ii. Particle bombardment
iii. Gene Gun Method
iv. Laser Micro-Beam
v. Electroporation
Chemical Methods:
i. Physico-chemical Uptake of DNA
ii. Liposome Encapsulation
iii. Silicon Carbide Fiber
B. Vector Mediated Methods:
i. Bacteria
ii. Viruses
C. Intact Plant
i. Macro-Injection
ii. Pollen Tube Pathway
2. Why Need to make GM Crops
Increase Shelf Life, Productivity, make Resistance against insect pests etc
3. Risks/Side Effects of GM Crops
4. Released Varieties of GM Crops
Cotton, Wheat, Rice, Papaya, Oil seeds
5. Resistance against Insect Diversity
Mosaic Viruses, Bollworms, Ringspot Vrius etc
6. Questions
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This document discusses the successes and limitations of conventional plant breeding approaches in maize. Some key successes include improving productivity through phenotypic selection, exploiting wild germplasms, developing hybrid varieties, and developing drought tolerant varieties. However, limitations include only being able to exchange genes between closely related species, the uncertainty of gene combinations among crosses, transferring both desirable and undesirable traits, and time/cost constraints. The document suggests future prospects may involve mixed conventional and molecular breeding methods.
Towards zero-fungicide, genetically modified potatoes for Africa
Andrew Kiggundu
Abstract
Late blight (LB) of potato, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most devastating diseases of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Africa and in many parts of the world. Conventional cross-breeding to develop resistance has met with challenges of length of breeding time and durability of resistance in the hybrids developed. Three resistance genes (RB, Rpi-blb2, and Rpi-vnt1.1) previously cloned from two wild potatoes, S. bulbocastanum and S. venturii, and the availability of a potato transformation system allowed us to introduce all three genes into cultivated varieties in order to develop durable resistance. The genes were introduced into two cultivated potato varieties ‘Desiree’ and ‘Victoria’. The genetically modified (GM) potatoes generated were field-evaluated in Uganda at the Kachwekano Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute in Kabale. Twelve transgenic events of the variety ‘Desiree’ and one of the variety ‘Victoria’ were tested in three replications, each consisting of randomised complete block design of plots of 15 plants each. The results indicate that all 13 transgenic events are completely resistant to LB disease. These GM potatoes, if incorporated into the seed potato system for uptake by farmers in Africa and elsewhere, offer a great opportunity for durable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution to the management of LB disease in potato. Consequently, farmers could discontinue their current practice of spraying toxic chemicals to control the disease. The next steps for further development of these lines into commercial varieties for Africa and the associated deregulation challenges are discussed
Eco-efficiency & Abiotic Stress
The document discusses challenges in developing crop varieties that are tolerant to abiotic stress such as heat and drought. It notes that while genome sequencing technology has advanced rapidly, allowing for cheaper and faster sequencing, phenotyping crops under stress conditions remains complex, time-consuming and resource-intensive. Initiatives at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture aim to establish phenotyping platforms to facilitate high-throughput field and controlled environment phenotyping using automated, non-invasive tools to help characterize plant responses and link genotypes to drought and heat tolerance traits.
Current trends in plant breeding
This document discusses current trends in plant breeding. It begins by defining plant breeding as the genetic improvement of crops using both traditional and modern techniques to select for desired traits. It then provides background on the history of plant breeding, including the Green Revolution. The document outlines various modern breeding technologies like phenomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, genetic modification, and the role of bioinformatics in data analysis. It discusses using these omics approaches and genome sequencing to enable a second Green Revolution with crops that are higher yielding, more nutritious, and tolerant of environmental stresses. The goal is to produce more food to feed a growing global population in a sustainable way.
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This document summarizes research on developing genetically modified potatoes resistant to late blight disease for farmers in Africa. Key points:
- Researchers cloned resistance genes from wild potato relatives into popular varieties in East Africa like Victoria and Desiree.
- In confined field trials in Uganda, transgenic events showed extreme, high, and moderate resistance to late blight, while susceptible controls were heavily infected.
- Stakeholders like farmers and government officials visited the trials and responded positively to the drought-resistant GM potatoes.
- Further multi-location trials are planned, and while GMO regulations vary in Africa, most smallholder farmers would adopt GM crops if they offer promised benefits like disease resistance.
Hybrid rice development in pakistan
1) The document discusses the importance of plant genetic resources (PGR) in crop improvement and ensuring global food security. It highlights how PGR were crucial for the Green Revolution and remain important for addressing future challenges like climate change.
2) It provides an overview of the current status of biodiversity and challenges threatening it like population growth, pollution, and climate change. It also summarizes Pakistan's PGR conservation efforts and how they contribute to food security.
3) The document advocates for an integrated approach utilizing PGR, including crop wild relatives in genebanks, to develop climate-resilient varieties through techniques like molecular mapping and genetic engineering. International cooperation on PGR is also emphasized.
PGRFA for mitigating climate change
Abdul GHAFOOR discusses the potential of plant genetic resources for sustainable agriculture in a changing climate. The document outlines strategies and management approaches. As the global population grows, climate change poses challenges to food security through increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. Plant genetic resources and crop wild relatives are critical for developing climate-resilient crop varieties but many are threatened or under-conserved. The document calls for integrated approaches utilizing plant genetic resources, community-based management, and international cooperation to address food insecurity exacerbated by climate change.
Development of GM Crops (Methods) against insect diversity
My presentation Covers
Insertion of Foreign gene into host plant from any other plant or organism to make plant resistance against insect pests attack or to increase plant productivity/shelf life is known as "Genetically Modified Plants"
My presentation included
1. Methods to make GM crops
A. Direct Gene Methods
B. Vector Mediated Methods
C. Intact plant Methods
A. Direct Methods:
i. Physical Methods
ii. Chemical Methods
Physical Methods:
i. Micro-injection
ii. Particle bombardment
iii. Gene Gun Method
iv. Laser Micro-Beam
v. Electroporation
Chemical Methods:
i. Physico-chemical Uptake of DNA
ii. Liposome Encapsulation
iii. Silicon Carbide Fiber
B. Vector Mediated Methods:
i. Bacteria
ii. Viruses
C. Intact Plant
i. Macro-Injection
ii. Pollen Tube Pathway
2. Why Need to make GM Crops
Increase Shelf Life, Productivity, make Resistance against insect pests etc
3. Risks/Side Effects of GM Crops
4. Released Varieties of GM Crops
Cotton, Wheat, Rice, Papaya, Oil seeds
5. Resistance against Insect Diversity
Mosaic Viruses, Bollworms, Ringspot Vrius etc
6. Questions
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This document discusses advance plant breeding techniques, including molecular breeding (marker assisted selection) and micro-propagation. Molecular breeding uses DNA markers linked to desirable traits to assist in selecting plants with those traits, without needing to phenotype the traits directly. Marker assisted selection allows for more breeding cycles in a year and pyramiding of multiple resistance genes. Micro-propagation, also called clonal propagation, involves propagating plants vegetatively in vitro to produce clones that are genetically identical to the original plant.
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Marker assisted selection (MAS) uses DNA markers linked to traits of interest to assist plant breeders in selecting desirable plants. MAS can increase the efficiency and precision of plant breeding by allowing selection at early generations or at the seedling stage before phenotypic selection. It also reduces the influence of environmental effects and allows selection of homozygous plants. While MAS has advantages over conventional breeding, its use in actual breeding programs remains limited due to technical and cost constraints. Further optimization and integration of molecular genetics with plant breeding is needed to fully realize the potential of MAS.
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This document discusses marker assisted selection (MAS) for crop improvement. It defines MAS as using markers linked to traits of interest, like productivity or stress tolerance, to indirectly select for those traits. It describes different types of markers, including morphological, cytological, biochemical and DNA markers. It outlines the general steps in MAS, including selecting parents, developing breeding populations, isolating DNA, scoring markers, and examples of MAS applications. Key benefits of MAS include early selection, independence from environment, and gene pyramiding, while limitations include cost and requirement of well-trained personnel.
Advancement of molecular markers and crop improvement in plant breeding
This document provides an overview of the use of molecular markers in plant breeding and crop improvement. It discusses different types of genetic markers including morphological, biochemical, and DNA markers. DNA markers such as RFLPs, AFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, and SNPs are now widely used due to their abundance. Molecular markers can be used to construct linkage maps, assess genetic diversity, identify cultivars, and facilitate marker-assisted selection by breeders to transfer genes controlling important traits from one plant variety to another. The document highlights several examples of genes for traits like disease resistance being tagged and mapped using molecular markers to accelerate plant breeding efforts.
Cisgenics- Clean marker assisted Technology
Cisgenics as a next generation GMO crops. This concept is new and alternative to transgenic crops...can avoid fear of transgenics w.r.t health and environment problems.
2015. Bradley j. Till. Forward and reverse genetics for functional genomics a...
FOODCROPS.VN. 2015. Bradley j. Till. Forward and reverse genetics for functional genomics and breeding
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This document discusses modern techniques for crop improvement, including genome editing, gene silencing, cisgenics, site directed mutagenesis, and programmed cell death. It begins with an introduction noting the increasing global population and need to improve crop yields. Genome editing uses engineered nucleases to insert, delete, or replace DNA in living organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 is highlighted as a powerful and precise genome editing technique. Gene silencing techniques like RNA interference can be used to "switch off" genes and improve crop traits. These modern techniques allow for more targeted genetic modifications of crops compared to traditional breeding methods and have potential for meeting future agricultural demands.
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Energy and environment Prof C A N Fernando
Prof. C.A.N. Fernando discusses the applications of nano technology for energy and the environment. Some key applications discussed include using nano materials like graphene, titanium dioxide, and activated carbon in solar cells to increase efficiency and lower costs. Activated carbon produced from natural precursors like coconut shells, palm leaves, and bamboo can be used for water purification, air purification, and treating textile effluents. The document also briefly mentions using semi-conductors in ultrafast transistors, biosensors, solar cells, batteries, fuel cells, and super capacitors. It concludes with a short list of renewable and non-renewable energy sources as well as transportation and distributed generation.
Profundizado aluminio
El aluminio es el tercer elemento más común en la corteza terrestre. Es un metal ligero y resistente a la corrosión que se extrae principalmente de la bauxita. Se usa ampliamente en la industria debido a su bajo coste y propiedades como su alta conductividad térmica y eléctrica. El aluminio puro tiene baja resistencia mecánica, pero esta puede aumentarse mediante aleaciones con otros metales como cobre, magnesio y zinc. Las aleaciones de aluminio se utilizan en multitud de aplicaciones como la construcción,
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Este documento describe tres ensayos para determinar las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales: 1) El ensayo de Charpy mide la tenacidad mediante la energía absorbida al romper una probeta con un péndulo. 2) El ensayo de impacto usa probetas rectangulares entalladas y mide la energía absorbida. 3) El ensayo de fluencia mide la deformación permanente a altas temperaturas y cargas durante largos períodos, pero no se realizó debido a limitaciones de tiempo.
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dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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