This document summarizes approaches and strategies for measuring science, technology, and innovation (STI). It discusses current STI indicators and databases like the Global Innovation Index, which ranks countries based on enabling environments and innovation outputs. The presentation provides an overview of the Global Innovation Index and examines STI metrics like R&D expenditures, researchers, technicians, patents, and high-tech exports for countries like Sri Lanka, China, Korea, and India from 2006-2014. It finds that Asian countries have improved on indicators but still lag behind leaders like the US and Germany. The document advocates using a balanced set of STI indicators for evidence-based policymaking.

1. National Consultative Workshop
Strengthening and Road Mapping of Emerging Technology
Innovation Systems of Sri Lanka
17-19 November 2015  Colombo, Sri Lanka
Approaches and strategies for measuring Science,
Technology and Innovation (STI)
Mr. N. Srinivasan
Coordinator - Science, Technology, and Innovation
Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT) of the
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP) in New Delhi, India
(Acknowledgement : Assistance in research and preparation of presentation by
Ms. Becky Byler, APCTT Intern, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, USA)

2. • Measuring STI
• Current STI indicators and databases
• Global Innovation Index (GII)
• GII of Sri Lanka, China, Republic of Korea and India
Presentation Overview

3. • Need for balanced, STI-based development using the three pillars of
sustainable development: economy, society, and the environment
• Adequate monitoring and evaluation are required for evidence-based
creation and governance of national STI policies
• Current S&T indicators were developed over a period of time
dominated by economics and business (e.g. GDP, FDI, GERD)
• Difficulties faced with measuring biotechnology due to lack of
standardized global methodologies (i.e. definition of “biotechnology”
and inconsistent data collection)
• As a new, convergent technology, sufficient indicators to measure
nanotechnology are both unavailable and not yet developed
Measuring STI

4. • Global Innovation Index
• Traditional S&T Indicators (World Bank, WIPO, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNESCAP Statistical Year Book)
• OECD Science Industry Scoreboard and Measurement of STI
Indicators
• Web of Science ISI Citation Index Database
• Many private companies and government agencies also
contribute to their specific country’s pooled STI database;
however, there exists the need to mainstream their
contribution to the global STI database (e.g. NSF, EY)
Current STI Indicators and Databases

5. Global Innovation Index (GII)
GII Indices
• Institutions
• Human Capital
and Research
• Infrastructure
• Market
Sophistication
• Business
Sophistication
• Knowledge and
Technology
Outputs
• Creative
Outputs
• Composite indicator that ranks countries
in terms of their enabling environment to
innovation and their innovation outputs
• Aims to go beyond traditional measures of
innovation (e.g. R&D expenses/patents)
• Currently analyzes 7 indices comprising of
81 qualitative and quantitative innovation
“input” and “output” indicators
• Annually surveys 143 countries

6. Global Innovation Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2011 2012 2013 2014
GlobalInnovaonIndex(0-100)
Overall Na onal Innova on Capability (2011-2014)
Sri Lanka
Australia
China
India
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Thailand
Belgium
Canada
France
Germany
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
2012 2013 2014
Germany
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Median Score
2011 2012 2013 2014
Overall Na onal Innova on Capability (2011-2014)
Sri Lanka
Australia
China
India
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Thailand
Belgium
Canada
France
Germany
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States

7. Global Innovation Efficiency
-
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
2011 2012 2013 2014
InnovaonEfficiencyRaoofOutputs:Inputs(0-1)
Overall Na onal Innova on Effici ency (2011-2014)
Sri Lanka
Australia
China
India
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Thailand
Belgium
Canada
France
Germany
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
2011 2012 2013 2014
Overall Na onal Innova on Capability (2011-2014)
Sri Lanka
Australia
China
India
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Thailand
Belgium
Canada
France
Germany
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
2012 2013 2014
France
Germany
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Median Score

8. GII: Sri Lanka (2011-2014)
GII Indices:
• Institutions
• Human Capital
and Research
• Infrastructure
• Market
Sophistication
• Business
Sophistication
• Knowledge and
Technology
Outputs
• Creative
Outputs

9. GII: China (2011-2014)
GII Indices:
• Institutions
• Human Capital
and Research
• Infrastructure
• Market
Sophistication
• Business
Sophistication
• Knowledge and
Technology
Outputs
• Creative
Outputs

10. GII: Korea (2011-2014)
GII Indices:
• Institutions
• Human Capital
and Research
• Infrastructure
• Market
Sophistication
• Business
Sophistication
• Knowledge and
Technology
Outputs
• Creative
Outputs

11. GII: India (2011-2014)
GII Indices:
• Institutions
• Human Capital
and Research
• Infrastructure
• Market
Sophistication
• Business
Sophistication
• Knowledge and
Technology
Outputs
• Creative
Outputs

12. Traditional S&T Indicators
• R&D Expenditure
• Researchers in R&D
• Technicians in R&D
• Patent Applications (Resident vs. Non-Resident)
• Scientific and Technical Journal Articles
• High-Technology Exports

13. R&D Expenditures: 2006-2012
Sri Lanka Australia China India Japan Korea Malaysia Thailand Belgium Canada France Germany Spain Switzerland UK USA
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Sri LankaAustraliaChinaIndiaJapanKoreaMalaysiaThailandBelgiumCanadaFranceGermanySpain
Switzerlan
dUKUSA
%ofGDP

14. Sri Lanka Australia China India Japan Korea Malaysia Thailand Belgium Canada France Germany Spain Switzerland UK USA
Sri Lanka Malaysia Thailand Belgium Spain Switzerland
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Sri LankaAustraliaChinaIndiaJapanKoreaMalaysiaThailandBelgiumCanadaFranceGermanySpain
Switzerlan
dUKUSA
Technicians in R&D: 2006-2012
#ofTechniciansperMillionPeople

15. High-Tech Exports: 2006-2013
Sri Lanka Australia China India Japan Korea Malaysia Thailand Belgium Canada France Germany Spain Switzerland UK USA
%ofManufacturedExports
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Sri LankaAustraliaChinaIndiaJapanKoreaMalaysiaThailandBelgiumCanadaFranceGermanySpain
Switzerlan
dUKUSA

16. 0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
Sri LankaAustraliaChinaIndiaJapanKoreaMalaysiaThailandBelgiumCanadaFranceGermanySpain
Switzerlan
dUKUSA
Patent Applications: 2006-2013
Sri Lanka Australia China India Japan Korea Malaysia Thailand Belgium Canada France Germany Spain Switzerland UK USA
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Sri LankaAustraliaChinaIndiaJapanKoreaMalaysiaThailandBelgiumCanadaFranceGermanySpain
Switzerlan
dUKUSA
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Sri LankaAustraliaChinaIndiaJapanKoreaMalaysiaThailandBelgiumCanadaFranceGermanySpain
Switzerlan
dUKUSA
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Sri LankaAustraliaChinaIndiaJapanKoreaMalaysiaThailandBelgiumCanadaFranceGermanySpain
Switzerlan
dUKUSA
Sri Lanka Malaysia Thailand Belgium Spain Switzerland
30%
70%
1
2
Non-Residents
All Colors are Residents

17. References
1. Global Innovation Index Reports (Accessed July 10, 2015)
http://www.globalinnovationindex.org
2. World Bank Science and Technology Indicators (Accessed July 8, 2015)
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator#topic-14

18. National Consultative Workshop
Strengthening and Road Mapping of EmergingTechnology
Innovation Systems of Sri Lanka
17-19 November 2015  Colombo, Sri Lanka
Thank you
Mr. N. Srinivasan
Coordinator, Science, Technology, and Innovation
Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT) of the
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP) in New Delhi, India