In order to define which are the most important criteria for the selection of plant Growth-Promoting bacterial strains of the Hibiscus sabdariffa L. crop (Roselle), bacterial strains isolated from the roots of Roselle plants of two varieties (Creole and Spider) were used, collected in the community of Río de los Peces, municipality of Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca and seeds of the same varieties. To characterize the varieties, the following were determined: total germination percentage (TGP), germination speed (GS), the root length(RL), the stem length (SL), the dry root biomass (DRB), the dry stem biomass (DSB) and the chlorophyll content (CC). Three types of LED lamps were used to illuminate the seedlings. The seeds inoculated with cells of six selected bacterial strains were grown in a greenhouse to determine: the stem length (SL) at 3, 45 and 65 days after sowing (das). The treatments were distributed under a completely random design and comparison of means (Tukey, p = 0.05). The TGP, DSB and DRB parameters were not useful in the selection process of the strains that promoted plant growth to a greater degree. The GS and SL to be considered safe criteria or not, what is important is the relationship of what happens at the time of germination and development of the seedlings in the laboratory and greenhouse. The SL of the plants in the greenhouse showed differences between strains, but not regarding the control and also only observed in the first days of development (3 das). The CC did not prove to be a good selection criterion either. The lamp composed of 15% white light, 27% blue light and 58% red light was the one that most promoted root growth.
Genetic characterization of morphological and yield traits in ten genotypes of Celosia argentea L. was evaluated
at the Research Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results of analysis of variance carried out on
early morphological characters of C. argentea L. at 3, 4, and 5weeks after sowing showed significant
(p<0.05 /><0.01) effects except for number of leaves per plant and leaf width at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing,
respectively. The replicates in blocks produced varying observable effects on the genotypes while genotype x
replicate showed significant variation on morpho-agronomic and yield traits except number of days to flowering
at 50 days and fruit length at maturity. Also, from the result of the mean separation, it is shown that
NG/MAY/09/015 performed the best for plant height at flowering, leaf length at flowering, leaf width at
flowering, and root biomass. NG/SA/07/213 produced the highest mean values of number of flowers per plant,
leaf biomass and pod weight at maturity. The highest values of number of primary branches and fruit length at
maturity (FLM) were observed for NG/TO/MAY/09/015, while NG/AO/MAY/09/015 had the highest for pod
weight at maturity. The result of principal component axis also showed that Prin 1 accounted for highest Eigen
Vector of 38.62% from the total variation. NG/MAY/09/015 (R2) genotype produced the highest Eigen Vector
of 6.705 from Prin 1. The correlation result showed that plant height had a significant positive association with
seed weight at maturity, pod weight at maturity, number of primary branches and fruit length at maturity, while
similar association existed between leaf biomass, number of primary branches and pod weight at maturity, as
well as between plant height at flowering and pod weight at maturity. Again, the number of primary branches is
also positive and significantly correlated with plant height, root biomass and leaf length. Furthermore, the
results of dendrogram and minimum spanning tree revealed variations in genetic relatedness and distance,
respectively, which exist among the population of the C. argentea L.
Sixteen genotypes of maize were evaluated for genetic variability and character associations in the Research
Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria for 90 days in the 2012, 2013 and 2014
cropping seasons. Perforated polythene bags (18 × 9 cm) were filled with 6kg sandy-loam soil and were spaced
at a distance of 10 cm apart between rows. Three seeds from each genotype were then planted per bag without
treatment in three replicates. Data on plant and stem height, leaf width, leaf length and number of leaves were
collected after planting at 14 days interval on each replicate for a particular genotype. The plant height of
EVDT.Y200STRQPM genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) different from other genotypes, while genotype
pairs; TZE-OR2DTSTRQPM and 2009TZE-ORIDTSTRQPM, TZEI 22, TZEI 98 and OBANTAPA, TZEI 4,
TZEI 161, BODIJA as well as EVDT-W99STR, OJO, 98SYNWECSTRQPM were similar to each other. The
result of correlation coefficient shows that stem height was highly significant and positively correlated with the
plant height (p < 0.01; r = 0.91). The genotype is negative and non-correlated with plant height, stem height, leaf
width and number of leaves, but positive and non-significantly associated with leaf length, replicate and week
after planting.
The ethanol extracts of Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica charantia, Anacardium
occidentals and Psidium guajava were evaluated sole and in treatment combinations at 25, 50 and
75mg ml-1 concentration levels against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina of
Cowpea. The pathogen was cultured on plates containing botanicals amended Potato Dextrose
Agar (PDA) in three replicates while only ethanol treated PDA tested plates served the control
experiment. The radial growths were recorded at 4th, 6th and 8th day after inoculation. Data
obtained were analysed using the SAS software program version 9.2. The extract of Mormordica
charantia was the most effective in the botanical treatments alone. The most significant inhibition
of Macrophomina phaseolina were observed from the combined treatments of Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.11 cm), followed by Mormordica
charantia and Psidium guajava (3.29 cm), then combination of four extracts; Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia, Anacardium occidentals and Psidium guajava (3.53 cm), then
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.84 cm). Other treatments, either alone or in
combination produced significant result compared to the control experiment (6.94 cm). However,
the efficacy of botanicals increased with concentration and also significantly correlated with time
and reduction in mycelia extension of the pathogen. More so, variability in the antifungicidal
potentials of the botanicals on Macrophomina phaseolina ranges from 15.93% to 34.06%
according to Eigen proportions. The treatment combinations of; Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica
charantia and Anacardium occidentals at 75mg ml-1 concentration level produced the most
inhibitory effect against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. However, the untreated plates did not
show inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Therefore, combined treatments of
botanicals could be a potential source in the practice of plant disease control.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
Effects of 60Co gamma radiation doses on seed germination of Jatropha curcas ...Innspub Net
By: Baudouin K. Nyembo, Alexandre N. Mbaya, Calvin C. Ilunga, Jean-Louis N. Muambi, Luc L. Tshilenge
Key Words: Jatropha curcas, Gamma irradiation, Seed germination, LD50.
Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 13(5), 46-52, November 2018.
This study aimed to assess the effects of different gamma radiation doses from Cobalt -60 isotopic source on seed germination and early growth parameters of Jatropha curcas L. Healthy and dry seeds were subjected to three doses of gamma rays (100, 200 and 300 Gy). The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design, with three replicates. The significantly maximum germination percentage (89.85 %), seedling survival (92.3 %), seedling collar diameter (0.892 cm), plant height (17.30 cm), number of leaves (7) were observed at 30 days after germination. The results revealed that seed germination percentages and seedling shoot length decreased with increasing dose of gamma-rays. Higher gamma-ray dose (300 Gy) in particular had a pronounced effect on these germination parameters than others, probably because high-dose inhibited cell division due to free radicals and DNA system damage. The LD50 for seeds germination rates was obtained at 254 Gy. These results implied that germination traits of Jatropha curcas seeds were sensitive to increase in gamma-ray.
Emerging issues and challenges associated with conservation of the African ba...Innspub Net
The aim of this review is to discuss the emerging issues and challenges in baobab conservation based on the climate change, emerging challenges related to herbivory and human use such as emerging of new markets for baobab products and land use changes.Specifically, the review summarizes scientific questions and challenges for the conservation of one of the most important indigenous fruit tree species, Adansonia digitata in Sub-Saharan Africa. It highlights on new information on the status of A. digitata in Tanzania with a strong focus on ethno-botanical issues, traditional and modern uses as well as challenges for the management and conservation of the tree species.We have done that by using facts from different parts of the geographical ranges of Africa and other parts of the world. The review is based on the belief that understanding the factors underpinning the use and management of A. digitata is an essential step towards development of credible strategies and plans that would advance and lead to sustainable management of baobabs.
Genetic characterization of morphological and yield traits in ten genotypes of Celosia argentea L. was evaluated
at the Research Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results of analysis of variance carried out on
early morphological characters of C. argentea L. at 3, 4, and 5weeks after sowing showed significant
(p<0.05 /><0.01) effects except for number of leaves per plant and leaf width at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing,
respectively. The replicates in blocks produced varying observable effects on the genotypes while genotype x
replicate showed significant variation on morpho-agronomic and yield traits except number of days to flowering
at 50 days and fruit length at maturity. Also, from the result of the mean separation, it is shown that
NG/MAY/09/015 performed the best for plant height at flowering, leaf length at flowering, leaf width at
flowering, and root biomass. NG/SA/07/213 produced the highest mean values of number of flowers per plant,
leaf biomass and pod weight at maturity. The highest values of number of primary branches and fruit length at
maturity (FLM) were observed for NG/TO/MAY/09/015, while NG/AO/MAY/09/015 had the highest for pod
weight at maturity. The result of principal component axis also showed that Prin 1 accounted for highest Eigen
Vector of 38.62% from the total variation. NG/MAY/09/015 (R2) genotype produced the highest Eigen Vector
of 6.705 from Prin 1. The correlation result showed that plant height had a significant positive association with
seed weight at maturity, pod weight at maturity, number of primary branches and fruit length at maturity, while
similar association existed between leaf biomass, number of primary branches and pod weight at maturity, as
well as between plant height at flowering and pod weight at maturity. Again, the number of primary branches is
also positive and significantly correlated with plant height, root biomass and leaf length. Furthermore, the
results of dendrogram and minimum spanning tree revealed variations in genetic relatedness and distance,
respectively, which exist among the population of the C. argentea L.
Sixteen genotypes of maize were evaluated for genetic variability and character associations in the Research
Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria for 90 days in the 2012, 2013 and 2014
cropping seasons. Perforated polythene bags (18 × 9 cm) were filled with 6kg sandy-loam soil and were spaced
at a distance of 10 cm apart between rows. Three seeds from each genotype were then planted per bag without
treatment in three replicates. Data on plant and stem height, leaf width, leaf length and number of leaves were
collected after planting at 14 days interval on each replicate for a particular genotype. The plant height of
EVDT.Y200STRQPM genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) different from other genotypes, while genotype
pairs; TZE-OR2DTSTRQPM and 2009TZE-ORIDTSTRQPM, TZEI 22, TZEI 98 and OBANTAPA, TZEI 4,
TZEI 161, BODIJA as well as EVDT-W99STR, OJO, 98SYNWECSTRQPM were similar to each other. The
result of correlation coefficient shows that stem height was highly significant and positively correlated with the
plant height (p < 0.01; r = 0.91). The genotype is negative and non-correlated with plant height, stem height, leaf
width and number of leaves, but positive and non-significantly associated with leaf length, replicate and week
after planting.
The ethanol extracts of Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica charantia, Anacardium
occidentals and Psidium guajava were evaluated sole and in treatment combinations at 25, 50 and
75mg ml-1 concentration levels against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina of
Cowpea. The pathogen was cultured on plates containing botanicals amended Potato Dextrose
Agar (PDA) in three replicates while only ethanol treated PDA tested plates served the control
experiment. The radial growths were recorded at 4th, 6th and 8th day after inoculation. Data
obtained were analysed using the SAS software program version 9.2. The extract of Mormordica
charantia was the most effective in the botanical treatments alone. The most significant inhibition
of Macrophomina phaseolina were observed from the combined treatments of Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.11 cm), followed by Mormordica
charantia and Psidium guajava (3.29 cm), then combination of four extracts; Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia, Anacardium occidentals and Psidium guajava (3.53 cm), then
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.84 cm). Other treatments, either alone or in
combination produced significant result compared to the control experiment (6.94 cm). However,
the efficacy of botanicals increased with concentration and also significantly correlated with time
and reduction in mycelia extension of the pathogen. More so, variability in the antifungicidal
potentials of the botanicals on Macrophomina phaseolina ranges from 15.93% to 34.06%
according to Eigen proportions. The treatment combinations of; Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica
charantia and Anacardium occidentals at 75mg ml-1 concentration level produced the most
inhibitory effect against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. However, the untreated plates did not
show inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Therefore, combined treatments of
botanicals could be a potential source in the practice of plant disease control.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
Effects of 60Co gamma radiation doses on seed germination of Jatropha curcas ...Innspub Net
By: Baudouin K. Nyembo, Alexandre N. Mbaya, Calvin C. Ilunga, Jean-Louis N. Muambi, Luc L. Tshilenge
Key Words: Jatropha curcas, Gamma irradiation, Seed germination, LD50.
Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 13(5), 46-52, November 2018.
This study aimed to assess the effects of different gamma radiation doses from Cobalt -60 isotopic source on seed germination and early growth parameters of Jatropha curcas L. Healthy and dry seeds were subjected to three doses of gamma rays (100, 200 and 300 Gy). The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design, with three replicates. The significantly maximum germination percentage (89.85 %), seedling survival (92.3 %), seedling collar diameter (0.892 cm), plant height (17.30 cm), number of leaves (7) were observed at 30 days after germination. The results revealed that seed germination percentages and seedling shoot length decreased with increasing dose of gamma-rays. Higher gamma-ray dose (300 Gy) in particular had a pronounced effect on these germination parameters than others, probably because high-dose inhibited cell division due to free radicals and DNA system damage. The LD50 for seeds germination rates was obtained at 254 Gy. These results implied that germination traits of Jatropha curcas seeds were sensitive to increase in gamma-ray.
Emerging issues and challenges associated with conservation of the African ba...Innspub Net
The aim of this review is to discuss the emerging issues and challenges in baobab conservation based on the climate change, emerging challenges related to herbivory and human use such as emerging of new markets for baobab products and land use changes.Specifically, the review summarizes scientific questions and challenges for the conservation of one of the most important indigenous fruit tree species, Adansonia digitata in Sub-Saharan Africa. It highlights on new information on the status of A. digitata in Tanzania with a strong focus on ethno-botanical issues, traditional and modern uses as well as challenges for the management and conservation of the tree species.We have done that by using facts from different parts of the geographical ranges of Africa and other parts of the world. The review is based on the belief that understanding the factors underpinning the use and management of A. digitata is an essential step towards development of credible strategies and plans that would advance and lead to sustainable management of baobabs.
Dynamic Assessment of Air Temperature for Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) Cu...Redmond R. Shamshiri
Net-screen covered greenhouses operating on natural ventilation are used as a sustainable approach for closed-field cultivation of fruits and vegetables and to eliminate insect passage and subsequent production damage. The objective of this work was to develop a real-time assessment framework for evaluating air-temperature inside an insect-proof net-screen greenhouse in tropical lowlands of Malaysia prior to cultivation of tomato. Mathematical description of a growth response model was implemented and used in a computer application. A custom-designed data acquisition system was built for collecting 6 months of air-temperature data, during July to December 2014. For each measured air-temperature (T), an optimality degree, denoted by Opt(T), was calculated with respect to different light conditions (sun, cloud, night) and different growth stages. Interactive three-dimensional plots were generated to demonstrate variations in Opt(T) values due to different hours and days in a growth season. Results showed that, air temperature was never less than 25% optimal for early growth, and 51% for vegetative to mature fruiting growth stages. The average Opt(T) in the entire 6 months was between 65 and 75%. The presented framework allows tomato growers to automatically collect and process raw air temperature data and to simulate growth responses at different growth stages and light conditions. The software database can be used to track and record Opt(T) values from any greenhouses with different structure design, covering materials, cooling system and growing seasons, and to contribute to knowledge-based decision support systems and energy balance models.
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Responses of wheat seedling to varying moisture conditions and relationship b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The following study was conducted to estimate the genotypic differences among 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under different moisture regimes and relationship between morphological and molecular characterization. Eight seedling parameters root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), chlorophyll rate (CR) and survival rate (SR) were studied at four different soil moisture conditions (T 1 40%,T 2 60%,T 3 80%,T 4 100%) using two factor factorial complete randomized design (CRD). Significant differences among genotypes were observed by analysis of variance. For heritability estimates, survival rate showed lowest heritability under all the treatments. Principal components analysis accounted 81.4% variation in T 1 , 81.9% in T2, 87.7% in T3 and 84.7% in T4 conditions in first PC. Selected diverse genotypes were further fingerprinted with 10 ISSR markers. A total of 74 DNA fragments were detected and 72.7% of was polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were ranged from 4 (UBC-809) to 11 (UBC-808). PIC values were ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of molecular and phenotypic characterization under T4 normal conditions whereas under T1 (moisture stress) conditions genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters explaining genotypic differences under different moisture conditions. The present results showed that phenotypic difference in wheat seedling expression under different water regimes is accompanied with molecular basis, which offer a prospective to enhance wheat adaptation under moisture stress conditions.
Influence of water stress and rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of se...Innspub Net
Two season’s field experiment and single season screen house experiment were conducted to assess the effect of water stress periods and rhizobial inoculation in five P. vulgaris cultivars. The experiment consisted of two levels of rhizobia (with and without inoculation), two stress levels (with and without water stress) and five cultivars of P. vulgaris (KAT B9, KAT B1, F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought line and JESCA). Results showed that rhizobial inoculation significantly increased plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) at vegetative and flowering in field experiment. Furthermore, water stress treatments significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) in both growth stages at field experiment. For screen house experiment rhizobial inoculation significantly increased leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, stem girth (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) at both growth stages. Additionally, water stress treatments significantly reduced number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) in both growth stages. Varieties F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought Line and JESCA had significantly superior measurements reflected in increased plant height (cm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) as compared with KAT B9 and KAT B1. Furthermore, significant interactive effects were also seen between rhizobial inoculation x stress level and tested bean cultivars on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and seed yields.
Effect of Varying Rate of Leaf Defoliation on Maize Growth, Development and ...Scientific Review SR
Pot trial was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University Anyigba, within the
southern Guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria, with daily temperature range between 250C - 350C.
The experiment, a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments (defoliation at 25%
above the ear, 25% under the ear, 50% above the ear, 50% under the ear, 75% above the ear, 75% under the
ear, 100% defoliation and no defoliation as control) was replicated four times. Treatment was imposed at ear
initiation. Growth and yield parameters collected were: number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem
girth, days to ear initiation, number of cobs/plant, days to crop maturity, cob weight, cob length, seed rows per
cob, 100-seed weight as well as total cob yield/ha. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and New Duncan Multiple Range Test (NDMRT) was used to estimate the differences among
significant means at 5% level of probability. Prior to imposition of the treatment, anal yzed results indicate no
significant differences between number of leaves at 2, 4 and 6 WAS, as well as plant heights and stem girth at
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAS. However there were significant differences between leaf areas at 4 and 6 WAS. In
addition, there were significant effects of defoliation on cob length and dry cob weight with the highest cob
weight obtained in 25% defoliation carried out above the ear. In addition, there were significant differences in
the number of rows per cob and grain yield per ha with 0% defoliation giving the highest result while the least
was in 100% defoliation. Generally, it was observed that defoliation at any rate and position influenced maize
yield, notwithstanding that the treatment was imposed at cob initiation, an indication that harvest of solar
radiation post cob initiation plays important role on eventual maize yield
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Effect of Pseudomonas Fluorescens in the Germination and Growth of Prosopis L...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Mesquite (Prosopis laevigata) is a tree of arid and semi-arid areas of northern and central Mexico. This species allows erosion control, atmospheric nitrogen fixation, and improves soil quality. Pseudomonas fluorescens is a rhizobacterium that favors plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Also, promotes seed germination and development of Mesquite plants under adverse environmental conditions. The aim is to evaluate the role of bacterial strains A7 and Sv of P. fluorescens, using two types of soil (vertisol and phaeozem), and adding vermicompost (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 tons/ha) in the germination and growth stages of mesquite (Prosopis laevigata).We tested the characteristics developed by the plants over 180 days. A randomized experimental design with four repetitions was used to test the seed germination rate and 16 more variables in the greenhouse, such as morphology, dry biomass accumulated, and morphological indices through the randomized factorial experimental design with three factors, 2x3x5x3. Regarding the control treatment, the use of the bacterial strain A7 of P. fluorescens inhibited the germination of mesquite seeds, while the strain Sv favored seedlings development. We observed opposite effects; inhibition and growth in the germination stage, and development of the seedlings observed at 180 days when using the A7 and Sv strains of P. fluorescens.
Dynamic Assessment of Air Temperature for Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) Cu...Redmond R. Shamshiri
Net-screen covered greenhouses operating on natural ventilation are used as a sustainable approach for closed-field cultivation of fruits and vegetables and to eliminate insect passage and subsequent production damage. The objective of this work was to develop a real-time assessment framework for evaluating air-temperature inside an insect-proof net-screen greenhouse in tropical lowlands of Malaysia prior to cultivation of tomato. Mathematical description of a growth response model was implemented and used in a computer application. A custom-designed data acquisition system was built for collecting 6 months of air-temperature data, during July to December 2014. For each measured air-temperature (T), an optimality degree, denoted by Opt(T), was calculated with respect to different light conditions (sun, cloud, night) and different growth stages. Interactive three-dimensional plots were generated to demonstrate variations in Opt(T) values due to different hours and days in a growth season. Results showed that, air temperature was never less than 25% optimal for early growth, and 51% for vegetative to mature fruiting growth stages. The average Opt(T) in the entire 6 months was between 65 and 75%. The presented framework allows tomato growers to automatically collect and process raw air temperature data and to simulate growth responses at different growth stages and light conditions. The software database can be used to track and record Opt(T) values from any greenhouses with different structure design, covering materials, cooling system and growing seasons, and to contribute to knowledge-based decision support systems and energy balance models.
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Responses of wheat seedling to varying moisture conditions and relationship b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The following study was conducted to estimate the genotypic differences among 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under different moisture regimes and relationship between morphological and molecular characterization. Eight seedling parameters root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), chlorophyll rate (CR) and survival rate (SR) were studied at four different soil moisture conditions (T 1 40%,T 2 60%,T 3 80%,T 4 100%) using two factor factorial complete randomized design (CRD). Significant differences among genotypes were observed by analysis of variance. For heritability estimates, survival rate showed lowest heritability under all the treatments. Principal components analysis accounted 81.4% variation in T 1 , 81.9% in T2, 87.7% in T3 and 84.7% in T4 conditions in first PC. Selected diverse genotypes were further fingerprinted with 10 ISSR markers. A total of 74 DNA fragments were detected and 72.7% of was polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were ranged from 4 (UBC-809) to 11 (UBC-808). PIC values were ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of molecular and phenotypic characterization under T4 normal conditions whereas under T1 (moisture stress) conditions genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters explaining genotypic differences under different moisture conditions. The present results showed that phenotypic difference in wheat seedling expression under different water regimes is accompanied with molecular basis, which offer a prospective to enhance wheat adaptation under moisture stress conditions.
Influence of water stress and rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of se...Innspub Net
Two season’s field experiment and single season screen house experiment were conducted to assess the effect of water stress periods and rhizobial inoculation in five P. vulgaris cultivars. The experiment consisted of two levels of rhizobia (with and without inoculation), two stress levels (with and without water stress) and five cultivars of P. vulgaris (KAT B9, KAT B1, F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought line and JESCA). Results showed that rhizobial inoculation significantly increased plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) at vegetative and flowering in field experiment. Furthermore, water stress treatments significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) in both growth stages at field experiment. For screen house experiment rhizobial inoculation significantly increased leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, stem girth (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) at both growth stages. Additionally, water stress treatments significantly reduced number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) in both growth stages. Varieties F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought Line and JESCA had significantly superior measurements reflected in increased plant height (cm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) as compared with KAT B9 and KAT B1. Furthermore, significant interactive effects were also seen between rhizobial inoculation x stress level and tested bean cultivars on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and seed yields.
Effect of Varying Rate of Leaf Defoliation on Maize Growth, Development and ...Scientific Review SR
Pot trial was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University Anyigba, within the
southern Guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria, with daily temperature range between 250C - 350C.
The experiment, a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments (defoliation at 25%
above the ear, 25% under the ear, 50% above the ear, 50% under the ear, 75% above the ear, 75% under the
ear, 100% defoliation and no defoliation as control) was replicated four times. Treatment was imposed at ear
initiation. Growth and yield parameters collected were: number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem
girth, days to ear initiation, number of cobs/plant, days to crop maturity, cob weight, cob length, seed rows per
cob, 100-seed weight as well as total cob yield/ha. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and New Duncan Multiple Range Test (NDMRT) was used to estimate the differences among
significant means at 5% level of probability. Prior to imposition of the treatment, anal yzed results indicate no
significant differences between number of leaves at 2, 4 and 6 WAS, as well as plant heights and stem girth at
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAS. However there were significant differences between leaf areas at 4 and 6 WAS. In
addition, there were significant effects of defoliation on cob length and dry cob weight with the highest cob
weight obtained in 25% defoliation carried out above the ear. In addition, there were significant differences in
the number of rows per cob and grain yield per ha with 0% defoliation giving the highest result while the least
was in 100% defoliation. Generally, it was observed that defoliation at any rate and position influenced maize
yield, notwithstanding that the treatment was imposed at cob initiation, an indication that harvest of solar
radiation post cob initiation plays important role on eventual maize yield
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Effect of Pseudomonas Fluorescens in the Germination and Growth of Prosopis L...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Mesquite (Prosopis laevigata) is a tree of arid and semi-arid areas of northern and central Mexico. This species allows erosion control, atmospheric nitrogen fixation, and improves soil quality. Pseudomonas fluorescens is a rhizobacterium that favors plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Also, promotes seed germination and development of Mesquite plants under adverse environmental conditions. The aim is to evaluate the role of bacterial strains A7 and Sv of P. fluorescens, using two types of soil (vertisol and phaeozem), and adding vermicompost (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 tons/ha) in the germination and growth stages of mesquite (Prosopis laevigata).We tested the characteristics developed by the plants over 180 days. A randomized experimental design with four repetitions was used to test the seed germination rate and 16 more variables in the greenhouse, such as morphology, dry biomass accumulated, and morphological indices through the randomized factorial experimental design with three factors, 2x3x5x3. Regarding the control treatment, the use of the bacterial strain A7 of P. fluorescens inhibited the germination of mesquite seeds, while the strain Sv favored seedlings development. We observed opposite effects; inhibition and growth in the germination stage, and development of the seedlings observed at 180 days when using the A7 and Sv strains of P. fluorescens.
Evaluation of the Development of Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) in Two Soil...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In this study, we tested the growth of two varieties of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) cultivated in two types of soils and the effects of the inoculation of seeds with cells of bacterial strains and vermicompost. (H. sabdariffa) are a member of the Malvaceae family and an important plant because its calyxes are used to produce beverages, prepare food, in the textile industry, cosmetology, perfumery, medicine, etc. This research was carried out at the Postgraduate College, Montecillo Campus, Mexico. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with a factorial arrangement (4x3x2): four levels of organic matter factor, three levels of bacterial strains factor, and two levels of soil factor with three repetitions. The variables tested were: germination percentage (GP), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), the number of leaves (NL), foliar area (FA cm 2), radical volume (RV cm 3), dry aerial part biomass weight (DAPBW), dry root biomass weight (DRBW), dry calyx biomass weight (DCBW) and chlorophyll content (CC). The effects of soil and bacterial strains showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) on the agronomic characteristics of (H. sabdariffa) plants. The organic matter factor only presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the germination percentage and growth variables of the vegetative phase. To increase crop production, the use of wastewater and microorganisms is proposed. Vermicompost exploded the percentage of germination, height, the number of leaves and stem diameter during the first weeks of growth, presenting important results in Creole variety (farmers' local variety). By inoculating seeds with cells of bacterial strains, A9m and A7 helped significantly to stimulate plant growth, finding a better response in A9m strain. The effects of soil factor showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in soil irrigated with residual water over agronomic characteristics satisfying the nutritional requirements of the crop.
Allelopathic Effect of Lantana Camara on Germinatiion and Growth of Chickpea ...IJAEMSJORNAL
An experiment was conducted in Department of Botany, BFIT, Dehradun, Uttrakhand during the months of February and March to understand the allelopathic effects of different concentrations taken through the leaf powder of Lantana camaraleaf on germination percentage and early growth of two pulse crops i.e. chickpea and green gram. The test was conducted in petridishes. Results showed that different leaf powder concentration cause great inhibitory effect on germination and growth of both the pulse crops. Results indicates that the allelochemicals were released from the leaf powder and inhabit the germination and growth of germinated crops.
Germination Capacity in Culture Medium of Prosopis Laevigata Seeds in the Pre...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Copper is a heavy metal that has been used as an anti-fungal agent in various crops, this is why it accumulates in certain agricultural lands at levels that become toxic to plants, as well as to microflora. Cooper, although essential to plants, is toxic when found in high concentrations. The objective of this study was to determine if this element is capable of stimulating and at the same time inhibiting germination of seeds of Prosopislaevigata (mesquite) depending on concentration of CuS0 4 .5H 2 0 solutions. A completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments and three repetitions was used to determine tolerance of mesquite seeds to copper. The variables evaluated were percentage of daily germination (PDG-A, PDG-B, and PDG-C), accumulative germination (AG-A, AG-B, and AG-C), average germination time (AGT), germination rate (GR) and anhydrous weight (AW) of mesquite seeds. The culture media supplied with concentration of 10-4 M of copper sulfate (CuS0 4 .5H 2 0), corresponding to treatment four (T 4) showed significant differences (p≤0.05) in variable percentage of daily germination at 48 hours (PDG-B), which presented a germination of 66.7% in relation to treatment two (T 2) with a concentration of 10-2 M of CuS0 4 .5H 2 0 and germination of 22.2%. Results obtained after 72 hours for percentage daily germination variable (PDG-C) with > p <0.1 showed that mesquite is a species that can tolerate and adapt in germination stage for culture medium with concentrations from 10-2 to 10-7 M of CuS0 4 .5H 2 0, and consequently use of seedlings for phytoremediation of sites contaminated with copper.
Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. Sandalwoodijtsrd
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed for Santalum album L. Santalaceae , an economically important species. Plant regeneration was achieved using nodal explants and leaf disc on Murashige and Skoog MS medium for direct shoot regeneration. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators PGR like 6 Benzyl Adenine BA , Kinetin KN and 2 Isopentenyl adenine 2 iP on shoot initiation 2 Isopentenyl adenine and Gibberellic acid GA3 for shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation and Indole 3 Butyric Acid IBA and a Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA for rooting was studied. Among the explants tested for shoot induction, nodal segments proved good results. The best treatment for obtaining shoot induction was 3.0mg L BAP and for rooting 1 mg L of IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting of shoot and rooting. After six the rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening, 20 of plantlets survived and resumed growth in the mixture of soil, vermiculite and sand 1 1 1 . S. Aghi Zion Inbakani | S. Sathishkumar | Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar "Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. (Sandalwood)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/43698/micropropagation-of-santalum-album-l-sandalwood/s-aghi-zion-inbakani
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Effect of interaction between different plant growth regulators on in vitro s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In this paper a shoot multiplication is described for Citrus latifolia Tan. (persian lime) using nodal segment explants of young one – old – year trees by two different pathways contain with and without callusing phase. The best result for multiple shoot formation and regenerated shoot formation was 3.2 and 2.6 shoots per explants with 4.44 µM BA plus 0.053 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BA plus 0.049 µM IBA respectively. Alike shoot regeneration, shoot elongation was occurred in medium with 4.44 µM BA and 0.049 µM IBA. Micropropagated and regenerated plants are under other experiments. Abbreviation: BA – 6 benzylaminopurine; IBA – Indole acetic acid; NAA – Naphtalene acetic acid; PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators.
The effects of explant rotation, medium types, JA and GA3 additions on in vit...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— This study investigates the effects on the in vitro microtuber formations of Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Marfona species, effected by the direction of planting the explants (horizontal or vertical), the type of medium (solid or two-phase), adding Jasmonic acid (JA) (0.0, 10 ng/L, 1 µg/L and 0.2 mg/L) and Gibberellic acid (GA 3) (0.0 and 0.2 mg/L). The cultures were incubated in a climate chamber at 22-25 o C, and were subjected to a light intensity of 145 µmol m-2 s-1 for 8 hours in light and 16 hours in dark photoperiods (short day) for 4-6 weeks. Microtuber production was inhibited when GA 3 was added. The maximum number of microtubers was observed when the explants were planted vertically and were grown in two-phase medium which did not contain GA 3 and had 10 ng/L JA present. It was determined that two-phase medium with 0.2 mg/L JA but without GA 3 was the most favourable medium for tuber growth (for both height and width). The best microtuber formation on single node explants were observed to occur in the short day photoperiod (8 hours light/16 hours dark) in a two-phase medium that contained 0.2 mg/L JA without the addition of GA 3. The results shows that the effect caused by JA works antagonistically with that of GA 3 thus causing the resulting microtuber formation observed.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Performance Evaluation of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Capitata) Cultivars in M...AI Publications
Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea Capitata) is being one of the most popular and demanded vegetables and in Nepal. Five cultivars; Wonder ball, Green voyager, Green challenger, Omphalus and Green coronet were transplanted in first week of October in 2016 and 2017 consequently years in mid-hills (Kathmandu valley, 1300 masl) and grown during winter season with 45X45 cm spacing. Crops were fertilized with 200:120:100 N.P.K Kg/ha and 15 ton FYM/ha. One spray insecticide and fungicide were sprayed in the early season for crop establishment. The main objective of this experiment was to find out suitable high yielding and insect pest and disease field tolerant hybrid cabbage cultivars for commercial growing in mid-hills of Nepal. Crops were evaluated with its vegetative, insect pest and disease, yield and farmers and consumers response in two consecutive years. Result showed that among the tested cultivars Wonder ball was found highly uniform, vigorous, less attack by insect pest and disease, significantly higher yield (71.7 t/ha), higher average head weight (1622 g), early harvestable (95 days), freshness (4.0) and market preference (4.0) as compared to check Green coronet widely grown cultivar Green coronet which has only yield (57.91 t/ha), average head weight (1358 g), days to harvest (114 days), freshness (3.0) and market preference (3.0) respectively. It was followed by Green challenger which had yield (57.77), average head weight (1387), earlier harvestable (95 days), freshness (4.0) and market preference (4.0). Hence, Wonder ball and Green challenger have been selected and recommended for varietal registration and commercial cultivation in mid-hills of Nepal.
— A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of potting media on sprouting and seedling growth of grape cuttings. Three grape varieties viz. Red globe, Thomson seedless and Crimson seedless were planted in four different growth media: CS-Canal silt, CSFYM-Canal silt (75%) + FYM (25%), CSB-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (75%) and CSBCP-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (50%) + Coco peat (25%). The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) along with three replications. The results revealed that almost all observed parameters were significantly influenced by the potting media. However, grape varieties and their interaction with the potting media exhibited non-significant effect for sprouting percentage and most of the seedling related attributes of growth. Minimum days to sprouting (6.78),highest sprouting percentage (84.44), maximum rooting percentage (84.44) and maximum chlorophyll content of leaves (56.23) were observed from the cuttings planted in CSBCP. However, maximum number of sprouts (5.55), number of leaves (13.77), fresh weight of leaves (2.27g), fresh weight of the roots (2.16 g), were observed from CSB. No grape seedling mortality was also observed CSB and CSBCP growth media. On the basis of varietal comparison, Thompson seedless exhibited the best results for number of leaves per cutting (11.50), fresh weight of the roots (1.64 g) and number of roots per cutting (29.17 g) as compared to rest of the grape varieties. The research establishes the potential for locals to use available materials in potting media preparation for healthier and stronger grape seedlings for subsequent improved grape plantation.
We evaluated the oviposition preference and damage capacity of Spodoptera frugiperda on the different phenological stages of corn. Tests were performed at the Assis Chateaubriand Agricultural School (07º10'15" S, 35º51'13" W, altitude 634 meters), municipality of Lagoa Seca, Paraíba State, Brazil, in two areas of 500 m2, with CMS maize hybrid strain and maize intercropped with bean with the spacing of 0.80 x 0.40 m. Eggs and caterpillars were collected weekly on 50 plants randomly sampled in five spots. Height and number of leaves per plant, and damage from caterpillars of S. frugiperda were recorded using the scale, the rangers were., 0) no damage, 1) leaf scraped, 2) leaf pierced, 3) leaf torn, 4) damage in cartridge, 5) cartridge destroyed. The average number of clutches did not differ significantly among the three phenological stages of the culture, but average clutch size (number of eggs) was significantly smaller for the stage of 4-6 leaves. However, there was a significant interaction with respect to the number of clutches between position in the plant (lower, middle, and upper) and phenological stage, and between leaf surface and phenological stages. There were significant differences among tillage systems for corn in monoculture and corn intercropped with bean.
Allelochemicals of Neea theifera Oerst. (Nyctaginaceae) with phytotoxic poten...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Plant species able to produce phytotoxic substances are widely studied in agronomy because when identified and isolated can lead to herbicides or insecticides less toxic than current pesticides. Knowing the ecological characteristics of the Neea theifera species in cerrado biome, this study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of extracts and fractions of leaves and screen the secondary compounds in the methanol extract. The organic extracts and fractions showed phytotoxic potential in germination indexes, the initial growth of the root system and the mitotic index of L. sativa. In phytochemical screening performed by HPLC-PAD was possible to identify the presence of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids, a secondary class of compounds widely known in the literature for its medicinal and allelopathic actions. Therefore, according to the results it can be concluded that the species N. theifera is capable of producing phytotoxic compounds, since the leaf extracts and fractions changed the pattern germination indexes, root length and mitotic index of lettuce.
Effect of Seedling Density on Growth Attributes of Cauliflower variety Kathma...AI Publications
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
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Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Criteria for the Selection of Vegetable Growth-Promoting Bacteria to be applied on Roselle Crop (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) and Bioremediation
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-12, December- 2020]
Page | 41
Criteria for the Selection of Vegetable Growth-Promoting
Bacteria to be applied on Roselle Crop (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.)
and Bioremediation
Kenia NallelyRomero-Andablo1
, Guillermo Carrillo-Castañeda2
, Abdul Khalil Gardezi3*
,
Héctor Flores-Magdaleno4
, Eduardo Valdés Velarde5
, Mario Ulises Larqué-Saavedra6
,
Gabriel Haro Aguilar7
1,3*,4,7
Postgraduate College, Agricultural Science, Department of Hydrosciences, Montecillo Campus, Km. 36.5 Carretera
Fed. México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México, 56230.
2
Postgraduate College, Genetic Resources and Productivity Area of Molecular Genetics, Montecillo Campus, Km. 36.5
Carretera Fed. México-Texcoco, Texcoco, Estado de México, México, 56230.
5
Agroforestry Center for Sustainable Development, Chapingo Autonomous University,
Km 38.5 Carretera Fed. México-Texcoco s/n, Col. Chapingo, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico, 56230.
6
Metropolitan AutonomousUniversity, Azcapotzalco. Mexico.
3
*Corresponding author: Dr. Abdul Khalil Gardezi, Postgraduate College, Agricultural Sciences, Department of
Hydrosciences, Montecillo Campus, Km. 36.5 Carretera Fed. México-Texcoco, Texcoco, Estado de México, México, C.P.
56230. Tel. (595) 952 0200 ext. 1165, 1167 or 1171
Abstract—In order to define which are the most important criteria for the selection of plant Growth-Promoting bacterial
strains of the Hibiscus sabdariffa L. crop (Roselle), bacterial strains isolated from the roots of Roselle plants of two varieties
(Creole and Spider) were used, collected in the community of Río de los Peces, municipality of Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca
and seeds of the same varieties. To characterize the varieties, the following were determined: total germination percentage
(TGP), germination speed (GS), the root length(RL), the stem length (SL), the dry root biomass (DRB), the dry stem biomass
(DSB) and the chlorophyll content (CC). Three types of LED lamps were used to illuminate the seedlings. The seeds
inoculated with cells of six selected bacterial strains were grown in a greenhouse to determine: the stem length (SL) at 3, 45
and 65 days after sowing (das). The treatments were distributed under a completely random design and comparison of means
(Tukey, p = 0.05). The TGP, DSB and DRB parameters were not useful in the selection process of the strains that promoted
plant growth to a greater degree. The GS and SL to be considered safe criteria or not, what is important is the relationship of
what happens at the time of germination and development of the seedlings in the laboratory and greenhouse. The SL of the
plants in the greenhouse showed differences between strains, but not regarding the control and also only observed in the first
days of development (3 das). The CC did not prove to be a good selection criterion either. The lamp composed of 15% white
light, 27% blue light and 58% red light was the one that most promoted root growth.
Keywords—Plant Growth-Promoting bacteria strains, Hibiscus sabdariffa L, Bacterial strains selection criteria, LED
lamps.
I. INTRODUCTION
The study of microorganisms that promote plant growth has gained importance worldwide because of the multiple
advantages they represent (Ortiz-Texon et al., 2016). Currently, research is focused on the evaluation of various rhizosphere
microorganisms, selecting those most efficient in inoculation experiments under controlled environmental conditions in the
laboratory, greenhouse and in the field. This seeks to increase yield and reduce the amount of agrochemicals used
(PazosRojas et al., 2016).
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are bacteria influenced by exudates from plant roots that can improve plant
growth in the short term (Molina-Romero et al., 2017), through the production of plant Growth-Promoting substances, which
are synthesized in different structures of the plant. These molecules exhibit effects on plant physiology, such as increasing
root volume and root respiration rate, resulting in the absorption of soluble mineral elements (Molina-Romero et al., 2015).
The beneficial bacteria applied to agricultural crops allow the phytostimulation and bioremediation of toxic compounds
associated with plants; having a positive impact on human health and the environment (Sing and Trivedi, 2016; Pazos-Rojas
et al., 2016). These can interact effectively with plants in contaminated agricultural soils, carrying out the degradation of
pollutants and increasing the yield of crops (Báez-Rogelio et al., 2016).
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-12, December- 2020]
Page | 42
Among the satisfactory results for the control of phytopathogenic microorganisms is the genus Pseudomonas spp. (Anguloa,
et al., 2014). They are a group of bacteria that can exert a direct beneficial effect, through the synthesis of phytohormones
and vitamins, stimulation of seed germination and emergence of seedlings, inhibition of ethylene synthesis, solubilization of
inorganic phosphorus (P). Indirectly, they exercise the function of controlling pathogenic microorganisms through the
synthesis of antibiotics and fungicides, competition for nutrients, production of siderophore or by inducing systemic
resistance to pathogens (Alcarraz-Curi et al., 2019). For example, in P. fluorescens G20-18 the ability to efficiently control
infection by P. syringae has been identified, which allows the maintenance of tissue integrity, reflecting on the biomass yield
(Großkinsky et al., 2011). Some criteria commonly used to test a crop are:
Total germination: it is the maximum germination percentage got under previously defined conditions (Durán and
PérezGarcía, 1984).
Germination speed: Maguire (1962) defines it as the ratio of the number of germinated seeds to the germination time.
𝑀 =
𝑛𝑖
𝑡
where M = germination speed, n = number of seeds germinated on day i, t = germination time from sowing to germination of
the last seed.
1.1 Accumulation and distribution of dry matter
The accumulation of dry matter is commonly used as a parameter to characterize growth, because it usually has great
economic significance (Ñústez et al., 2009). The distribution of dry matter plays an important role in the final yield of a crop,
since it is given by the ability to accumulate biomass in the organs that are destined for harvest (Barrientos-Llanos et al.,
2015).
1.2 Chlorophyll content
Allows us to relate it to the nutritional level of the plants, it also has a close relationship with the photosynthesis index and
these two factors, considerably influence the performance of a plant, both in its development and in the final yield of harvest
(López-Tolentino et al., 2016).
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), is a species belonging to the Malvaceae family (Ríos et al., 2013). It is native to India and
Malaysia. It has been widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres, in addition, it has become
naturalized in many areas of the Antilles and Central America (Morton, 1987). During the colonial era, the Spanish were the
ones who introduced Roselle to Mexico (Romano-Cadena et al., 2017). It is a crop that is currently gaining more importance
in Mexico and is part of the sector of spices and medicinal plants (Sánchez-Prado et al., 2019). In recent years it has had a
potential use for lowering cholesterol and hypertension, in addition, it is attributed diuretic and antipyretic properties (Caamal
et al., 2020). These benefits are supported by various scientific investigations that relate them to compounds such as vitamins
E and C, polyphenolic acids and antioxidants such as flavonoids and anthocyanins (Cid and Guerrero, 2012). However, the
information devoted to the study of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in this crop is almost nil. Considering the above, the
present work was developed, with the aim of defining which are the most important criteria for the selection of bacterial
strains that promote plant growth in seedlings of two varieties of Roselle.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Biological material and experiment location
Roselle seeds (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), Creole and Spider varieties, were obtained from the community of Río de los Peces,
municipality of Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca. And the roots used in this research were also collected there.
2.2 Selection of plants to get root samples for the isolation of bacteria
The selection of the plants was carried out in a plot of approximately 1 hectare, choosing the largest plants, with more foliage
and a healthy appearance, 5 of each variety (Spider and Creole) to collect the tips of 3 roots of each variety, about 10 cm
long.
2.3 Getting root samples from Roselle plants
To get the bacteria present, the roots of each plant were placed in sterile test tubes and washed with 5 mL of sterile distilled
water, shaking the tubes in a vortex for 2 minutes. An aliquot sample of 500 µL was taken from each of the 10 tubes, to make
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-12, December- 2020]
Page | 43
dilutions of 10-1
, 10-2
, 10-3
, 10-4
and 10-5
. The roots that remained in the test tubes were rinsed 4 times with sterile water,
vortexing for 30 seconds and, after removing the water, were macerated with sterile glass rods. 2 mL of sterile water were
added to each tube and 500 µL aliquots were taken from this liquid to make the 10-2
, 10-3
, 10-4
and 10-5
dilutions.
2.4 Getting bacterial isolates
Aliquots of 100 µL were taken from each of the dilutions (from the series of the washing liquid and from the macerates) to
spread them on the surface of King's B culture medium in Petri dishes. The Petri dishes were incubated at a temperature of
28-30°C to allow the development of the cultures for 48h and to perform the colony count using the plate count method of
Allaert and Escolá (2002).
2.5 Identification and isolation of bacterial colonies
Petri dishes were observed under UV light to identify fluorescent colonies (Fig 3). With sterile wooden sticks, 5 samples of
completely isolated colonies were taken from each of the Petri dishes, getting 200 isolates from the samples of the washings
and the root maceration.
A bacterial bank prepared in sterile 2 mL Eppendorf tubes containing the bacterial suspensions in 1 mL of sterile distilled
water was used to keep the 200 bacterial isolates got in the refrigerator, before making the bank in tubes with slanted agar of
the selected isolates.
2.6 Identification of bacterial isolates that promote germination and vigor of Roselle seeds
From the temporary bacteria bank, the bacterial cultures were prepared to inoculate the seed samples of the 2 varieties of
Roselle. The seed inoculation was carried out in 4 blocks. In the first block, 20 strains were tested, 4 from the root washing
and 16 from the maceration; In the second block, 30 strains were tested, all from the root maceration; In the third and fourth
block, 24 and 23 strains were tested respectively, all from the maceration. From the total of the 97 strains, 5 strains were
selected for the Creole variety and 3 for the Spider variety. Subsequently, of the 5 previously selected strains, only 3 were
chosen for the Creole variety, considering only the percentage of total germination as a criterion.
To carry out the seed inoculation, the bacterial cultures were prepared in Petri dishes containing King's B medium. From the
cultures, after 24h of incubation at 28-30o
C, bacterial suspensions were prepared in sterile distilled water adjusted between
0.8 and 1 turbidity (660 nm).
The seeds were mixed with the bacterial suspension (25 seeds mixed with 400 µL of bacterial suspension), preparation that
was left for 60 minutes at room temperature. Subsequently, the inoculated seeds were placed on two sheets of filter paper
moistened with 4 mL of distilled water in 9 cm diameter plastic Petri dishes. The seeds were placed in a germination chamber
set at 28-30o
C and the seeds that had germinated were counted daily (seeds in which the root tip was already visible) (Fig 4).
2.7 Lighting type
Three types of LED lamps were used to illuminate the Roselle seedlings previously inoculated with the 6 selected strains (3
for each variety Creole and Spider), to observe if the type of lighting also influenced the dry stem biomass (DSB), dry root
biomass (DRB), stem length (SL), root length (RL) and chlorophyll content (CC). The lamps used were of LED light: one
composed of 100% white light; the second composed of 15% white light, 27% blue light and 58% red light and the third
composed of 29% blue light and 71% red light. The seedlings were placed at a distance of approximately 30 cm from the
lamps for 4 days.
2.8 Establishment of greenhouse cultivation
Seeds inoculated with cells suspensions of the 6 strains selected for the two varieties were used and germinated in plastic
Petri dishes in a germination chamber set at 28-30o
C for 3 days. The seedlings obtained were transplanted into polyethylene
bags and their growth was observed during the first 65 days after sowing (das). Irrigation was carried out every third day,
using a half-liter container so it was homogeneous in all the pots.
2.9 Variables tested
The variables were: total germination percentage (TGP), which was calculated by adding the daily germination values up to
the third day; germination speed (GS) was calculated with the formula of Maguire, (1962); root and stem length were
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-12, December- 2020]
Page | 44
measured using a sheet of millimeter paper (Fig 1); To get the dry root biomass and the dry stem biomass, these were
separated and preserved in an oven set at a temperature of 45°C for 5 days and then in another oven set at a temperature of
70°C, for 4 days; the chlorophyll content was obtained using the Konica Minolta SPAD 502 PLUS meter, considering the
average of three readings per seedling; stem length of the plant (SL) in the greenhouse was measured with a ruler at 3, 45 and
65 das.
2.10 Statistical analysis
The analysis was divided into three parts. In the first, 10 treatments with 3 repetitions were considered, the variables TGP,
GS, RL, SL, DRB and DSB were analyzed and the variation factors were varieties and strains; In the second, 8 treatments
with 3 repetitions were considered (the repetitions represented the type of lighting used), the variables TGP, GS, RL, SL,
DRB, DSB and CC were analyzed and the variation factors were varieties, strains and type of lighting; in the third, 8
treatments with 3 repetitions were considered, only the variable SL was analyzed at 3, 45 and 65 das and the variation factors
were strains and varieties. The treatments were distributed under a completely random design. For the analysis of variance
and comparison of means (Tukey, p = 0.05), the ANOVA procedures of the statistical software package SAS (Statistical
Analysis System) version 8.0 (SAS, 1999) were used.
FIGURE 1: Appearance of the Roselle seedlings
developed in Petri dishes from which the root and
stem lengths were obtained
FIGURE 2: Appearance of the Roselle seedlings
developed in a greenhouse from which the stem
lengths of Roselle plants were obtained
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 271 isolates derived from washing and macerated root preparation of the two Roselle varieties were obtained, of
which 7.7% corresponded to isolates of fluorescent strains from the root washing and 14.6% from the root maceration
preparations (Table 1).
When the variables TGP, GS, DSB, DRB, SL and RL were tested, it was found that the type of variety had a significant effect
(p≤0.05) on the germination speed, the dry biomass of the stem and root and the stem and root length (Table 2), getting higher
values for the Spider variety in all the tested criteria. However, when the strains were tested, a significant difference was
observed between strains on all the tested criteria (Table 3). However, no strain showed a significant effect when compared
with its respective control (M67, L168, M82_C, M3 and M61 were tested with the Creole variety and M83, M88 and M82_A
with the Spider variety) on total germination, germination speed, stem dry weight, root dry weight and root length.
The only significant positive effect of strain M88 was obtained on stem length when compared to the Spider Control. There
was a significant effect of the strains on most of the criteria tested, but without considering the effect of the variety (Table 3).
Smith and Goodman (1999) pointed out that the genotype of the organisms involved play an important role in the association
between microorganisms and plants, determining the biological result of said association. Total germination percentage was
not influenced by the type of variety or by inoculation with strains used in the same variety, which is under what was reported
by Méndez and Campos (2007), who got unsatisfactory results when testing germination percentage, stem length, radicle
length and fresh stem biomass in the laboratory.
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-12, December- 2020]
Page | 45
TABLE 1
BACTERIAL ISOLATES GOT FROM THE ROOT TIPS OF TWO VARIETIES OF ROSELLE
Process
Number of bacterial
isolates
Number of fluorescent bacterial
isolates
Percentage of fluorescent bacterial
isolates
Root washing 169 13 7.7
Root macerate 103 15 14.6
A significant effect (p≤0.05) of the type of variety was obtained in the germination speed, dry biomass of the stem and the
root, root length and chlorophyll content (Table 4). Getting higher values for the Spider variety in all the tested criteria. No
differences were observed between varieties when testing the total germination percentage and the stem length. Light is a
vital environmental factor that affects the growth and development of plants by acting not only as the only source of energy
for photosynthesis but also as a type of external signal (Ding et al., 2010; Liu, 2012). The type of lighting did not have a
significant effect on the Roselle seedlings (Table 4). Only differences in root length were observed (Table 5), achieving
greater root growth with the lamp composed of 15% white light, 27% blue light and 58% red light. Xiaoying et al., (2012)
mention that the combination of red-blue and red-blue-green LEDs were shown to be beneficial factors in the growth and
photosynthesis of cherry tomato (Solanum esculentumvar. cerasiforme) seedlings.
FIGURE 4: Aspect of the germinated seeds of the two varieties
FIGURE 3: Fluorescent bacterial isolates of Roselle
(a: Creole variety; b: Spider variety)
Table 6 shows that there was no positive effect of the strains on the total germination percentage and the stem length,
however, on the germination speed positive effects were observed when inoculating the Creole variety with the M67 strain,
which speed up germination with regarding the Creole Control. In contrast, strains M83, M88 and M82_C strains compared
to the Spider Control did not show significant effects. The dry stem biomass, dry root biomass and chlorophyll content
showed significant differences between the type of cells of the strains used but not between those used for the same variety.
So, the variety influences the cells of the strains and for this reason, this difference is obtained. The cells of the M83 strain
had a positive effect on the root of the seedlings, increasing their length considerably regarding the Control Spider. In
contrast, there was no strain that promoted root growth in the Creole variety.
To confirm the effect of the strains on the stem length of the Roselle seedlings, the stem lengths of the plants were measured
in the two varieties established in the greenhouse during their first days of development (Fig 2). No significant differences
were obtained on the stem lengths of both varieties (Table 7). However, when testing the effect of inoculation with cells of
bacterial strains, if there were contrasts between the strains M67, M83 and M82_A at 3 das (Table 8), but when comparing
them with the controls, no significant differences were obtained. At 45 das and 65 das, in the same way, no differences were
perceived. It reflects the above shows that the effect of inoculation with cells of bacterial strains only in the first days of plant
development. Méndez and Campos (2007) got similar results when testing the growth of Roselle plants at the field level,
where the greatest difference in plant height was obtained at 8 das.
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-12, December- 2020]
Page | 46
TABLE 2
DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS SHOWED ON THE VARIETIES OF ROSELLE CREOLE AND SPIDER
Variety
Total
Germination
(%) **
Germination
speed
Drystem
biomass
(mg)
Dryroot
biomass
(mg)
Stem
length
(mm)
Root
length
(mm)
Creole 4.02 a* 9.76 b 39.50 b 6.72 b 36.59 b 24.48 b
Spider 4.47 a 16.11 a 72.12 a 12.29 a 44.55 a 44.63 a
MSD 1.06 2.94 2.55 3.87 1.78 4.18
* Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum significant
difference. ** TGP was transformed with the formula ROOT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)). * Means with the same letter in a
column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum significant difference. ** TGP was
transformed with the formula SQRT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)).
TABLE 3
TESTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEED INOCULATED WITH CELLS OF THE SHOWED STRAINS
Strain
Total
germination
(%) **
Germination
speed
Dry
stem
biomass
(mg)
Dry
root
biomass
(mg)
Stem
length
(mm)
Root
length
(mm)
M67 5.40 a* 8.70 c 37.50 b 9.17 bcd 36.33 c 19.80 d
L168 4.31 ab 9.33 c 38.67 b 3.33 d 36.33 c 32.80 bcd
M82_C 4.28 ab 9.87 c 38.17 b 3.50 d 34.27 c 23.67 cd
M3 4.12 ab 9.93 c 42.33 b 7.83 cd 37.67 c 24.33 cd
M61 1.82 b 11.93 bc 40.33 b 7.50 cd 39.53 bc 22.80 cd
Creole
Witness
4.20 ab 8.80 c 40.00 b 9.00 bcd 34.50 c 23.47 cd
M83 3.64 ab 17.93 a 76.00 a 15.17 abc 41.00 bc 52.33 a
M88 5.29 a 14.87 ab 70.83 a 22.16 a 51.33 a 42.33 ba
M82_A 4.28 ab 16.33 ab 68.00 a 15.16 abc 45.00 ba 46.20 ba
Spider
Witness
4.76 a 15.30 ab 73.67 a 16.67 ab 40.87 bc 37.67 abc
MSD 2.57 4.63 9.20 7.92 6.83 16.02
* Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum significant
difference. ** TGP was transformed with the formula ROOT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)). * Means with the same letter in a
column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum significant difference. ** TGP was
transformed with the formula SQRT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)).
TABLE 4
CRITERIA TESTED IN THE SEEDS OF TWO VARIETIES OF ROSELLE
Variety
Total
germination
(%) **
Germination
speed
Dry
stem
biomass
(mg)
Dryroot
biomass
(mg)
Stem
length
(mm)
Root
length
(mm)
Chlorophyll
Content
(SPAD
Units)
Creole 3.93
a
*
13.27 b 78.83 b 14.33 b 53.62 a 32.71 b 36.33 b
Spider 4.49 a 17.22 a 139.04 a 30.21 a 55.46 a 69.22 a 40.76 a
MSD 0.80 1.57 29.32 8.64 2.33 5.66 2.18
* Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum significant
difference. ** TGP was transformed with the formula ROOT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)). * Means with the same letter in a
column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum significant difference. ** TGP was
transformed with the formula SQRT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)).
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-12, December- 2020]
Page | 47
TABLE 5
TESTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEEDLINGS OF TWO VARIETIES OF ROSELLE
ILLUMINATED WITH THE TYPE OF LIGHT SHOWED
Lighting type
Dry stem
biomass
(mg)
Dryroot
biomass (mg)
Stem
length
(mm)
Root
length
(mm)
Chlorophyll
Content (SPAD
Units)
100% White 110.31 a* 19.69 a 52.94 a 40.24 b 37.22 a
15% White,
27% Blue,
58% Red
108.12 a 23.12 a 58.37 a 54.92 a 39.18 a
29% Blue,
71%
Red
108.37 a 24.00 a 57.30 a 43.97 a 39.24 a
MSD 43.63 12.85 3.43 8.33 3.20
* Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum
significant difference. ** TGP was transformed with the formula ROOT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)). * Means with the
same letter in a column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum significant difference. **
TGP was transformed with the formula SQRT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)).
TABLE 6
CRITERIA TESTED IN THE SEEDS THAT HAD BEEN PREVIOUSLY INOCULATED WITH CELLS OF THE SHOWED
STRAINS
Strain
Total
germination
(%) **
Germination
speed
Dry
stem
biomass
(mg)
Dry root
biomass
(mg)
Stem
length
(mm)
Root
length
(mm)
Chlorophyll
Content
(SPAD
Units)
M67 3.04 a* 16.83 ab 77.83 b 14.83 b 54.87 a 28.90 e 37.84 ab
L168 3.43 a 14.10
ab
c
78.50 b 15.00 b 53.03 a 33.63 de 32.74 b
M82_C 4.85 a 12.93 bc 80.67 b 12.83 b 54.63 a 33.07 de 36.70 ab
Creole
Witness
4.38 a 9.20 c 78.33 b 14.67 b 51.93 a 35.23 cde 38.06 ab
M83 5.01 a 15.83 ab 144.67 a 30.83 a 56.60 a 89.10 a 39.60 a
M88 4.43 a 17.83 ab 136.33 a 29.00 a 55.57 a 63.50 abc 42.13 a
M82_A 4.21 a 16.8 ab 133.33 a 30.33 a 53.80 a 66.26 ab 40.89 a
Spider
Witness
4.31 a 18.43 a 141.83 a 30.67 a 55.87 a 58.00 bcd 40.41 a
DMS 2.82 5.19 81.27 20.96 8.12 28.64 6.09
* Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum
significant difference. ** TGP was transformed with the formula ROOT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)). * Means with the same
letter in a column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum significant difference. ** TGP was
transformed with the formula SQRT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)).
TABLE 7
STEM LENGTHS OF PLANTS OF TWO VARIETIES OF ROSELLE ESTABLISHED IN THE GREENHOUSE AT 3, 45
AND 65 DAS
Stem length (cm)
Variety 3 das 45 das 65 das
Creole 2.2083 a* 5.275 a 8.358 a
Spider 2.167 a 4.95 a 8.558 a
MSD 0.624 1.147 1.781
*Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum significant
difference. ** TGP was transformed with the formula ROOT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)). * Means with the same letter in a
column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum significant difference. ** TGP was
transformed with the formula SQRT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)).
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-12, December- 2020]
Page | 48
TABLE 8
STEM LENGTHS OF PLANTS OF TWO ROSELLE VARIETIES ESTABLISHED IN THE GREENHOUSE AT 3,45 AND 65
DAS INOCULATED WITH CELLS OF THE SHOWED STRAINS
Stem length (cm)
Strain 3 das 45 das 65 das
M67 1.33 b* 5.167 a 8.667 a
L168 2.33 ab 5.5 a 7.667 a
M82_C 3 ab 5.77 a 9.167 a
Creole
witness
2 ab 4.67 a 7.93 a
M83 1.33 b 4.5 a 8.667 a
M88 2.167 ab 4.9 a 7.73 a
M82_A 3.5 a 5.067 a 8 a
Spider
Witness
1.83 ab 5.33 a 9.83 a
MSD 2.04 3.746 5.818
* Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum
significant difference. ** TGP was transformed with the formula ROOT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)). * Means with the same
letter in a column are not significantly different (Tukey, p = 0.05). MSD = Minimum significant difference. ** TGP was
transformed with the formula SQRT (100- (TGP / 25 * 100)).
IV. CONCLUSION
The criteria of total germination percentage, dry stem biomass and dry root biomass are not safe criteria for the selection of
Plant Growth-Promoting Strains, since the seedlings from Roselle seeds inoculated with cells of the bacterial strains did not
show significant differences with respect to the controls corresponding to each variety. It must be taken into account that the
benefit that the plant obtains from bacteria must occur after they colonize its roots more than just during the germination
process. The germination speed and the stem length of the seedlings showed significant differences when inoculating the
seeds, therefore, selection criteria could be considered, however to consider them safe or not, the important thing is the
relationship of what happens at the moment of the germination and development of the seedlings in the laboratory and what
happens in the development of the seedlings in the greenhouse, because, when measuring the stem length of the plants in the
greenhouse, it was concluded that differences between strains can be noticed, but not regarding the control and that it is also
only observed in the first days of development (3 days after sowing). Subsequently, no significant differences are shown.
The same happened with the root length, they only showed favorable results in the experiments carried out in the laboratory,
but in the same way it would have to be verified if the same effect had in the greenhouse. Chlorophyll content also did not
show to be a safe selection criterion, since there were no significant differences between strains applied to the same variety.
The type of lighting did not have a significant effect on the Roselle seedlings. Only, the lamp composed of 15% white light,
27% blue light and 58% red light was the one that most promoted root growth. The mean values of most of the criteria tested
were higher for the Spider variety. Therefore, it is important to consider the type of variety used when making the selection
of strains.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I, Kenia Nallely Romero-Andablo would like to thank my particular council, Dr. Guillermo Carrillo Castañeda for his
support in supervising the laboratory activities and reviewing the article. Likewise, to my advisor Dr. Abdul Khalil Gardezi
for his extraordinary dedication and sharing his knowledge during the development of my research under greenhouse
conditions. As well as to Dr. Héctor Flores-Magdaleno, Eduardo Valdés Velarde, and Gabriel Haro Aguilar, for their support
in my Master’s Degree thesis, and Mario Ulises Larqué Saavedra, for his statistical contribution to this research. Finally, a
special thanks to the National Council of Science and Technology (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT)
for the financial support provided to carry out the research and to the Postgraduate College (Colegio de Postgraduados) for
facilitating the use of its facilities for the establishment of the experiments.
9. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-6, Issue-12, December- 2020]
Page | 49
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