This document discusses research analyzing the use of exercise programs to treat depression in Hispanic seniors. It describes plans to recruit 30 Hispanic seniors aged 50-69 to participate in a study evaluating the effects of a prescribed and monitored exercise program on depression. Participants will complete consent forms, questionnaires on depression and physical readiness, and will then participate in an exercise program while being monitored. They will complete post-program depression questionnaires to determine if symptoms decreased. The research aims to add to evidence that exercise can be an effective treatment for depression in older Hispanic adults.
Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument; How to Test the Validati...Hamed Taherdoost
Questionnaire is one of the most widely used tools to collect data in especially social science research. The main objective of questionnaire in research is to obtain relevant information in most reliable and valid manner. Thus the accuracy and consistency of survey/questionnaire forms a significant aspect of research methodology which are known as validity and reliability. Often new researchers are confused with selection and conducting of proper validity type to test their research instrument (questionnaire/survey). This presentation explores and describes the validity and reliability of a questionnaire/survey and also discusses various forms of validity and reliability tests.
For a School of Information class on medical librarianship, this presentation was created to provide a very basic introduction and overview of the concepts, expectations, and experience of the librarian portion of working in a systematic review team.
Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument; How to Test the Validati...Hamed Taherdoost
Questionnaire is one of the most widely used tools to collect data in especially social science research. The main objective of questionnaire in research is to obtain relevant information in most reliable and valid manner. Thus the accuracy and consistency of survey/questionnaire forms a significant aspect of research methodology which are known as validity and reliability. Often new researchers are confused with selection and conducting of proper validity type to test their research instrument (questionnaire/survey). This presentation explores and describes the validity and reliability of a questionnaire/survey and also discusses various forms of validity and reliability tests.
For a School of Information class on medical librarianship, this presentation was created to provide a very basic introduction and overview of the concepts, expectations, and experience of the librarian portion of working in a systematic review team.
In this presentation, we go over the most common qualitative research designs. We go over the main components of Chapter 3, including methodology and rationale, the role of the researcher, the selection of participants, instrumentation, procedure, data analysis plan, and issues of trustworthiness.
Presentation by Lini Wollenberg, Low Emissions Development Leader, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at the Green Climate Fund Independent Evaluation Unit Learning-Oriented Real-Time Impact Assessment (LORTA)
Program Inception Workshop
July 24-26, 2018 Bangkok, Thailand
A well recognised form of research is called systematic reviews on specific point. Why do we need them and How they can be done?? this talk is trying to answer these questions in a simple way
this gives a deep outline about to develpo a project proposal using evidence based practice in nursing sectors. it also tells about the various methods & tools of data collection ,sample,timeline for research and its elements.
Evaluation for researchers is an important tool in assessing the merit of public and charitable services that everyone can use, and identifying ways in which those services could be improved.
Dr Helen Kara, an evaluation research specialist, presents the key elements of good practice at each stage of the evaluation process, helping you to better understand your research.
To learn more about evaluation download Helen's eBook: Beginners’ Guide to Evaluation - http://bit.ly/1Kr0vsG
Common Qualitative Research Designs and What They’re Good ForStatistics Solutions
Thinking of conducting a qualitative study? In this presentation, you will learn more about common qualitative research designs. Included is a discussion of the applications of these designs and how they can address a variety of qualitative research questions.
In this presentation, we go over the most common qualitative research designs. We go over the main components of Chapter 3, including methodology and rationale, the role of the researcher, the selection of participants, instrumentation, procedure, data analysis plan, and issues of trustworthiness.
Presentation by Lini Wollenberg, Low Emissions Development Leader, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at the Green Climate Fund Independent Evaluation Unit Learning-Oriented Real-Time Impact Assessment (LORTA)
Program Inception Workshop
July 24-26, 2018 Bangkok, Thailand
A well recognised form of research is called systematic reviews on specific point. Why do we need them and How they can be done?? this talk is trying to answer these questions in a simple way
this gives a deep outline about to develpo a project proposal using evidence based practice in nursing sectors. it also tells about the various methods & tools of data collection ,sample,timeline for research and its elements.
Evaluation for researchers is an important tool in assessing the merit of public and charitable services that everyone can use, and identifying ways in which those services could be improved.
Dr Helen Kara, an evaluation research specialist, presents the key elements of good practice at each stage of the evaluation process, helping you to better understand your research.
To learn more about evaluation download Helen's eBook: Beginners’ Guide to Evaluation - http://bit.ly/1Kr0vsG
Common Qualitative Research Designs and What They’re Good ForStatistics Solutions
Thinking of conducting a qualitative study? In this presentation, you will learn more about common qualitative research designs. Included is a discussion of the applications of these designs and how they can address a variety of qualitative research questions.
Presentación de Dña. Mariana Silvério, Adjunta de Dirección General y Responsable de Comercialización de Turismo Rural del Grupo Logitravel sobre "Logitravel: retos y oportunidades para hacer negocios en la red" en el 5.º Congreso Internacional de Turismo Rural de Navarra :: http://www.congresoturismorural.es
HautePursuit is a comprehensive fashion app that lets users search their database of retailers using images they take to find apparel and accessories that the desire.
Lançamento residencial da Mozak em Botafogo. O Cenário Botafogo terá apartamentos de 2 Quartos com suíte em um prédio cheio de requinte e sofisticação. Conheça melhor o Cenário Botafogo, solicite informações.
É mais do que uma forma diferenciada de viver. É um estilo de vida contemporâneo, uma nova tendência.
Este empreendimento reúne tudo o que mais se procura e deseja em um único lugar.
Privilégio é poder escolher onde se quer estar e com quem dividir nossos momentos. É poder olhar pela janela e contemplar o que de melhor o mundo pode nos oferecer.
Exclusividade é estar em um lugar especial e único, com localização diferenciada, próximo a tudo e com uma vista encantadora.
Pensado para ser referência de modernidade, em meio a esse lugar privilegiado, criamos o Cenário.
Praticidade, exclusividade e modernidade: o bairro Botafogo reúne tudo isso e muito mais. Localizado no coração nobre da zona sul do Rio de Janeiro, possui aproximadamente 100 mil habitantes.
O bairro é conhecido por abrigar um dos principais cartões-postais do país, a Enseada de Botafogo com os morros do Pão de Açúcar e da Urca ao fundo, mas respira modernidade com seus centros empresariais.
É um bairro completo e diversificado, onde a cultura fervilha, mas o ar familiar permanece com ótimas áreas de lazer: cinemas, teatros, shopping centers, casas de shows, museus, clínicas e hospitais, além de alguns prédios históricos.
Conheça mais opções em: http://www.lancamentosimoveisnorio.com/
Marketing de influencia: la importancia de un buen bloghuntingAdigital
Presentación de Marc Balastegui, New Business & Social Media Strategist de Buzz Marketing Networks, para la jornada sobre marketing de influencia celebrada el pasado 18 de marzo de 2014 en Barcelona.
Organizada por adigital y Agencias Digitales.
Customers don’t research in silos so why should marketers operate that way? Buyers have grown to expect more engaging and diverse experiences across devices and platforms, requiring companies to become “the best answer” wherever their customers are looking.
In his keynote presentation, Lee Odden will share his perspective from working with multiple Fortune 500 and Inc 500 brands as well as meeting with business owners and marketers from all over the world on where search fits in the digital marketing mix. He’ll also share insights from a survey of top digital marketers on where search marketing is headed and how practitioners can position themselves for future growth.
SOCW 6311 wk 11 discussion 1 peer responses
Respond
to
at least two
colleagues’ by doing the following:
Respond to at least two colleagues by offering critiques of their analyses. Identify strengths in their analyses and strategies for presenting evaluation results to others.
Identify ways your colleagues might improve their presentations.
Identify potential needs or questions of the audience that they may not have considered.
Provide an additional strategy for overcoming the obstacles or challenges in communicating the content of the evaluation reports.
Name first and references after every person
Instructor wants lay out like this:
Respond to at least two colleagues ( 2 peers posts are provided) by doing all of the following:
Identify strengths of your colleagues’ analyses and areas in which the analyses could be improved.
Your response
Address his or her evaluation of the efficacy and applicability of the evidence-based practice,
Your response
[Evaluate] his or her identification of factors that could support or hinder the implementation of the evidence-based practice,
Your response
And [evaluate] his or her solution for mitigating those factors.
Your response
Offer additional insight to your colleagues by either identifying additional factors that may support or limit implementation of the evidence-based practice or an alternative solution for mitigating one of the limitations that your colleagues identified.
Your response
References
Your response
Peer 1: McKenna Bull
RE: Katie Otte Initial Post-Discussion 1 - Week 11
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Identify strengths in their analyses and strategies for presenting evaluation results to others.
You provided an insightful analysis of this particular process evaluation, and it seems that you were able to design a comprehensive presentation guideline. I agree with your tactic to break the presentation up into categories, and the categories you have selected seem to address the major components of the program, the evaluation itself, and the findings of said evaluation. You also provided a great analysis and summary of the PATHS program. The purpose of the program is clear, and the overarching purpose of the evaluation was made clear in your synopsis as well.
Identify ways your colleagues might improve their presentations.
You addressed outcome measures very well, however, there may have been some lacking information in regards to overall evaluation methods as a whole. Addressing factors such as who was collecting the data, how they were trained, how their training or standing could limit potential bias, and similar information. This may be an important piece of information that could help to provide audience members with a better understanding of the evaluation processes as a whole.
Identify potential needs or questions of the audience that they may not have considered.
As mentioned by Law and Shek (2011), this program was designed and facilitated in Hong Kong, Chi.
There needs to be a seperate response to each peers posting and it .docxOllieShoresna
There needs to be a seperate response to each peer's posting and it needs to be supported with at least two references for each peer's posting.
1
st
Peer Posting
What differences do you note between efficacy research and program evaluation?
The difference between efficacy research and program evaluation is the scientific aspect. Program evaluations “primary purpose is to provide data that can be used by decision makers to make valued judgements about the processes and outcomes of a program (Sherpis, Young, & Daniels, 2010). Therefore, letting the agency know what needs to be changed in the program to make the program effective to their clientele. Efficacy research based on empirical data which is an essential to the scientific method. Therefore, efficacy research is where clients are in controlled environments and interventions can be tested.
What are the key strengths of efficacy research?
The key strength of efficacy research is the scientific process. In the article, The Efficacy of Child Parent Relationship Therapy for Adopted Children with Attachment Disruptions, the researcher wanted to test the child parent relationship therapy (CPRT) which “is an empirically based, manualized counseling intervention for children presenting with a range of social, emotional, and behavioral issues” (Cranes-Holt, & Bratton, 2014). The purpose was to test this theory on adoptive families. Thus, a control group was designed to test CPRT. The researcher used the Child Behavior Checklist-Parent Version (CBCL) and the Measurement of Empathy in Adult-Child Interaction (MEACI). These are both empirical test, the CBCL measures the parents of the child’s behavior problems; whereas, the MEACI is an operational measure that defines empathy between the parents and the child while playing. These tests are conducted in control environments where no outside distractions are permitted and the hypothesis of the researcher can be tested.
What are the key strengths of program evaluation?
The key strength of the program evaluation is the clients are the people who are participating in the program evaluation and whether the interventions used are effective for them. Thus, this lets the research know what changes are needed for the agency to be successful. Therefore, surveys are used to collect data for the participants, the parents, are people that work with the clients or caregivers with the client. This give the ideas of opinions of the people directly or indirectly receiving services. In the article, Evaluating Batter Counseling Programs: A Difficult Task Showing Some Effects and Implications, a multisite evaluation was done and the participants were “administered a uniform set of background questionnaire, personality inventory (MCMI-III; Millon, 1994), and alcohol test (MAST; Selzer, 1971)” (Gondolf, 2004). Therefore, given the research opinions of the clientele over the four sites and let the researcher know what treatment is working and not working.
SOCW 6311 WK 1 responses Respond to at least two colleagues .docxsamuel699872
SOCW 6311 WK 1 responses
Respond to at least two colleagues
(You have to compare my post to 2 SEPARATE peer posts and respond to their posts and ask a question I have provided all three)
by noting the similarities and differences in the factors that would support or impede your colleague’s implementation of evidence-based practice as noted in his or her post to those that would impact your implementation of evidence-based practice as noted in your original post. Offer a solution for addressing one of the factors that would impede your colleague’s implementation of evidence-based practice.
IT does not have to be long but has to in text citation and full references
MY POST
SummerLove Holcomb
RE: Discussion - Week 1
Top of Form
The Characteristics of the evidence-based practice (EBP)
The evidence-based program is defined as the programs that are effective and this is based on the rigorous assessment. One of the key features of EBP is that they have been assessed thoroughly in an experimental or quasi-experimental study. The evaluation of the EBP has been subjected to critical peer review and this implies that a conclusion has been reached by the evaluation experts. The EBP requires the ability to differentiate between the unverified opinions concerning the psychosocial interventions and the facts about their effectiveness. It is involving the process of inquiry that is provided to the practitioners and described for the physicians. This is important in integrating the best evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values as well as the situations that are linked to the management of the patient, management of the practice, and health policy decision-making processes (Small & O'Connor, 2007).
The assessment of the factors that are supporting or impeding the adoption of the evidence-based practice
Several factors are associated with the failure to the successful adoption of EBP. The implementation of EBP for example in healthcare facilities requires the dedication of time. Therefore, lack of adequate time for the training and implementation of the EBP makes it hard to adopt it within the facility. The adoption of evidence-based practice also requires adequate resources. This, therefore, implies that there must be adequate resources to facilitate the effective implementation and the adoption of the EBP. This, therefore, implies that smaller organizations with unstable capital income might not adopt the EBP. Another barrier is the inability to understand the statistical terms or the jargons used in the EBP. This leads to barriers in understanding thus making it hard to implement the EBP (Duncombe, 2018). Therefore, the factors that might support the implementation of the EBP are the availability of resources and adequate time.
References
Duncombe, D. C. (2018). A multi‐institutional study of the perceived barriers and facilitators to implementing evidence‐based practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing,.
Running Head Dissertation of Service Quality Improvement .docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: Dissertation of Service Quality Improvement 1
Dissertation of Service Quality Improvement 2
DISSERTATION OF SERVICE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
Lusciano Foster
Ashford University
Business Research Methods & Tools (NAG1428A)
BUS642
Loay Alnaji
July 20, 2014
Dissertation of Service Quality Improvement
A research proposal for a possible dissertation entails keen consideration of peer-reviewed articles to establish the possibilities given regarding the topic. Problems, purpose and, hypothesis of the research are to be established to guide during the research. Planning dissertation research for a business follows a format that gives prospectus clients or supporters a vivid view of the reasons and importance of the research.
Service quality improvement has been a critical issue to most business setting, rendering them to provide poor services. They focus on spending a lot of money on ill- conceived services in addition, undermining the best methods to offer their customers with quality services. In such cases, customers feel unsatisfied and not treated in a manner they would like to be handled. Excellent service is an important approach because customer’s loyalty and satisfaction is improved. Every business should focus on how to improve their services in order to retain their customers and gain more customers.
Customers view value as the profit acquired from the trouble encountered such as unfriendly employees, high prices, services that are not attractive and locations that are not convenient to them. With excellent services, profit maximization of the company is improved and customer’s burdens on non-price issues are minimized. Most business organizations suffer low profit because their services do not meet customers’ expectations. Prior researches have concentrated on how services can be measured and nature of customer’s expectations without considering the service quality improvement factor, in order to improve their profits (Loshin, 2011).
This research will help to identify means of improving service in business organizations. Quality need to be described by the customer, whereby it should conform to his or her specification. Most company’s view quality as conformance to organization specifications and this research will help to solve this problem by identifying the best methods of delivering quality service. This research will help to address the questions on how to respond to customers and taking care of them (Hernon, 2011).
Ethics has become a keystone for carrying out successful and significant research. Due to this, the ethical conduct of individual researchers is under unprecedented analysis (Best & Kahn, 2006; Field & Behrman, 2004; Trimble& Fisher, 2006). Some of the ethical concerns likely to be experienced when conducting research are ex.
The field of program evaluation presents a diversity of images a.docxcherry686017
The field of program evaluation presents a diversity of images and claims about the nature and role of evaluation that confounds any attempt to construct a coher- ent account of its methods or confidently identify important new developments. We take the view that the overarching goal of the program evaluation enterprise is to contribute to the improvement of social conditions by providing scientifically credible information and balanced judgment to legitimate social agents about the effectiveness of interventions intended to produce social benefits. Because of its centrality in this perspective, this review focuses on outcome evaluation, that is, the assessment of the effects of interventions upon the populations they are intended to benefit. The coverage of this topic is concentrated on literature published within the last decade with particular attention to the period subsequent to the related reviews by Cook and Shadish (1994) on social experiments and Sechrest & Figueredo (1993) on program evaluation.
The word ‘evaluation’ has become increasingly used in the language of community, health and social services and programs. The growth of talk and practice of evaluation in these fields has often been promoted and encouraged by funders and commissioners of services and programs. Following the interest of funders, has been a growth in the study and practice of evaluation by community, health and social service practitioners and academics. When we consider why this move in evaluative thinking and practice has occurred, we can assume the position of the funder and simply answer, ‘...because we want to know if this program or service works’. Practitioners, specialists and academics in these fields have been called upon by governments and philanthropists to aid the development of effective evaluation. Over time, they have led their own thinking and practice independently. Evaluation in its simplest form is about understanding the effect and impact of a program, service, or indeed a whole organization. Evaluation as a practice is not so simple however, largely because in order to assess impact, we need to be very clear at the beginning what effect or difference we are trying to achieve.
The literature review begins with an overview of qualitative and quantitative research methods, followed by a description of key forms of evaluation. Health promotion evaluation and advocacy and policy evaluation will then be explored as two specific domains. These domains are not evaluation methodologies, but forms of evaluation that present unique requirements for effective community development evaluation. Following this discussion, the review will explore eight key evaluation methodologies: appreciative enquiry, empowerment evaluation, social capital,
social return on investment, outcomes based evaluation, performance dashboards and scorecards and developmental evaluation. Each of these sections will include specific methods, the values base of each methodo ...
SOCW 6311 WK 6 responses Respond to at least two colleagues .docxsamuel699872
SOCW 6311 WK 6 responses
Respond to at least two colleagues each one has to be answered separately name first then response
Bottom of Form
Respond
to
at least two
colleagues by doing all of the following:
Identify the stage or stages of the program to which your colleague’s selected question relates.
Suggest an additional question or concern that stakeholders may have about program evaluation.
Recommend an alternative model for the evaluation.
Instructor wants lay out like this:
Respond to at least two colleagues ( 2 peers posts are provided) by doing all of the following:
Identify strengths of your colleagues’ analyses and areas in which the analyses could be improved.
Your response
Address his or her evaluation of the efficacy and applicability of the evidence-based practice,
Your response
[Evaluate] his or her identification of factors that could support or hinder the implementation of the evidence-based practice,
Your response
And [evaluate] his or her solution for mitigating those factors.
Your response
Offer additional insight to your colleagues by either identifying additional factors that may support or limit implementation of the evidence-based practice or an alternative solution for mitigating one of the limitations that your colleagues identified.
Your response
References
Your response
PEER 1
Elektra Smith
Top of Form
Post a brief summary of the program that you selected. Recommend a program evaluation model that would answer a question relevant to the program.
I chose a victim advocate program that provides crisis intervention for sexual assault victims. “The Victim Advocate provides emotional support to primary victims and secondary victims during the examination at the hospital or during an interview with the police. Applicant must be able to respond to victim/family in a non-judgmental and unbiased manner. The requirement is to work a minimum 2 shifts per month (
https://visitthecenter.org/volunteer
, 2018).” I chose the program monitoring to answer the question about clients being satisfied with this service program.
Explain the potential benefits of the program evaluation that you proposed (both process and outcome).
The process benefits of monitoring the program helps with determining the strengths and weaknesses of the service program that is being implemented. It helps to discover ways to improve program services for the most effective outcomes. Additionally, monitoring the program presents accountability to ensure effectiveness and integrity of the program. “Program monitoring typically uses many different types of data-collection strategies, such as questionnaires given out to clients or staff members, individual and group interviewing of staff and clients, observations of pro-grams and specific interactions between staff members and clients, reviews of existing documents such as client files and personnel documents, and consulting experts (Dudley, 2014) (p.73).”
Identify 2–3 concern.
This presentation has a vivid description of the basics of doing a program evaluation, with detailed explanation of the " Log Frame work " ( LFA) with practical example from the CLICS project. This presentation also includes the CDC framework for evaluation of program.
N.B: Kindly open the ppt in slide share mode to fully use all the animations wheresoever made.
Research is highly dependent upon the skills and knowledge of researcher. Read this document shared to know about assessment of different types of research methodologies.
A Review Committee S Guide For Evaluating Qualitative ProposalsAndrea Porter
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http://StudyHub.vip/A-Review-Committee-S-Guide-For-Evaluati 👈
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A Multidisciplinary Analysis of Research and Performance Synthesis Utilized in Criminal Justice Program and Educational Program Evaluation
1. 1
A Multidisciplinary Analysis of Research and Performance Synthesis Utilized in
Criminal Justice Program and Educational Program Evaluation
Dr. Robelyn A. Garcia
Criminal Justice Planning and Program Evaluation
Arizona State University
A. An Institutional Review Board (IRB) is not necessarily required for a Program
Evaluation. Moreover, there are many Research Situations where it would be
Appropriate to convene an IRB prior to conducting a Program Evaluation.
An Institutional Review Board (IRB) also known as an independent ethics
committee (IEC) or ethical review board (ERB) is a committee that approves, monitors,
and reviews biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects (Posavac,
2011). All human subjects research and program evaluation that involves human subject
research requires an Institutional Review Board to convene prior to conducting the
evaluation. Even program evaluations that involve partial human subjects research, must
be reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board, regardless of sponsorship.
If a researcher were going to evaluate the Arizona State University Employee
Wellness Program, this would be considered research involving human subjects;
therefore it would be appropriate to convene an IRB prior to conducting the program
evaluation. I have had to complete several Institutional Review Board human subjects
research applications for exempt research; I have completed two at Arizona State
University so far in my academic career. One of my research studies evaluated the
effects of an exercise program as improving or eliminating depression in Hispanic senior
human subjects. My second applied analysis evaluated a prescribed and monitored
exercise program administered via the Internet for senior adults with depression.
2. 2
Both of the aforementioned studies involved human subject research, therefore I
needed an IRB. I have included the Institutional Review Board human subjects research
applications for exempt research in the Appendix for the reader’s review.
B. When Planning an Evaluation, there is a Multitude of Steps an Evaluator must take.
One Final Step in the Preparation Planning Process is to Present a Written Proposal.
Preparing and presenting a written proposal is an extremely important skill for a
researcher and evaluator. Much of the success of the evaluation will be determined by
how well you write and present a proposal. You must convince others in writing that the
evaluation research that you plan to complete is worth completing and that you as a
researcher have the ability to accomplish the evaluation.
The written proposal should describe the specific goals, objectives and purpose of
the evaluation. The proposal should also describe the evaluation design, support for the
chosen design, methodology, hypotheses and proposed analyses. It is of import to also
present a detailed work plan and evaluation budget in writing so you will be able to
reference this if needed in the future. Preparing this written proposal completes the
preparation phase of the program evaluation (Posavac, 2011). The written proposal is
important in developing a concrete strategy for identifying evaluation goals, meeting
these goals and verifying that the proposed evaluation actually matches the finished
evaluation. Written proposals also give evaluators a better focus on the program they
intend to evaluate. Proposals and presentations of the proposal help to organize the
research and serve as a preview of the research and direction of the evaluation. In
addition, the written proposal will provide an important reference for the finished
evaluation.
3. 3
C. After Evaluators and Stakeholders have agreed on Criteria that Would Indicate
Successful Implementation and Outcome, Researchers Face the Task of Developing
Valid and Reliable Methods to Measure those Criteria.
Reliability and validity are both very important concepts when performing an
evaluation. Different sources and different methods need to be recognized and utilized
to strengthen the reliability and validity of the findings of evaluation research (Posavac &
Carey, 2010). Reliability refers to the consistent stability of measurement scores from
the evaluation, whereas validity refers to the accuracy of the interpretations of the
measurement scores.
It is possible to improve the reliability and validity of measures in a study,
however the evaluator will not be able to improve the validity of the research without
sufficient reliability (Posavac & Carey, 2010). Both of these different concepts are
important and many times thought to be synonymous. Moreover, it is important to note
that there can be reliability in a study without validity, but to obtain validity in a study
you must have reliability. Therefore, reliability must be one of the first characteristics to
look for when selecting a measurement. Reliability is easier to determine, since you are
only concerned with the consistency of the measurement. Finding a valid and reliable
instrument is of utmost concern when planning an evaluation. Posavac and Carey state
that the easiest way to minimize threats to validity is to use an experiment based on
observations of randomly assigned study groups and control groups (2010).
4. 4
D. Utilizing Closed-ended and Open-ended Questions when Conducting a Qualitative
Interview for Research Analysis and Program Evaluation.
The philosophical roots of a qualitative interview lead to a highly subjective
outcome reflective of the evaluator’s philosophical underpinnings. The conclusions
drawn from qualitative interview open-ended and closed-ended questions will only be as
strong as the quality of the evaluation of the researcher. Qualitative interviews are
deductive in nature and this requires a large amount of subjective analysis and a large
amount of labor by the evaluator. The observation and data interpretation of this large
amount of data may not necessarily be utilized to make assumptions beyond the specific
group of research participants (Posavac, 2011).
In qualitative interviews, open-ended questions require a thought out response
that individuals give spontaneously. These types of questions are broad and often require
more than a one or two word response. Open-ended questions provide the evaluator with
direct quotes to be used as raw data. These direct quotes reveal the participants emotions
in the way in which they have organized their thoughts about their experiences and
perceptions of the world around them (Patton, 1990). Answering close-ended questions
requires different types of mental processing than answering open-ended questions.
Participants need to think systematically to accurately express their thoughts using closeended questions. A close-ended question is answered finitely and can be a yes or no
question, a one-word fact response question, or a multiple choice question. When used in
a qualitative interview these types of questions are more restrictive for the participant
because there are suggested responses from which the participant must select.
5. 5
E. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs in Research and Program Evaluation
with a Focus on the Assignment of Participants to Experimentation Groups.
Even after carefully designing quasi-experimental evaluations, concerns still
linger that effects other than the program direct effects that were evaluated could have
caused changes in participants or even masked the true program effect (Posavac & Carey,
2010). In order to minimize these unintended effects the evaluator must try to anticipate
and/or prevent threats to validity. As long as the disadvantages of quasi-experimental
design are recognized, this type of evaluation can be a powerful research tool. Quasiexperimental evaluations are especially effective in situations where experimental
evaluations are not possible.
Experimental research design in evaluation is a method of research used to search
for a specific program effect observed under strictly controlled conditions. Participants
are randomly assigned in the evaluation to either the experimental group or the control
group. Quasi-experimental design differs from experimental design significantly when
selecting groups for program evaluation. The quasi- experiment involves testing a
variable by selecting groups without any random pre-selection process. This type of
design has a control group, however the external variables that affect the implementation
of the experiment cannot be fully controlled. Posavac and Carey stress the importance of
working with all groups affected and evaluated by the program (Posavac & Carey, 2010).
‘True’ experimental designs and quasi-experimental designs are both useful and effective
measurement tools in program evaluation.
6. 6
F. The Strengths of utilizing a Balanced Scorecard Approach Lie Within the Four
Perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard. A Multi-Indicator Analysis Provided by the
Four Perspectives Reaches Beyond Data from Financial Measures.
A Balanced Scorecard approach is used as a strategy in evaluation research that
includes evaluating more than just the finances of an organization. Posavac and Carey
stress the importance of using a Balanced Scorecard approach in any and all disciplines
because it gives the evaluation a perspective from all areas and more indicators than just
the bottom line (2010). The Balance Scorecard is a modern approach to performance
evaluation methodology utilizing a systemic measurement model. Stakeholders, clients,
customers and staff must be part of an evaluation to ensure that their unique perspectives
are addressed and understood (Posavac, 2011). A Balanced Scorecard’s four
perspectives addresses each of these organization’s viewpoints and develops metrics,
collects data and analyzes data in relation to each of these perspectives. An evaluation
can use the Balance Scorecard approach and adjust the perspectives to the needs of each
organization.
The four baseline perspectives used in a Balance Scorecard are the financial
perspective, the customer perspective, the organization and business process perspective,
and the innovation learning and growth perspective. The financial perspective represents
how the firm looks to the shareholder; the customer perspective represents how the
customers and clients view the organization; the internal organization and business
process perspective represents how well the organization manages it’s operational
processes; the innovation learning and growth perspective represents if the organization
can continue to improve and create value. Developing multiple indicators from the four
perspectives for the evaluation is the strength of a using a Balance Scorecard approach
(Posavac & Carey, 2010).
7. 7
Appendices
Appendix A
Arizona State University
Research Compliance Office
P.O. Box 871103
Tempe, AZ 85287-1103
Phone: 480-965-6788
Fax: (480) 965-7772
For Office Use Only:
Date Received:
___________
HS Number:
____________
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
APPLICATION FOR EXEMPT RESEARCH
PROTOCOL TITLE:
An Analysis of a Prescribed and Monitored Exercise Program for
Hispanic Seniors with Depression
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
DEPARTMENT/CENTER:
Dr. Robelyn Garcia
4455 E. Paradise Village Pkwy
Townhouse
Paradise Valley, AZ 85032
CAMPUS ADDRESS:
Department of Human Services,
Aging and Lifespan Development
Department of Student Recreation
Department of Student Health
PHONE:
Mail Code: 0180, 4230
DATE OF REQUEST:
3/23/2008
UNIVERSITY AFFILIATION:
Professor
Associate Professor
X Visiting Professor
Instructor
X Post Doc Fellow
X Graduate Student
X Staff
480-221-0597
E-MAIL:
DrRGarcia@asu.edu
CO-INVESTIGATOR:
DEPARTMENT/CENTER:
CAMPUS ADDRESS:
(include campus mail code)
PHONE:
EMAIL:
UNIVERSITY AFFILIATION:
Professor
Associate Professor
Assistant Professor
Instructor
Other: Please specify.
8. 8
STUDY OVERVIEW
1. Provide a brief description of the background, purpose, and design of your research. Avoid using technical
terms and jargon. Be sure to list all of the means you will use to collect data (e.g. tests, surveys, interviews,
observations, existing data). Provide a short description of the tests, instruments, or measures and attach copies of
all instruments and cover letters for review:
The current research project investigates the effectiveness of a prescribed and monitored exercise
program for the treatment of depression in Hispanic Older Adults. The Dependent Variable for the study is
Depression. The Independent Variable for the study is the Effects of Exercise and the population is older Hispanic
adults. This study will analyze the effect of a monitored exercise program on Hispanic Seniors to show that
exercise is an effective treatment for Depression. The design of the research is a systematic review and analysis
of controlled trials.
Many studies have been conducted showing that exercise is an effective treatment for depression in adults.
However, there is limited research using Hispanic seniors as the population. This study is devoted to the goal of
providing empirical support for the notion that an exercise program is a feasible and effective treatment for
depression in older Hispanic adults.
The following instruments (attached in Appendices) will be used for the study: 1) ASU IRB Consent
Form for Minimal Risk, 2) Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR Q) which includes Personal
Information and Waiver Liability Section, 3) The Merck Manual of Geriatrics Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS),
and 4) The Merck Manual Geriatric Depression Scoring Table. Study participants will join a study involving
research of the effects of a monitored exercise program on Hispanic Seniors to show that exercise is an effective
treatment for Depression.
All participants will complete a IRB ASU Consent Form, Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire and
Geriatric Depression Scale Questionnaire. All subjects will then be monitored in a prescribed exercise program
to help them decrease and/or eliminate the magnitude of their depression symptoms. At the end of the study,
participants will then repeat the Geriatric Depression Scale Questionnaire to determine if the are less depressed.
RECRUITMENT
2. Describe how you will recruit participants (attach a copy of recruitment materials).
Participants will be recruited through the ASU Lifelong Learning Institute by offering free of charge exercise
testing, exercise prescription, and exercise monitoring program. Senior participants will also be recruited from
local agencies which serve depressed patients.
PROJECT FUNDING
3. How is the research project funded? (A copy of the grant application(s) must be provided prior to IRB
approval)
(Go to question 4)__Funding decision is pending
X Research is funded
a) What is the source of funding or potential funding? (Check all that apply)
____ Federal
_____ Private Foundation
_____ Department Funds
X
$25 Hourly Subcontract X
$55,000 Fellowship
_____ Other _________
b) Please list the name(s) of the sponsor(s):
9. 9
c) What is the Project grant number and title (for example NIH grant number)?
d) What is the ASU account number/project number? 1000860
e) Identify the institution(s) administering the grant(s):
STUDY POPULATION- If you are doing data analysis only, please write DA.
4.Indicate the total number of participants
Indicate the age range of the participants
that you plan to include or enroll in your
that you plan to enroll in your study
30
study.
50 to 69
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS
5. Attach a copy of the following items as applicable to your study (Please check the ones that are attached):
__Research Methods (Research design, Data Source, Sampling strategy, etc )
X Any Letters (cover letters or information letters), Recruitment Materials, Questionnaires, etc. which will be
distributed
to participants
__If the research is conducted off-site, provide a permission letter where applicable
__If the research is part of a proposal submitted for external funding, submit a copy of the FULL proposal
Note: The information should be in sufficient detail so IRB can determine if the study can be classified as
EXEMPT under Federal Regulations 45CFR46.101(b).
DATA USE
6. How will the data be used? (Check all that apply)
Dissertation
X Publication/journal article
Thesis
Undergraduate honors project
X Results released to participants/parents
Results released to employer or school
Results released to agency or organization
Conferences/presentations
X Other: Post Doc Graduate Class Project, SWG/GRN 598 Research in Aging- Ethno-Gerontology
EXEMPT STATUS
7. Identify which of the 6 federal exemption categories below applies to your research proposal and explain
why the proposed research meets the category. Federal law 45 CFR 46.101(b) identifies the following EXEMPT
categories. Check all that apply to your research and provide comments as to how your research falls into the
category.
1. SPECIAL NOTE: The exemptions at 45 CFR 46.101(b) do not apply to research involving prisoners.
The exemption at 45 CFR 46.101(b)(2), for research involving survey or interview procedures or
observation of public behavior, does not apply to research with children, except for research
involving observations of public behavior when the investigator(s) do not participate in the
activities being observed.
2.
na
10. 10
3. X
(7.1) Research conducted in established or commonly accepted educational settings, involving normal
educational practices, such as (i) research on regular and special education instructional strategies,
or (ii) research on the effectiveness of or the comparison among instructional techniques,
curricula, or classroom management methods.
4. na
5. Study
will analyze the effectiveness of teaching depressed Hispanic Seniors to use exercise as a tool to
help reduce and / or eliminate depression symptoms.
6.
7. ____(7.2)
Research involving the use of educational tests (cognitive, diagnostic, aptitude, achievement),
survey procedures, interview procedures or observation of public behavior, unless: (i) Information
obtained is recorded in such a manner that human subjects can be identified, directly or through
identifiers linked to the subjects; AND (ii) any disclosure of the human subjects' responses outside
the research could reasonably place the subjects at risk of criminal or civil liability or be damaging
to the subjects' financial standing, employability, or reputation.
8. ____(7.3)
Research involving the use of educational tests (cognitive, diagnostic, aptitude, achievement),
survey procedures, interview procedures, or observation of public behavior that is not exempt
under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, if:
9. (i) The human subjects are elected or appointed public officials or candidates for public office; or (ii)
federal statute(s) require(s) without exception that the confidentiality of the personally identifiable
information will be maintained throughout the research and thereafter.
10.
Please provide an explanation as to how your research falls into this category:
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
____7.4) Research, involving the collection or study of existing data, documents, records,
pathological specimens, or diagnostic specimens, if these sources are publicly available or if the
information is recorded by the investigator in such a manner that subjects cannot be identified,
directly or through identifiers linked to the subjects.
Note-Please review the OHRP Guidance on Research Involving Coded Private Information or
Biological Specimens:
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/cdebiol.pdf
X (7.5) Research and demonstration projects which are conducted by or subject to the approval of department or
agency heads, and which are designed to study, evaluate, or otherwise examine: (i) Public benefit or service
programs; (ii) procedures for obtaining benefits or services under those programs; (iii) possible changes in or
alternatives to those programs or procedures; or (iv) possible changes in methods or levels of payment for
benefits or services under those programs. (Generally does not apply to the university setting)
16.
continued
Study will analyze the effectiveness of teaching depressed Hispanic Seniors to use exercise as a
tool to help reduce and / or eliminate depression symptoms. This procedure will be beneficial to
all mental health agencies servicing adults with Depression.
11. 11
17.
18.
____(7.6) Taste and food quality evaluation and consumer acceptance studies, (i) if wholesome
foods without additives are consumed or (ii) if a food is consumed that contains a food ingredient
at or below the level and for a use found to be safe, or agricultural chemical or environmental
contaminant at or below the level found to be safe, by the Food and Drug Administration or
approved by the Environmental Protection Agency or the Food Safety and Inspection Service of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Please provide an explanation as to how your research falls into this category:
PPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
In making this application, I certify that I have read and understand the ASU Procedures for the Review of
Human Subjects Research and that I intend to comply with the letter and spirit of the University Policy. I may
begin research when the Institutional Review Board gives notice of its approval. I must inform the IRB of ANY
changes in method or procedure that may conceivably alter the exempt status of the project. I also agree and
understand that records of the participants will be kept for at least three (3) years after the completion of the
research
Name (first, middle initial, last):
Dr Robelyn A. Garcia
Signature:
X
Date:
FOR OFFICE
USE:
This application has been reviewed by the Arizona State University
IRB:
Exempt Category/Categories: __________
Approved
Deferred to other review
Recommended that investigator submit for
expedited or Full Board review.
Authorizing Signature:
X
Date:
12. 12
Appendix B
Human Subjects Research
Arizona State University
Research Compliance Office
P.O. Box 871103
Tempe, AZ 85287-1103
Phone: 480-965-6788
Fax: (480) 965-7772
For Office Use Only:
Date Received:
___________
HS Number:
____________
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
APPLICATION FOR EXEMPT RESEARCH
PROTOCOL TITLE:
An Analysis of a Prescribed and Monitored Exercise Program
administered via the Internet for Seniors with Depression
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
DEPARTMENT/CENTER:
Dr. Robelyn Garcia
4455 E. Paradise Village Pkwy
Townhouse
Paradise Valley, AZ 85032
Department of Human Services,
Aging and Lifespan
Development
Department of Student
Recreation
Department of Student Health
PHONE:
CAMPUS ADDRESS:
Mail Code: 0000, 4240
DATE OF REQUEST:
8/01/2010
UNIVERSITY AFFILIATION:
Professor
Associate Professor
X Adjunct Professor
Instructor
X Post Doc Fellow
X Graduate Student
X Staff
480-323-8147
E-MAIL:
DrRGarcia@asu.edu
CO-INVESTIGATOR:
DEPARTMENT/CENTER:
CAMPUS ADDRESS:
(include campus mail code)
PHONE:
EMAIL:
STUDY OVERVIEW
UNIVERSITY AFFILIATION:
Professor
Associate Professor
Assistant Professor
Instructor
Other: Please specify.
13. 13
1. Provide a brief description of the background, purpose, and design of your research. Avoid using
technical terms and jargon. Be sure to list all of the means you will use to collect data (e.g. tests,
surveys, interviews, observations, existing data). Provide a short description of the tests, instruments,
or measures and attach copies of all instruments and cover letters for review:
The current research project investigates the effectiveness of a prescribed and monitored
exercise program, administered via the Internet, for the treatment of depression in Older Adults. The
Dependent Variable for the study is Depression. The Independent Variable for the study is the Effects
of Exercise and the population is older adults. This study will analyze the effect of a monitored exercise
program on Seniors to show that exercise is an effective treatment for Depression. The design of the
research is a systematic review and analysis of controlled trials.
Many studies have been conducted showing that exercise is an effective treatment for
depression in adults. However, there is limited research using the internet as the modality. This study
is devoted to the goal of providing empirical support for the notion that an exercise program,
administered via the Internet, is a feasible and effective treatment for depression in Senior adults.
The following instruments (attached in Appendices) will be used for the study: 1) ASU IRB
Consent Form for Minimal Risk, 2) Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR Q) which includes
Personal Information and Waiver Liability Section, 3) The Merck Manual of Geriatrics Geriatric
Depression Scale (GDS), and 4) The Merck Manual Geriatric Depression Scoring Table. Study
participants will join a study involving research of the effects of a monitored online exercise program on
Seniors to show that exercise is an effective treatment for Depression.
All participants will complete a IRB ASU Consent Form, Physical Activity Readiness
Questionnaire and Geriatric Depression Scale Questionnaire. All subjects will then be monitored in a
prescribed exercise program to help them decrease and/or eliminate the magnitude of their depression
symptoms. At the end of the study, participants will then repeat the Geriatric Depression Scale
Questionnaire to determine if the are less depressed.
RECRUITMENT
2. Describe how you will recruit participants (attach a copy of recruitment materials).
Participants will be recruited through Senior University by offering free of charge Geriatric Depression
testing, exercise prescription, and exercise monitoring program. Senior participants will also be
recruited from local agencies (Minderful Center, DUET) which serve depressed elder patients.
PROJECT FUNDING
3. How is the research project funded? (A copy of the grant application(s) must be provided prior to IRB
approval)
X Research is not funded (Go to question
4 )__Funding decision is pending
X Research is private funded
a) What is the source of funding or potential funding? (Check all that apply)
____ Federal
_____ Private Foundation
X
Department Funds
_____ Subcontract
_____ Fellowship
X
Other $15,000
b) Please list the name(s) of the sponsor(s):
c) What is the Project grant number and title (for example NIH grant number)?
d) What is the ASU account number/project number?
e) Identify the institution(s) administering the grant(s):
14. 14
STUDY POPULATION- If you are doing data analysis only, please write DA.
4.Indicate the total number of
Indicate the age range of the
participants that you plan to include
participants that you plan to enroll in
30
or enroll in your study.
your study
50 to 80
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS
5. Attach a copy of the following items as applicable to your study (Please check the ones that are
attached):
II
__Research Methods (Research design, Data Source, Sampling strategy, etc )
X Any Letters (cover letters or information letters), Recruitment Materials, Questionnaires, etc.
which will be distributed to participants
__If the research is conducted off-site, provide a permission letter where applicable
__If the research is part of a proposal submitted for external funding, submit a copy of the FULL
proposal
Note: The information should be in sufficient detail so IRB can determine if the study can be classified
as EXEMPT under Federal Regulations 45CFR46.101(b).
DATA USE
6. How will the data be used? (Check all that apply)
Dissertation
X Publication/journal article
Thesis
Undergraduate honors project
X Results released to participants/parents
Results released to employer or school
Results released to agency or organization
Conferences/presentations
X Other: Graduate Applied Project, ALD 593 Research
EXEMPT STATUS
7. Identify which of the 6 federal exemption categories below applies to your research proposal;explain
why the proposed research meets the category. Federal law 45 CFR 46.101(b) identifies the following
EXEMPT categories. Check all that apply to your research and provide comments as to how your
research falls into the category.
1. SPECIAL NOTE: The exemptions at 45 CFR 46.101(b) do not apply to research involving
prisoners. The exemption at 45 CFR 46.101(b)(2), for research involving survey or
interview procedures or observation of public behavior, does not apply to research with
children, except for research involving observations of public behavior when the
investigator(s) do not participate in the activities being observed.
2.
3. X
(7.1) Research conducted in established or commonly accepted educational settings,
involving normal educational practices, such as (i) research on regular and special
education instructional strategies, or (ii) research on the effectiveness of or the
comparison among instructional techniques, curricula, or classroom management
methods.
4.
5. Study
will analyze the effectiveness of teaching depressed Hispanic Seniors to use exercise
as a tool to help reduce and / or eliminate depression symptoms.
6.
7. ____(7.2)
Research involving the use of educational tests (cognitive, diagnostic, aptitude,
achievement), survey procedures, interview procedures or observation of public behavior,
15. 15
unless: (i) Information obtained is recorded in such a manner that human subjects can be
identified, directly or through identifiers linked to the subjects; AND (ii) any disclosure of
the human subjects' responses outside the research could reasonably place the subjects
at risk of criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the subjects' financial standing,
employability, or reputation.
8. ____(7.3)
Research involving the use of educational tests (cognitive, diagnostic, aptitude,
achievement), survey procedures, interview procedures, or observation of public behavior
that is not exempt under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, if:
9. (i) The human subjects are elected or appointed public officials or candidates for public office;
or (ii) federal statute(s) require(s) without exception that the confidentiality of the
personally identifiable information will be maintained throughout the research and
thereafter.
10.
Please provide an explanation as to how your research falls into this category:
11.
____7.4) Research, involving the collection or study of existing data, documents, records,
pathological specimens, or diagnostic specimens, if these sources are publicly available
or if the information is recorded by the investigator in such a manner that subjects cannot
be identified, directly or through identifiers linked to the subjects.
12.
Note-Please review the OHRP Guidance on Research Involving Coded Private
Information or Biological Specimens:
13.
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/cdebiol.pdf
X (7.5) Research and demonstration projects which are conducted by or subject to the approval of
department or agency heads, and which are designed to study, evaluate, or otherwise examine: (i)
Public benefit or service programs; (ii) procedures for obtaining benefits or services under those
programs; (iii) possible changes in or alternatives to those programs or procedures; or (iv) possible
changes in methods or levels of payment for benefits or services under those programs. (Generally
does not apply to the university setting)
14.
Study will analyze the effectiveness of teaching depressed Seniors to use
exercise as a tool to help reduce and / or eliminate depression symptoms. This
procedure will be beneficial to all mental health agencies servicing adults
with Depression.
15.
____(7.6) Taste and food quality evaluation and consumer acceptance studies, (i) if
wholesome foods without additives are consumed or (ii) if a food is consumed that
contains a food ingredient at or below the level and for a use found to be safe, or
agricultural chemical or environmental contaminant at or below the level found to be safe,
by the Food and Drug Administration or approved by the Environmental Protection
Agency or the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Please provide an explanation as to how your research falls into this category:
16.
PPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
In making this application, I certify that I have read and understand the ASU Procedures for the Review of Human Subjects
Research and that I intend to comply with the letter and spirit of the University Policy. I may begin research when the
Institutional Review Board gives notice of its approval. I must inform the IRB of ANY changes in method or procedure that
may conceivably alter the exempt status of the project. I also agree and understand that records of the participants will be
kept for at least three (3) years after the completion of the research
Name (first, middle initial, last):
16. 16
Robelyn A. Garcia
Signature:
X
Date:
FOR OFFICE
USE:
This application has been reviewed by the Arizona State
University IRB:
Exempt Category/Categories: __________
Approved
Deferred to other review
Recommended that investigator submit for
expedited or Full Board review.
Authorizing Signature:
X
Date:
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17. 17
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