Crime exists in all societies and takes various forms. In Pakistan, common crimes include violent crimes like domestic violence and honor killings, property crimes like theft which are especially prevalent in Karachi, and white collar crimes. Juvenile crime is also an issue in Pakistan due to factors like poverty, lack of parental supervision, and exposure to violence. Overall, Pakistan's crime rate has been declining in recent years, though it remains high. Poverty is identified as a major underlying cause of crime, as impoverished individuals may turn to criminal acts to meet basic needs.
Strain theory argues that people engage in crime due to strain or stress in their lives. They may commit crimes like violence, theft, or drug use to reduce or escape from strain caused by issues like harassment, financial problems, or abusive relationships. Social learning theory claims people learn criminal behavior through association with criminal peers and by being reinforced for criminal acts. Control theory takes a different approach, arguing that people naturally want to satisfy their desires through crime but refrain from it due to controls like rules, monitoring by authority figures, and the threat of sanctions.
The document discusses crime in Pakistan. It provides background on increasing crime rates in recent years according to official statistics. The research aims to study the causes of increased crime, summarize literature on crime in Pakistan, analyze collected data and interviews, and provide recommendations. It describes the research design which included interviews with people of different ages using a questionnaire, and limitations of being conducted by students with time and resource constraints.
How do criminals decide to commit a crime? Do they even think about the risks and benefits? Why do some commit crimes regardless of the consequences? These are some questions we often ask for ourselves because of the growing number of crimes happening in the society today.
Crime is defined as deviant behavior that violates accepted laws or rules. Sociologists study crime using theories like differential association theory, control theory, and routine activities theory. Differential association theory suggests people are more likely to commit crimes if they associate with groups that view crime positively. Control theory proposes people refrain from crime if they feel bound to their society. Routine activities theory states crime depends on opportunities that bring offenders, targets, and lack of guardians together. Sociologists examine crime patterns among age, gender, race, social class, and ethnicity groups to better understand who commits crimes and why. Understanding the sociology of crime allows societies to develop solutions that prevent criminal behavior and recidivism.
Crime is defined as acts that violate laws and customs, destabilizing society. There are three basics of crime: opportunity, desire, and ability. To prevent crime, one of these three factors must be addressed. The document then lists and groups various factors that can contribute to crime, including things like temperature, gender, age, intelligence, personality, bad company, ignorance, poverty and unemployment.
Sutherland's differential association theorycapesociology
Sutherland developed the theory of differential association to explain criminal behavior. The theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who engage in criminal acts and define such acts favorably. Criminal behavior results from being exposed to more definitions favorable to crime than unfavorable definitions. Sutherland argued that individuals learn criminal techniques, motives, and attitudes by associating with others involved in criminal behavior more than they associate with non-criminal groups. His theory departed from biological and individual theories of crime by emphasizing the social context and social learning aspects of criminal behavior.
This document discusses the topics of deviance, crime, and patterns of criminal behavior from a sociological perspective. It defines deviance as violating social norms and crime as breaking formal laws. It outlines two types of deviance - informal and formal - and provides examples. Characteristics, social control, and theories related to deviance are also examined. The document then contrasts crime and deviance, defines elements of a crime, and categorizes different types of criminal acts. Demographic patterns of crime are analyzed in relation to sex, age, socioeconomic status, and race. Crime on a global scale is also briefly discussed.
Criminology is the scientific study of criminal behavior and the criminal justice system. It seeks to understand the causes of crime on both individual and societal levels, as well as the types and incidence of crime. Criminology is closely related to criminal justice, which studies the agencies that enforce laws and punish offenders. There are two main models of crime - the consensus model views crime as breaking agreed-upon social norms, while the conflict model sees crime definitions as imposed by powerful groups to maintain their power. Not all abnormal behavior is criminal, and not all crime is considered deviant. The criminal justice system aims to control crime, prevent crime, and provide justice through law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections systems.
Strain theory argues that people engage in crime due to strain or stress in their lives. They may commit crimes like violence, theft, or drug use to reduce or escape from strain caused by issues like harassment, financial problems, or abusive relationships. Social learning theory claims people learn criminal behavior through association with criminal peers and by being reinforced for criminal acts. Control theory takes a different approach, arguing that people naturally want to satisfy their desires through crime but refrain from it due to controls like rules, monitoring by authority figures, and the threat of sanctions.
The document discusses crime in Pakistan. It provides background on increasing crime rates in recent years according to official statistics. The research aims to study the causes of increased crime, summarize literature on crime in Pakistan, analyze collected data and interviews, and provide recommendations. It describes the research design which included interviews with people of different ages using a questionnaire, and limitations of being conducted by students with time and resource constraints.
How do criminals decide to commit a crime? Do they even think about the risks and benefits? Why do some commit crimes regardless of the consequences? These are some questions we often ask for ourselves because of the growing number of crimes happening in the society today.
Crime is defined as deviant behavior that violates accepted laws or rules. Sociologists study crime using theories like differential association theory, control theory, and routine activities theory. Differential association theory suggests people are more likely to commit crimes if they associate with groups that view crime positively. Control theory proposes people refrain from crime if they feel bound to their society. Routine activities theory states crime depends on opportunities that bring offenders, targets, and lack of guardians together. Sociologists examine crime patterns among age, gender, race, social class, and ethnicity groups to better understand who commits crimes and why. Understanding the sociology of crime allows societies to develop solutions that prevent criminal behavior and recidivism.
Crime is defined as acts that violate laws and customs, destabilizing society. There are three basics of crime: opportunity, desire, and ability. To prevent crime, one of these three factors must be addressed. The document then lists and groups various factors that can contribute to crime, including things like temperature, gender, age, intelligence, personality, bad company, ignorance, poverty and unemployment.
Sutherland's differential association theorycapesociology
Sutherland developed the theory of differential association to explain criminal behavior. The theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who engage in criminal acts and define such acts favorably. Criminal behavior results from being exposed to more definitions favorable to crime than unfavorable definitions. Sutherland argued that individuals learn criminal techniques, motives, and attitudes by associating with others involved in criminal behavior more than they associate with non-criminal groups. His theory departed from biological and individual theories of crime by emphasizing the social context and social learning aspects of criminal behavior.
This document discusses the topics of deviance, crime, and patterns of criminal behavior from a sociological perspective. It defines deviance as violating social norms and crime as breaking formal laws. It outlines two types of deviance - informal and formal - and provides examples. Characteristics, social control, and theories related to deviance are also examined. The document then contrasts crime and deviance, defines elements of a crime, and categorizes different types of criminal acts. Demographic patterns of crime are analyzed in relation to sex, age, socioeconomic status, and race. Crime on a global scale is also briefly discussed.
Criminology is the scientific study of criminal behavior and the criminal justice system. It seeks to understand the causes of crime on both individual and societal levels, as well as the types and incidence of crime. Criminology is closely related to criminal justice, which studies the agencies that enforce laws and punish offenders. There are two main models of crime - the consensus model views crime as breaking agreed-upon social norms, while the conflict model sees crime definitions as imposed by powerful groups to maintain their power. Not all abnormal behavior is criminal, and not all crime is considered deviant. The criminal justice system aims to control crime, prevent crime, and provide justice through law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections systems.
Strain theory posits that societal pressure to achieve socially accepted goals through legitimate means can create strain, leading to deviant or criminal behaviors. Emile Durkheim first developed the concept of anomie to describe a lack of social norms. Robert Merton expanded on this, arguing that a disjunction between cultural goals and legitimate means of achieving them can result in innovation (crimes), ritualism, retreatism, or rebellion. Albert Cohen focused on how status frustration from blocked opportunities can lead to reaction formation and delinquent subcultures. Criticisms argue these theories may overdetermine criminal behavior and not account for alternative value systems.
Crime and deviance sociology presentationjosiah bent
This document discusses the political effects of crime and deviance. It summarizes several sociological theories on crime and deviance, including functionalist theories by Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton, and interactionist perspectives including labeling theory, differential theory, and social control theory. It then outlines ways in which crime can politically affect individuals, such as causing disappointment in government effectiveness, social isolation from civic participation, indifference to other community issues, support for vigilante justice, and joining groups that violently overthrow elected governments.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of crime from ancient to modern times. It notes that early societies did not clearly distinguish between criminal and civil offenses, focusing more on compensation than punishment. Over time, certain "botless" offenses emerged that involved punishment rather than compensation. This helped develop the modern concept of crime as a legal wrong remedied by state punishment. The document then categorizes different types of crimes and outlines some key elements like actus reus, mens rea, and prohibited acts. Finally, it distinguishes between the concepts of sin and crime.
This document provides an overview of several criminological theories that attempt to explain the causes of crime:
1. Classical theory views human behavior as motivated by hedonism, weighing pleasure against pain. It influenced Cesare Beccaria's view that the purpose of punishment is deterrence.
2. Functionalist theories see crime as inevitable and even necessary for society. Emile Durkheim argued crime strengthens social solidarity, while Merton's strain theory cites a disjunction between cultural goals and legitimate means of achievement as a cause of crime.
3. Marxist theories view crime as a response to inequality and economic deprivation under capitalism. Laws are made to protect the ruling class and law enforcement is biased in their favor
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighbourhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
Topic of Sociology, Crime and Deviance, Norms and Crime/Deviance, Introduction, Legally Deviant Behavior, Illegally Deviant Behavior, Criminal Behavior, Reasons People Commit Crimes and deviance, Deviance and crime, Group deviance, Three views of deviance, Biological, Psychological, Sociological, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Reinforcement theories, Differential association theory, Social conflict perspectives, Symbolic integrationists perspectives, Labeling theory, William Chambliss Experiment, Experiment by D.L Rosenhan, Crime, Crime Classification, Types of Crime, How is crime reported?, Recording Crime, Measures of crime, CRIME AND GENDER, CRIME AND AGE, ETHNIC GROUP/ETHNICITY, INSTITUTIONAL RACISM, Crime And Ethnicity, Crime And Social Class, Occupational Crime, Professional Crime Corporate Crime, Computer Crime, The criminal justice system, Police Duties, The criminal justice system, Justifications of punishment, Retributive justice, Social control
Power point presentation on topic HONOUR KILLING.
A small effort taken up by first year law students to create awareness and bring a change.So we wanted to know, who exactly is Ted Cruz and what is his stance on the issues?
The document discusses the roots of crimes against women in India. It covers 3 main factors: social, political, and economic. Socially, patriarchal structures and gender discrimination contribute. Politically, low women's representation and criminalization impact women. Economically, women face issues like non-inheritance of assets and dependence on men. Administrative measures like the Women's Reservation Bill aim to address these challenges. Suggested reforms focus on law implementation, education, and social movement building to reduce crimes against women in India.
Labelling theory argues that acts are not inherently criminal, but become defined as deviant when labeled as such by others in society. For labelling theorists like Becker, a deviant is someone who has successfully been given the label of deviant. Moral entrepreneurs play a role in leading campaigns to change laws in ways that create new groups of outsiders and expand the power of social control agencies. Whether someone is arrested and charged depends on factors like their interactions with these agencies and characteristics like class, gender, and ethnicity. Lemert distinguishes between primary deviance, which involves acts that go unnoticed and unlabeled, and secondary deviance, where the label itself leads to further deviant acts and identity.
Biological theories of crime propose that criminal behavior may be influenced by biological factors. Cesare Lombroso's theory claimed that criminals have distinct physical characteristics showing their evolutionarily primitive nature. The Y chromosome theory links criminal behavior to an extra Y chromosome. William Sheldon's somatotype theory associated criminality with a mesomorphic body type. While these theories provide biological explanations for crime, they have been criticized for ignoring free will and failing to account for social and environmental influences on criminal behavior.
This document presents a TWPS presentation on the topic of crime. It defines crime and discusses different types, including victimless crimes, organized crime, white-collar crime, professional crime, and cyber crime. The main causes of crime are identified as poverty, overpopulation, politics, promotion of crime, passion, depression, drugs/alcohol, and an ineffective legal system. Methods for preventing crime include providing practical education and vocational training, parental guidance, strict laws and punishments, increasing law enforcement, and raising public awareness. The conclusion states that crimes affect a country's peace, economy and tourism, but rates can be reduced through these prevention strategies.
This document discusses several key concepts in criminology, including:
1) Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior using interdisciplinary approaches including sociology, psychology, and other fields.
2) There are different perspectives on what constitutes a crime and how crime is defined, including consensus, conflict, and interactionist views.
3) Criminologists study various aspects of crime including developing theories of causation, examining criminal justice systems, analyzing crime data, and understanding criminal behavior.
4) There are ongoing debates around defining crime and how the criminal justice system operates.
Honor killings involve the killing of a family or community member who is perceived to have brought dishonor on the family. They mostly target women and girls for behaviors like refusing an arranged marriage, being sexually assaulted, seeking divorce from an abusive husband, or engaging in homosexual relationships. Honor killings are more common in northern Indian states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. They violate the law but continue due to cultural acceptance in some communities. Preventing honor killings requires changing social attitudes, enacting stronger legal consequences, and protecting at-risk individuals.
The document defines crime as an action that violates the law and is punishable, while defining deviance as violating social norms. It notes deviance can be criminal or non-criminal, and some deviant acts have become normalized over time. Crime is always against the law. Deviance is controlled socially while crime is controlled through police and courts. Functionalists view deviance as inevitable and serving purposes like clarifying norms. The document discusses types of crimes and deviance in Mauritius like theft and arrest rates, and factors contributing to crime like poverty, drugs, and family issues. Health impacts of crime victimization are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of crime and deviance including illegal and deviant behavior. It provides examples of behaviors that are considered criminal, deviant, or both. It also discusses sociological explanations for crime, including nature vs nurture perspectives, and why some groups such as males and the poor seem to commit more crimes. White collar crime is also defined.
This document discusses the key differences between crime and sin from a sociological perspective. It defines crime as an act against the laws of a country or society that is punishable, while defining sin as an act against the commands of God. The main differences are that sin can be forgiven by God but crime is not pardoned by the state, sin is judged by God while crime is judged in courts of law, and sinners will be punished in the afterlife whereas criminals face punishment in this life. The document provides types of each and their causes to understand the concepts.
The document discusses the nature of science and sociology as a science. It addresses what defines a science according to philosophical views which have become more liberalized over time. Specifically, it notes sciences no longer require strict criteria of falsification and acknowledge imperfect universal laws and models. The document then examines if sociology can be considered a science based on early sociologists' attempts to establish methodologies like observation and experimentation. While their arguments aimed to position sociology as scientific, their methods did not always align. Later sociologists introduced understanding ("Verstehen") as a method, addressing prior issues but still allowing for falsification. The document concludes sociology can be viewed scientifically given liberalized philosophy and the distinction between epistemic and
Criminology is the interdisciplinary study of crime and criminal behavior. It examines the nature of crime, criminal behavior, and criminal justice systems in order to understand patterns of criminal activity and develop methods for its control and prevention. Criminology draws from sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology and other fields to study why certain humans violate laws and the societal response to such violations. The objectives of criminology are to study the nature of crime and patterns of criminal behavior in order to help control and prevent crime as well as rehabilitate criminals. It provides information about criminals and the many factors that influence crime.
Physiological theories of crime argue that criminal behavior is innate and biologically determined. Early theories included demonology which attributed crime to demonic possession, and phrenology which claimed that certain skull and facial features identified "born criminals." Later studies examined body types, with some finding convicts were more likely to be mesomorphs. Adoption studies found that adoptees with criminal biological parents were more likely to have criminal records themselves, though this was mitigated by improved social conditions. Modern biological theories examine biochemical, neurophysiological, and genetic factors but are limited as most deviant acts are committed by physically normal individuals, and biological factors do not fully explain variations in crime rates between societies.
A Study of Social Factors and Juvenile Delinquency.pdfJessica Navarro
This document summarizes research on factors contributing to juvenile delinquency. It discusses how economic decline, lack of family/social support, peer influence, and urbanization can push youth towards criminal behavior. It also outlines Matza's neutralization theory, which proposes that children may justify delinquent acts when they do not agree with their parents' norms. The document examines laws related to juveniles in conflict with the law in India, including classifying offenders and non-offenders and ensuring confidentiality for juveniles in the legal system.
The document discusses several potential causes of crime. It notes that race/ethnicity/ancestry bias incidents dominated over half of hate crimes in 2015. Hate crimes are motivated by hatred against victims due to their race, religion, or other attributes. While some crimes are difficult to classify as hate crimes, racial tensions often escalate situations and lead to violent hate crimes. Developmental, psychological, sociological, and economic factors can all potentially influence criminal behavior on an individual level. No single theory can fully explain what causes crime, as it is influenced by a multitude of complex reasons.
Strain theory posits that societal pressure to achieve socially accepted goals through legitimate means can create strain, leading to deviant or criminal behaviors. Emile Durkheim first developed the concept of anomie to describe a lack of social norms. Robert Merton expanded on this, arguing that a disjunction between cultural goals and legitimate means of achieving them can result in innovation (crimes), ritualism, retreatism, or rebellion. Albert Cohen focused on how status frustration from blocked opportunities can lead to reaction formation and delinquent subcultures. Criticisms argue these theories may overdetermine criminal behavior and not account for alternative value systems.
Crime and deviance sociology presentationjosiah bent
This document discusses the political effects of crime and deviance. It summarizes several sociological theories on crime and deviance, including functionalist theories by Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton, and interactionist perspectives including labeling theory, differential theory, and social control theory. It then outlines ways in which crime can politically affect individuals, such as causing disappointment in government effectiveness, social isolation from civic participation, indifference to other community issues, support for vigilante justice, and joining groups that violently overthrow elected governments.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of crime from ancient to modern times. It notes that early societies did not clearly distinguish between criminal and civil offenses, focusing more on compensation than punishment. Over time, certain "botless" offenses emerged that involved punishment rather than compensation. This helped develop the modern concept of crime as a legal wrong remedied by state punishment. The document then categorizes different types of crimes and outlines some key elements like actus reus, mens rea, and prohibited acts. Finally, it distinguishes between the concepts of sin and crime.
This document provides an overview of several criminological theories that attempt to explain the causes of crime:
1. Classical theory views human behavior as motivated by hedonism, weighing pleasure against pain. It influenced Cesare Beccaria's view that the purpose of punishment is deterrence.
2. Functionalist theories see crime as inevitable and even necessary for society. Emile Durkheim argued crime strengthens social solidarity, while Merton's strain theory cites a disjunction between cultural goals and legitimate means of achievement as a cause of crime.
3. Marxist theories view crime as a response to inequality and economic deprivation under capitalism. Laws are made to protect the ruling class and law enforcement is biased in their favor
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighbourhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
Topic of Sociology, Crime and Deviance, Norms and Crime/Deviance, Introduction, Legally Deviant Behavior, Illegally Deviant Behavior, Criminal Behavior, Reasons People Commit Crimes and deviance, Deviance and crime, Group deviance, Three views of deviance, Biological, Psychological, Sociological, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Reinforcement theories, Differential association theory, Social conflict perspectives, Symbolic integrationists perspectives, Labeling theory, William Chambliss Experiment, Experiment by D.L Rosenhan, Crime, Crime Classification, Types of Crime, How is crime reported?, Recording Crime, Measures of crime, CRIME AND GENDER, CRIME AND AGE, ETHNIC GROUP/ETHNICITY, INSTITUTIONAL RACISM, Crime And Ethnicity, Crime And Social Class, Occupational Crime, Professional Crime Corporate Crime, Computer Crime, The criminal justice system, Police Duties, The criminal justice system, Justifications of punishment, Retributive justice, Social control
Power point presentation on topic HONOUR KILLING.
A small effort taken up by first year law students to create awareness and bring a change.So we wanted to know, who exactly is Ted Cruz and what is his stance on the issues?
The document discusses the roots of crimes against women in India. It covers 3 main factors: social, political, and economic. Socially, patriarchal structures and gender discrimination contribute. Politically, low women's representation and criminalization impact women. Economically, women face issues like non-inheritance of assets and dependence on men. Administrative measures like the Women's Reservation Bill aim to address these challenges. Suggested reforms focus on law implementation, education, and social movement building to reduce crimes against women in India.
Labelling theory argues that acts are not inherently criminal, but become defined as deviant when labeled as such by others in society. For labelling theorists like Becker, a deviant is someone who has successfully been given the label of deviant. Moral entrepreneurs play a role in leading campaigns to change laws in ways that create new groups of outsiders and expand the power of social control agencies. Whether someone is arrested and charged depends on factors like their interactions with these agencies and characteristics like class, gender, and ethnicity. Lemert distinguishes between primary deviance, which involves acts that go unnoticed and unlabeled, and secondary deviance, where the label itself leads to further deviant acts and identity.
Biological theories of crime propose that criminal behavior may be influenced by biological factors. Cesare Lombroso's theory claimed that criminals have distinct physical characteristics showing their evolutionarily primitive nature. The Y chromosome theory links criminal behavior to an extra Y chromosome. William Sheldon's somatotype theory associated criminality with a mesomorphic body type. While these theories provide biological explanations for crime, they have been criticized for ignoring free will and failing to account for social and environmental influences on criminal behavior.
This document presents a TWPS presentation on the topic of crime. It defines crime and discusses different types, including victimless crimes, organized crime, white-collar crime, professional crime, and cyber crime. The main causes of crime are identified as poverty, overpopulation, politics, promotion of crime, passion, depression, drugs/alcohol, and an ineffective legal system. Methods for preventing crime include providing practical education and vocational training, parental guidance, strict laws and punishments, increasing law enforcement, and raising public awareness. The conclusion states that crimes affect a country's peace, economy and tourism, but rates can be reduced through these prevention strategies.
This document discusses several key concepts in criminology, including:
1) Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior using interdisciplinary approaches including sociology, psychology, and other fields.
2) There are different perspectives on what constitutes a crime and how crime is defined, including consensus, conflict, and interactionist views.
3) Criminologists study various aspects of crime including developing theories of causation, examining criminal justice systems, analyzing crime data, and understanding criminal behavior.
4) There are ongoing debates around defining crime and how the criminal justice system operates.
Honor killings involve the killing of a family or community member who is perceived to have brought dishonor on the family. They mostly target women and girls for behaviors like refusing an arranged marriage, being sexually assaulted, seeking divorce from an abusive husband, or engaging in homosexual relationships. Honor killings are more common in northern Indian states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. They violate the law but continue due to cultural acceptance in some communities. Preventing honor killings requires changing social attitudes, enacting stronger legal consequences, and protecting at-risk individuals.
The document defines crime as an action that violates the law and is punishable, while defining deviance as violating social norms. It notes deviance can be criminal or non-criminal, and some deviant acts have become normalized over time. Crime is always against the law. Deviance is controlled socially while crime is controlled through police and courts. Functionalists view deviance as inevitable and serving purposes like clarifying norms. The document discusses types of crimes and deviance in Mauritius like theft and arrest rates, and factors contributing to crime like poverty, drugs, and family issues. Health impacts of crime victimization are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of crime and deviance including illegal and deviant behavior. It provides examples of behaviors that are considered criminal, deviant, or both. It also discusses sociological explanations for crime, including nature vs nurture perspectives, and why some groups such as males and the poor seem to commit more crimes. White collar crime is also defined.
This document discusses the key differences between crime and sin from a sociological perspective. It defines crime as an act against the laws of a country or society that is punishable, while defining sin as an act against the commands of God. The main differences are that sin can be forgiven by God but crime is not pardoned by the state, sin is judged by God while crime is judged in courts of law, and sinners will be punished in the afterlife whereas criminals face punishment in this life. The document provides types of each and their causes to understand the concepts.
The document discusses the nature of science and sociology as a science. It addresses what defines a science according to philosophical views which have become more liberalized over time. Specifically, it notes sciences no longer require strict criteria of falsification and acknowledge imperfect universal laws and models. The document then examines if sociology can be considered a science based on early sociologists' attempts to establish methodologies like observation and experimentation. While their arguments aimed to position sociology as scientific, their methods did not always align. Later sociologists introduced understanding ("Verstehen") as a method, addressing prior issues but still allowing for falsification. The document concludes sociology can be viewed scientifically given liberalized philosophy and the distinction between epistemic and
Criminology is the interdisciplinary study of crime and criminal behavior. It examines the nature of crime, criminal behavior, and criminal justice systems in order to understand patterns of criminal activity and develop methods for its control and prevention. Criminology draws from sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology and other fields to study why certain humans violate laws and the societal response to such violations. The objectives of criminology are to study the nature of crime and patterns of criminal behavior in order to help control and prevent crime as well as rehabilitate criminals. It provides information about criminals and the many factors that influence crime.
Physiological theories of crime argue that criminal behavior is innate and biologically determined. Early theories included demonology which attributed crime to demonic possession, and phrenology which claimed that certain skull and facial features identified "born criminals." Later studies examined body types, with some finding convicts were more likely to be mesomorphs. Adoption studies found that adoptees with criminal biological parents were more likely to have criminal records themselves, though this was mitigated by improved social conditions. Modern biological theories examine biochemical, neurophysiological, and genetic factors but are limited as most deviant acts are committed by physically normal individuals, and biological factors do not fully explain variations in crime rates between societies.
A Study of Social Factors and Juvenile Delinquency.pdfJessica Navarro
This document summarizes research on factors contributing to juvenile delinquency. It discusses how economic decline, lack of family/social support, peer influence, and urbanization can push youth towards criminal behavior. It also outlines Matza's neutralization theory, which proposes that children may justify delinquent acts when they do not agree with their parents' norms. The document examines laws related to juveniles in conflict with the law in India, including classifying offenders and non-offenders and ensuring confidentiality for juveniles in the legal system.
The document discusses several potential causes of crime. It notes that race/ethnicity/ancestry bias incidents dominated over half of hate crimes in 2015. Hate crimes are motivated by hatred against victims due to their race, religion, or other attributes. While some crimes are difficult to classify as hate crimes, racial tensions often escalate situations and lead to violent hate crimes. Developmental, psychological, sociological, and economic factors can all potentially influence criminal behavior on an individual level. No single theory can fully explain what causes crime, as it is influenced by a multitude of complex reasons.
A child who is nurtured with care grows positively, while neglect, wrong influences, or abuse can turn a child to delinquency. Children are also more vulnerable to criminal influences due to early exposure to media and expressing maturity. Juvenile delinquency refers to unlawful acts by those under 18 and has remained around 1.2% of total crimes over the past three years according to National Crime Records Bureau data. Factors contributing to juvenile delinquency include family issues like broken homes, environmental factors like living in disorganized neighborhoods, and school factors like association with deviant peers. Various approaches aim to support at-risk youth through opportunities and community involvement.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable summarizing or analyzing a document containing graphic criminal content without meaningful context or purpose.
This document discusses women's safety and empowerment in India. It provides statistics showing that a woman is raped every 20 minutes in India, though the annual rate of sexual violence against women has declined 64% from 1995 to 2010. It discusses solutions like tougher laws against rape, educating children on gender sensitivity, and creating a national sex offender registry. The document also discusses the concept of women's empowerment and provides data on India's Gender Empowerment Measure which evaluates women's political participation, economic participation, and control over resources.
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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INTRODUCTION
“We should be tough on crime and tough on the causes of crime”. (TONY BLAIR)
Starting with the term crime itself, so what is crime? Is it something
discouraged in the society, is it threat to the people living in the society
or is it something against the norms and values of a society? So, answer
to it is yes. Before describing the crimes in Pakistan and their causes
first we will evaluate the term crime with respect to sociology and
sociological perspective.
Figure 1 A crime Scene
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CRIME
In sociology there is a term known as deviance which is defined as a
behavior, trait, a belief, or characteristics that violates a norm and
causes a negative reaction.
These two words crime and deviance are linked with each other as
crime is a particular type of deviance. It is defined as crime is a behavior
that violates a society’s legal code.
Or
Crime is defined as a violation of norm that has been codified into law.
“Peace is a virtue of a society and war is its crime” (VICTOR HUGO)
In today’s modern world there are many crimes in a society, but
sociologists have divided crimes into three types: violent crime,
property crime and cybercrime. Violent crime includes robbery,
homicide, rape, and assault, that may result an injury to a person.
Property crime includes larceny, burglary, and motor vehicle theft.
Cyber crime is associated with technology and computers. It is a type of
crime which is committed via internet which includes identity theft,
embezzlement, fraud, sexual predation, and financial scams.
THEORIES OF CRIME AND DEVIANCE
Well, to study crime and their causes with respect to sociological
perspective there are certain theories given by various sociologist
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through which we can analyze crime and can reach to their true cause.
The sociologists have divided these various theories into three types
which are: biological theories, psychological theories, and sociological
theories, moreover these three branches are divided into various other
theories.
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Biological theories mentioned above of various sociologists has stressed
upon the importance of inherited factors in producing the deviance and
crime.
inheritance
factors by
lambroso and
sheldon
theory
hooton theory
sarnoff
mednick's
theory
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PHSYCOLOGICAL THEORIES
psychoanalytic
theory by sigmund
freud
behavioural
theories
crime as an
individual choice by
james willson and
richard herrenstein
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Psychological theories by various sociologists have emphasized on
cognitive or emotional factors within the individual as the cause of
deviance or crime.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Sociological theories of crime or deviance rely on patterns of social
interactions and the relationship of the individual to the group as
explanations.
CRIMES IN PAKISTAN
“When there is crime in the society there is no justice” (PLATO)
In every society there are certain rules, norms, or values. It is
mandatory for the people living in the society to follow those rules and
anomie theory strain theory control theory
cultural
transmission
theory
labeling
theory
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norms but there are certain people living in the same society who does
not follow those rules or norms. In other words, one can say that they
show deviant behavior.
or they are law breakers or criminal. In Pakistani society crime exists
too. There are many types of crimes in Pakistan that occurs every
where especially in big major cities like Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi,
Peshawar, Quetta. Pakistan has one for the harshest justice systems in
the world. In 2007, it administered 135 executions, the 4th greatest
number of that year. For those who are committed to prison, the
facilities are amongst the more crowded on earth, with a 222.5% prison
capacity filled.
JUVENILE CRIME
This type of crime is associated with individuals younger than 18 years
old. in most countries of the world the minimum age for criminal
responsibility is under 18 years old, but unfortunately in Pakistan
minimum age for criminal responsibility is 7 years old.
Figure 2 Pakistan flag
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Juvenile crime in Pakistan is mostly murder(unintentionally), stealing
because of extreme poverty and hunger, kids transporting drugs,
damaging property etc. According to SPARC report published in 2012
there were 1500-2000 juveniles imprisoned in Pakistan. There are many
factors and reasons for occurrence of juvenile crime in Pakistan, first is
low age of criminal responsibility, which is so unjust. According to a
report by the Justice Project Pakistan (JPP), at least 10% of death-row
prisoners in Pakistan committed crimes when they were under the
age of 18. Second is bad influence from peer groups. Third is less or no
surveillance of parents on children. Fourth is absorbing violent acts
from television or media exposure, and last in the case of poor kids the
main causes and reason for crime is mostly hunger and poverty.
Figure 3 Reasons and cause of juvenile crime
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VIOLENT CRIME
As mentioned above, Violent crime includes robbery, homicide, rape,
and assault, that may result an injury to a person. In Pakistan violent
crimes are quite
high.
One of the major
violent crime in
Pakistan is
domestic violence
Figure 4 police officers arresting juvenile.
Figure 5 say no to violence.
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or abuse. A 2011 report claims that 80% of Pakistani women suffer
from domestic abuse. A 2004 study claimed that 50% of the women in
Pakistan are physically battered and 90% are mentally and verbally
abused by their men, while other reports claim domestic violence rates
between 70% to over 95% in Pakistan. Earlier studies from 1970s to
1990s suggest similar incidence rates of domestic violence in Pakistan.
In Pakistan, domestic violence occurs in forms of beatings, sexual
violence, torture, mutilation, acid attacks and burning the victim alive
(bride burning). The reason behind domestic abuse in Pakistan is male
dominancy, conservative mindset, and illiteracy. Honor killings is also
one of the major violent crime in Pakistan. honor killings are locally
known as karo-Kari. Pakistan has highest volume of documented an
estimated honor killing in Pakistan is performed greatly a rate of
increment (1000 out of 5000 total). Honor killing are done because the
death of the victim is viewed as the way of restoring reputation and
honor of the family. It is likely that honor killing has been in practice in
Pakistan for thousands of years and it remains a common practice in
Pakistan today unless the public chooses to condemn you. Honor
killings are once again becoming a national controversy in Pakistan the
practice in which a family will murders one of its own members for
social transgression such as having premarital sex is receiving another
round of international attention over the killing of a pregnant woman in
Lahore. Even though, a 25-year-old girl killed by her father for not
accepting the relative to marry with. Reason and causes of honor
killings in Pakistan are religious extremism, conservative school of
thought, cultural and honor factors, and less knowledge. RAPE is
another violent crime in Pakistan, but its cases are very rare.
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Figure 6 a victim of rape
Figure 7 honor killing.
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PROPERTY CRIME
Property crime is the type of the crime in which the person who
commits crime seeks to damage to or derive an unlawful benefit or
interest from another property without using force or threat of force.
Property crimes includes burglary, theft, arson, larceny, shoplift and
vandalism. In Pakistan, these types of crime are very common,
especially in the city of Karachi. It is one of the Pakistan’s biggest city,
but its rising crimes rate is extremely alarming. Property crimes in
Karachi are mostly motor vehicles theft, burglary, dacoity and
Here is some current statistics of crimes in Karachi.
Figure 8 city of lights Karachi
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Crime rates in Karachi, Pakistan
Level of crime 62.47 High
Crime increasing in the past 3 years 37.36 Low
Worries home broken and things stolen 45.34 Moderate
Worries being mugged or robbed 62.31 High
Worries car stolen 52.12 Moderate
Worries things from car stolen 53.93 Moderate
Worries attacked 44.25 Moderate
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Worries being insulted 36.74 Low
Worries being subject to a physical attack because of your
skin color, ethnic origin, gender, or religion
29.17 Low
Problem people using or dealing drugs 51.76 Moderate
Problem property crimes such as vandalism and theft 58.46 Moderate
Problem violent crimes such as assault and armed robbery 63.08 High
Problem corruption and bribery 80.14
Very
High
The following statistics are of June 2021. Unfortunately, crime rate in
Karachi is again soaring. Reasons and cause behind property crimes in
Pakistan and especially Karachi are poverty, hunger, soaring inflation.
Rising population and corruption is another factor that Karachi police
and ruling government of PPP are unable to control crime. If we analyze
this situation in sociological perspective most of the criminals do not
belong to any gangs or mafia but they are indeed poor people, when
there is no option left to feed themselves and their families, they opt to
become a thief. So, one can conclude that poverty and unemployment
can lead a person to show deviant behavior or crime.
WHITE COLLAR CRIME
White collar crime is a non-violent crime. This crime is committed by
businessmen’s, government officials, and by various individuals at
corporate level. This crime is associated with finance and unlawful
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financial benefits. The term white collar crime was first devised by
sociologist and criminologist Edwin Sutherland in 1939.
White collar crime in Pakistan is common in IT sector, trade business,
banking sector, education sector, health sector, and more. Money
laundering, cybercrime including cyber hacking, business frauds,
documents fraud and forgery, dishonest issuance of cheque are some
of the key examples of white-collar crime in Pakistan. white collar
crimes were at rise in Pakistan but thanks to the current PTI
government initiatives, FIA and NAB have been able to put up a great
show against white collar crime, especially against big politicians and
Figure 9 white collar crime cartoon
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bank owners like Mian mansha, Nawaz sharif, Asif Ali Zardari and many
more.
OVERALL CRIME RATE
• Pakistan crime rate & statistics for 2018 was 3.88, a 1.96%
decline from 2017.
• Pakistan crime rate & statistics for 2017 was 3.96, a 5.29%
decline from 2016.
• Pakistan crime rate & statistics for 2016 was 4.18, a 12.08%
decline from 2015.
Figure 10 National accountability bureau
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• Pakistan crime rate & statistics for 2015 was 4.76, a 30.03%
decline from 2014.
CONCLUSION
Concluding my debate and views I just want to say that there may be
thousands of reasons or causes for crime, but the core of the crime is
poverty. Some other factors can also be added like peer groups bad
influence and bad parenting.
In Pakistan about 20 % of the population living standards are below
poverty line. So, my view is that criminals are not born, they are
created by the society. So, it is our responsibility to help people who
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are impoverished and unemployed, so they do not fall towards doing
crime. Human psychology says that when a person is living in a poverty
and hunger, he will contravene societies norms and rules to eradicate
the hunger of his family and himself.
References
stein, j. f. (sixth edition 2018). The real world an inroduction to
sociology. canada: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifh
Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017.
An introduction to sociology oxford handbook
Daily Nation newspaper article
Daily dawn newspaper article
Statistics and numbers from world crime rate index
Images inserted from bing.com.