Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is an approach to deterring criminal behavior through environmental design. It focuses on six key concepts: territoriality, surveillance, access control, activity support, image and maintenance, and target hardening. The document provides details on each concept and gives recommendations for applying CPTED principles to residential, educational, and commercial design and neighborhoods. It emphasizes natural surveillance, access control, and territorial reinforcement to promote safety.

1. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
VIJESH KUMAR V
10ID60R17Date: 28-08-2010

2. What is CRIME?
“is the breach of rules or
laws for which some
governing authority (via
mechanisms such as legal
systems) can ultimately
prescribe a conviction.”
 Individual human societies may each define crime and crimes differently.
 While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as
a crime; for example: breaches of contract and of other civil law may rank as
"offences" or as "infractions". Modern societies generally regard crimes as offences
against the public or the state, distinguished from torts (offences against private
parties that can give rise to a civil cause of action).

3. Product of CRIME?
• Fear
• Disorderness
• Avoidance
behaviour
• Dependency
level high
• Quality of Life

4. • Create, implement and monitor a national action plan for violence
prevention.
• Enhance capacity for collecting data on violence.
• Define priorities for, and support research on, the causes,
consequences, costs and prevention of violence.
• Promote primary prevention responses.
• Strengthen responses for victims of violence.
• Integrate violence prevention into social and educational policies, and
thereby promote gender and social equality.
• Increase collaboration and exchange of information on violence
prevention.
• Promote and monitor adherence to international treaties, laws and
other mechanisms to protect human rights.
• Seek practical, internationally agreed responses to the global drugs and
global arms trade.
CRIME PREVENTION?

5. “the proper design and
effective use of the built
environment which can
lead to a reduction in the
fear of crime and the
incidence of crime, and to
an improvement in the
quality of life”.
CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN?

6. Parts/broad headings on CPTED…….

7. • Design Concept
• “sense of ownership” in
legitimate users of space
• Thereby reducing
opportunities for offending
by discouraging illegitimate
users
It contains what?
• Marking
• A specified region of
belongingness
1. Territoriality?

8. How we mark?
• Barriers.....
1. Territoriality?
Symbolic barriers………
Real barriers………………
Eg: Signage
Pavement designs
Landscaping
Eg: Boundary walls

9. To separate public, public-private and private
space, to define ownership and define
acceptable patterns of usage, in addition to
promoting opportunities for surveillance.
Territoriality varies between cultures,
neighbourhoods and individual groups.
Enhanced levels of territoriality have been
linked to reduced levels of recorded crime
and fear of crime
1. Territoriality?

10. • Watching continuously
• Observing the activities
• Recording
2. Surveillance?

11. • Informal / Natural
2. Surveillance?
• Formal / Organised
Eg: Residents’ self-surveillance
opportunities as facilitated by
windows
• Mechanical
Eg: Police patrols
Eg: Street lighting
CCTV

12. Physical design has the capacity to promote
informal or natural surveillance opportunities
for residents and their agents.
Surveillance is part of capable guardianship
If offenders perceive that they can be
observed (even if they are not), they may be
less likely to offend, given the increased
potential for intervention, apprehension and
prosecution.
2. Surveillance?

13. • User identified entry
• Control over the movement
3. Access Control?

14. • Informal / Natural
• Formal / Organised
Eg: Spatial definition
• Mechanical
Eg: Security Personnel
Eg: Locks and Bolts
3. Access Control?

15. Reducing opportunities for crime by denying
access to potential targets and creating a
heightened perception of risk in offenders.
Regulated access reducing the crime level of
the area.
Poyner (1992) evaluated the impact of
widening aisles at an open-air market in
Birmingham, England, finding significant
reductions in recorded robberies over a two-
year period.
3. Access Control?

16. • Watching continuously
• Observing the activities
• Recording
• Safety and Security
4. Activity Support?

17. Activity support involves the use of design
and signage to encourage intended patterns
of usage of public space.
Those with high levels of activity and with
surveillance opportunities. Eg: Bank
Although increased numbers of pedestrians
may provide additional “eyes on the street”
and potentially discourage some offences,
this may also actually encourage and provide
other targets for crime (e.g. pick-pocketing).
4. Activity Support?

18. • Maintain and Improving image
• Continuous maintenance
• Physical Environment as an Indicator
5. Image / Maintenance?

19. Promoting a positive image and routinely
maintaining the built environment ensures
that the physical environment continues to
function effectively and transmits positive
signals to all users.
The significance of the physical condition and
“image” of the built environment and the
effect this may have on crime and the fear of
crime has long been acknowledged.
5. Image / Maintenance?

20.  The most long-
established and
traditional approach to
crime prevention.
 It is directed at denying
or limiting access
 Crucially, excessive use of
target hardening tactics
can create a “fortress
mentality”
6. Target Hardening?

21. How we harden?
Use of physical barriers
such as fences, gates,
locks, electronic alarms
and security patrols.
It is the summation of all
the Techniques used
together to harden the
target.
6. Target Hardening?

22. Residents withdraw behind physical barriers
The self-policing capacity of the built
environment is damaged
Effectively working against CPTED strategies
that rely on surveillance, territoriality and
image.
6. Target Hardening?

23. During Schematic Level
Neighborhood conditions?
Site Conditions?
Access, Circulation and Parking?
Proposed building?
Landscaping?
Lighting?
During preparation of Construction Drawings
Floor Plans?
Materials and Products Used?
Design Questions

24. Residential Design
Educational Design
Commercial Design
Industrial Design
Design Recommendations

25.  “Know your neighbour”
 Good Surveillance to all
your surroundings –
Neighbours, Street, Etc.
 Access Control - Controlled
Access to Main entrance
door
 Good Lighting
 Territorial reinforcement
 Maintenance - Make sure
the visibility
Residential Design Recommendations – Single Family Homes

26.  Good Surveillance
 Balconies provide
surveillance
 Make sure Elevator and
open stair wells are clearly
visible from the entrance
 Access Control – Limit
access
 Good Lighting
 Territorial reinforcement
 Maintenance
Residential Design Recommendations – Multi Family Homes

27. • Good Surveillance to
Recreational areas
• Street Design – Traffic
calming, Avoid hiding spots
• Landscape and signage
used to guide the people
• Access Control – Limit
access
• Interaction with neighbors
• Territorial reinforcement
• Maintenance
Residential Design Recommendations – Neighborhoods

28. • Natural Access Control
– Locate site so that all
areas can be observed
during off campus hours
– Limiting Access
– Allow casual observation
with plenty of room
between rows and no
dead end
– Provide two way
communication
throughout the building
Educational Facilities

29. • Natural Surveillance
– Secure all out buildings and locate them in the areas that
can be easily observed
– Locate visual panels in the class rooms so that teachers
can observe the hallway
– Avoid landscape that create hide spots and reduce the
visual lines
• Territorial Reinforcement
– Secure parking areas in off campus timings
– Use pavement markings to identify the users to use
• Maintenance
Educational Facilities

30. Crime Prevention in built environment
Design methodology and approach
Limitations
Practical implications
Concepts of “Hot spots”
After dark design – avoidance behavior
Concept of sightline node
Community participation
Conclusion

31. Thank You…
VIJESH KUMAR V
10ID60R17Date: 28-08-2010

32. Bibliography
• Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): a review and modern
bibliography; Paul Michael Cozens, Department of the Premier and Cabinet, Perth,
Australia; Greg Saville, University of New Haven, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,
and David Hillier, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, UK.
• Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): General guidelines for
designing safer communities, January 20, 2000; City of Virginia Beach, Municipal
Center, Virginia Beach, VA 23456-9040
• CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN: Community
Participation and Afterdark Design. Dr Robert Samuels, Director, Environmental
Design Research, P/L. Senior Lecturer, School of Architecture, Faculty of the Built
Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney. United States.
• ABANDONED BUILDINGS: MAGNETS FOR CRIME? WILLIAM SPELMAN, Lyndon B.
Johnson School of Public, University of Texas at Austin

33. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
VIJESH KUMAR V
10ID60R17Date: 28-08-2010