Crime is deviant behaviour which is against the criminal law
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Crime is defined as deviant behavior against criminal law. However, there is no universal agreement on what constitutes a crime. Some argue crime is socially constructed and depends on how societies interpret actions. In the Caribbean, there is debate around whether the region needs its own crime theory. While some argue theories may not fully capture Caribbean contexts, others believe mainstream theories can still apply when considering cultural and economic factors influencing local crime patterns and rates. Overall, the document discusses debates around defining crime and the need for region-specific crime theories.
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Crime and deviance can be summarized as follows:
1) Crime involves breaking formal laws while deviance breaks social norms but may not be illegal. Different theories seek to explain the causes and functions of crime and deviance in society.
2) Marxism views crime as resulting from the exploitation and alienation of the working class under capitalism. Functionalism sees crime as serving functions like reinforcing social norms.
3) More recent theories include strain theory, which links crime to inability to achieve societal goals, and control theory, where weak social bonds increase criminal behavior.
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Postmodernism has contributed to sociologists' understanding of crime and deviance in today's society in the following ways:
1. It has challenged modernist meta-narratives and conceptions of what crime is.
2. Sociologists influenced by postmodernism see crime as socially constructed and dependent on context.
3. Postmodern theories emphasize issues like globalization, state crime, and the changing nature of surveillance in understanding crime and deviance in contemporary society.
Left realism mind map
Left Realism focuses on the exclusion and victimization of the working class. It argues that the working class commits crimes against each other, not the rich, due to relative deprivation and inequality of opportunities. While structural factors like inequality, lack of jobs and poor housing contribute to crime, Left Realism also acknowledges the role of subcultures and individualism in criminal behavior. It supports multi-agency approaches and greater community involvement in policing to curb crime rates. However, simply increasing policing does not address the underlying causes of crime.
13A strengths vs weaknesses
This document summarizes the key strengths and weaknesses of various sociological perspectives on crime: biological, functionalist, sub-cultural, interactionist, Marxist, neo-Marxist, feminist, ethnicity, right realist, left realist, and postmodernist. For each perspective, the strengths and weaknesses are outlined in point form. The document provides an overview of the major theories of crime and how they differ in their causal explanations and criticisms of one another.
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This document lists 20 concepts related to theories of crime and criminal justice policy. It asks the reader to determine whether each concept is more closely associated with right realism, left realism, or both. Right realism focuses more on individual responsibility and tougher law enforcement responses to crime. Left realism emphasizes social and economic factors that may contribute to criminal behavior as well as alternative, community-based approaches. Many of the concepts listed, such as addressing structural causes of crime, democratic police control, and multi-agency prevention could apply to both realisms. Others like zero tolerance and tougher sentencing seem more right, while relative deprivation and marginalization seem more left.
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Right realism views crime from a politically conservative perspective, focusing on inadequate social control as the cause of crime rather than social factors. It believes individuals commit crimes when social constraints are weakened. Theorists like Murray and Wilson link crime to the breakdown of social bonds and order in communities, especially the decline of the nuclear family and male role models. While right realism recognizes the real problems of crime, its theories have been criticized for oversimplifying causes and neglecting other types of crime like white-collar offenses.
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This document summarizes three major justice theories: Adam Smith's theory of moral sentiments, Emile Durkheim's structural functionalism theory, and Howard Becker's labeling theory. It discusses their key ideas including Smith's concept of sympathy, Durkheim's ideas of anomie and social solidarity, and Becker's focus on how labels can become self-fulfilling prophecies. The document then applies these theories to analyze the problem of wrongful sentencing under mandatory minimum laws, noting how they break down social solidarity and norms, perpetuate further deviance through labeling, and lack sympathy for others.
8 The GLOBALISATION of CRIME
Globalization has contributed to the rise of transnational organized crime by creating new opportunities and connections across borders. This is illustrated by the illegal drug trade between Colombia and the United States, where there is both a huge demand for drugs in the US and a ready supply from impoverished Colombian farmers and traffickers. The global criminal economy is now worth over $1 trillion annually through activities like the drug trade, human trafficking, and money laundering of criminal profits. Globalization has also led to new patterns of local criminal organization, as seen in studies of groups in the UK that connect to the global drug trade through local distribution networks.
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The summary discusses the key ideas and findings of the Chicago School of sociology from 1914-1934:
1) Sociologists like Robert Park studied cities as natural areas and proposed theories like the concentric zone model to explain urban social organization.
2) Shaw and McKay mapped juvenile delinquency rates and found they decreased moving outward from the city center, which they linked to factors like poverty, instability, and weak community controls in inner zones.
3) Though criticized for ecological fallacy and treating crime as a measure of social disorganization, the Chicago School established urban sociology and the importance of community factors like collective efficacy in preventing crime.
Marxist perspectives of crime
Marxist perspectives view crime and deviance as products of social inequalities and class conflicts within capitalist societies, rather than individual moral failings. Crime stems from the exploitation of the working class by the ruling bourgeoisie and results from material conditions of poverty and lack of opportunity. Additionally, the ruling class defines what is criminal mainly to control and contain resistance by the working class to their subjugation and protect ruling class interests. Therefore, crime will persist as long as inequality and class divisions exist within capitalist systems.
Labelling theories of Crime
Labelling theories argue that deviance is not inherent in acts themselves, but rather defined by societal rules and the labelling of those who break them. Certain groups, like the police, benefit from expanding definitions of deviance and enforcing laws in a way that discriminates against the working class. Once labelled as deviant, people are more likely to take on that identity and continue deviant acts due to limited opportunities. While labelling can increase deviance, reintegrative shaming that distinguishes acts from persons may discourage continued deviance and encourage reacceptance.
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Left realism notes
Left Realism emerged in 1980s Britain as a reaction to both conservative "law and order" politics and the perceived lack of radical left thinking on crime issues. It aims to take crime seriously while avoiding moral hysteria. Left Realism sees crime as a real problem but believes its causes lie in structural inequality and blocked opportunities. It draws on subcultural theory and relative deprivation to explain rising crime rates among vulnerable groups like unemployed youth and young black men. While some praise its policy focus, others criticize it as anti-working class or even racist.
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The document summarizes Howard Becker's labeling theory of deviance. It explains that 1) acts are defined as deviant by social audiences, not inherent qualities of the acts themselves, 2) people become labeled based on these definitions which can encourage further deviance, and 3) deviant subcultures can form that support and rationalize the deviant identities and behaviors. The labeling process and some criticisms of the theory are also outlined.
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1. Traditional societies are agriculture-based with limited social mobility and production.
2. Preconditions for take-off introduce new ideas, financial institutions, and investments in transportation and education.
3. Take-off integrates new technology and methods into agriculture and develops manufacturing industries through financial investments, stimulating modernization.
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1. realist theories
1. Right Realism emerged in the 1970s-1980s and favored tough law and order policies like increased imprisonment and the death penalty.
2. Right Realists believe that crime is caused by biological differences in individuals, poor socialization rather than structural factors, and rational choice to offend if risks are low.
3. They advocate deterrence methods like zero tolerance policing, surveillance, and harsh punishments to raise the costs of offending. However, critics argue this ignores wider causes of crime and can discriminate against certain groups.
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This document discusses different explanations for differences in crime rates between ethnic groups:
Left realism argues that crime statistics reflect real differences in offending rates, while neo-Marxism sees them as a social construct resulting from racist labeling and discrimination. Gilroy argues that ethnic minority crime stems from resistance against a racist society, while others like Lea and Young attribute it to marginalization and economic exclusion leading to utilitarian crime. There are criticisms of both views, with left realists like Lea and Young arguing that Gilroy romanticizes street crime, and neo-Marxists like Hall being criticized for not providing clear evidence linking capitalist crisis to public fears about crime. The document examines these competing perspectives on the relationship between ethnicity
Postmodernist theory of crime and deviance
Postmodern theorists argue that crime is a social construction that reflects the views of those in power in a given society. They propose redefining crime more broadly as any actions that cause harm or repress future human development. This recognizes behaviors beyond legal definitions and accounts for disrespect towards others' identities. However, postmodernism does not adequately explain why most people do not harm others or address issues of justice for all members of society.
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1. The document discusses various sociological perspectives on crime including biological, psychological, functionalist, subculturalist, interactionist, Marxist, feminist, ethnicity, right realist, left realist, and postmodernist perspectives.
2. For each perspective, strengths and weaknesses are outlined in relation to how other perspectives may critique them. For example, Marxists argue functionalists fail to explain what causes crime, and feminists say subculturalists focus only on male crime.
3. Postmodernism is seen as useful for discussing complex issues outside typical crime paradigms, but critics argue it fails to account for social structures like class that influence crime rates.
8 The Social Conditions of State Crime HANDOUT
Kelman and Hamilton studied the My Lai massacre in Vietnam and identified three features that can produce crimes of obedience: authorization, where normal moral principles are replaced by the duty to obey those in authority; routinization, where once an act is committed there is pressure to turn it into a routine detached act; and dehumanization, where the enemy is portrayed as subhuman rather than human. Some sociologists argue that modern society can create conditions for large-scale state crimes through features like science, technology, and division of labor that allow victims to be dehumanized and mass murder to become an administrative routine task, as was the case with the Holocaust.
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance can be summarized as follows:
1) Crime involves breaking formal laws while deviance breaks social norms but may not be illegal. Different theories seek to explain the causes and functions of crime and deviance in society.
2) Marxism views crime as resulting from the exploitation and alienation of the working class under capitalism. Functionalism sees crime as serving functions like reinforcing social norms.
3) More recent theories include strain theory, which links crime to inability to achieve societal goals, and control theory, where weak social bonds increase criminal behavior.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Postmodernism has contributed to sociologists' understanding of crime and deviance in today's society in the following ways:
1. It has challenged modernist meta-narratives and conceptions of what crime is.
2. Sociologists influenced by postmodernism see crime as socially constructed and dependent on context.
3. Postmodern theories emphasize issues like globalization, state crime, and the changing nature of surveillance in understanding crime and deviance in contemporary society.
Left realism mind map
Left Realism focuses on the exclusion and victimization of the working class. It argues that the working class commits crimes against each other, not the rich, due to relative deprivation and inequality of opportunities. While structural factors like inequality, lack of jobs and poor housing contribute to crime, Left Realism also acknowledges the role of subcultures and individualism in criminal behavior. It supports multi-agency approaches and greater community involvement in policing to curb crime rates. However, simply increasing policing does not address the underlying causes of crime.
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This document summarizes the key strengths and weaknesses of various sociological perspectives on crime: biological, functionalist, sub-cultural, interactionist, Marxist, neo-Marxist, feminist, ethnicity, right realist, left realist, and postmodernist. For each perspective, the strengths and weaknesses are outlined in point form. The document provides an overview of the major theories of crime and how they differ in their causal explanations and criticisms of one another.
Realisms cross over activity
This document lists 20 concepts related to theories of crime and criminal justice policy. It asks the reader to determine whether each concept is more closely associated with right realism, left realism, or both. Right realism focuses more on individual responsibility and tougher law enforcement responses to crime. Left realism emphasizes social and economic factors that may contribute to criminal behavior as well as alternative, community-based approaches. Many of the concepts listed, such as addressing structural causes of crime, democratic police control, and multi-agency prevention could apply to both realisms. Others like zero tolerance and tougher sentencing seem more right, while relative deprivation and marginalization seem more left.
Right Realism
Right realism views crime from a politically conservative perspective, focusing on inadequate social control as the cause of crime rather than social factors. It believes individuals commit crimes when social constraints are weakened. Theorists like Murray and Wilson link crime to the breakdown of social bonds and order in communities, especially the decline of the nuclear family and male role models. While right realism recognizes the real problems of crime, its theories have been criticized for oversimplifying causes and neglecting other types of crime like white-collar offenses.
Final Presentation
This document summarizes three major justice theories: Adam Smith's theory of moral sentiments, Emile Durkheim's structural functionalism theory, and Howard Becker's labeling theory. It discusses their key ideas including Smith's concept of sympathy, Durkheim's ideas of anomie and social solidarity, and Becker's focus on how labels can become self-fulfilling prophecies. The document then applies these theories to analyze the problem of wrongful sentencing under mandatory minimum laws, noting how they break down social solidarity and norms, perpetuate further deviance through labeling, and lack sympathy for others.
8 The GLOBALISATION of CRIME
Globalization has contributed to the rise of transnational organized crime by creating new opportunities and connections across borders. This is illustrated by the illegal drug trade between Colombia and the United States, where there is both a huge demand for drugs in the US and a ready supply from impoverished Colombian farmers and traffickers. The global criminal economy is now worth over $1 trillion annually through activities like the drug trade, human trafficking, and money laundering of criminal profits. Globalization has also led to new patterns of local criminal organization, as seen in studies of groups in the UK that connect to the global drug trade through local distribution networks.
02 positivism social eco chicago school
The summary discusses the key ideas and findings of the Chicago School of sociology from 1914-1934:
1) Sociologists like Robert Park studied cities as natural areas and proposed theories like the concentric zone model to explain urban social organization.
2) Shaw and McKay mapped juvenile delinquency rates and found they decreased moving outward from the city center, which they linked to factors like poverty, instability, and weak community controls in inner zones.
3) Though criticized for ecological fallacy and treating crime as a measure of social disorganization, the Chicago School established urban sociology and the importance of community factors like collective efficacy in preventing crime.
Marxist perspectives of crime
Marxist perspectives view crime and deviance as products of social inequalities and class conflicts within capitalist societies, rather than individual moral failings. Crime stems from the exploitation of the working class by the ruling bourgeoisie and results from material conditions of poverty and lack of opportunity. Additionally, the ruling class defines what is criminal mainly to control and contain resistance by the working class to their subjugation and protect ruling class interests. Therefore, crime will persist as long as inequality and class divisions exist within capitalist systems.
Labelling theories of Crime
Labelling theories argue that deviance is not inherent in acts themselves, but rather defined by societal rules and the labelling of those who break them. Certain groups, like the police, benefit from expanding definitions of deviance and enforcing laws in a way that discriminates against the working class. Once labelled as deviant, people are more likely to take on that identity and continue deviant acts due to limited opportunities. While labelling can increase deviance, reintegrative shaming that distinguishes acts from persons may discourage continued deviance and encourage reacceptance.
Chapter08
This document discusses social control, deviance, crime, and the death penalty in the United States. It defines key terms like social control, deviance, and crime. It provides statistics on crime rates and incarceration. It also examines functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives on deviance. Finally, it analyzes the death penalty debate and provides data on its use in the US and worldwide.
Left realism notes
Left Realism emerged in 1980s Britain as a reaction to both conservative "law and order" politics and the perceived lack of radical left thinking on crime issues. It aims to take crime seriously while avoiding moral hysteria. Left Realism sees crime as a real problem but believes its causes lie in structural inequality and blocked opportunities. It draws on subcultural theory and relative deprivation to explain rising crime rates among vulnerable groups like unemployed youth and young black men. While some praise its policy focus, others criticize it as anti-working class or even racist.
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This document discusses stratification and social mobility. It defines different systems of stratification including ascribed and achieved status, slavery, castes, and social classes. It also discusses perspectives on stratification from Marx, Weber, functionalism, and conflict theory. The document examines social class measurement and trends in income, wealth, and poverty in the US. It describes types of social mobility including horizontal, vertical, intergenerational, and intragenerational mobility.
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Mind Map: Explaining Ethnic Differences in offending
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Functionalists believe religion preserves social order by integrating people into communities through shared beliefs and values. Marxists argue religion is created by ruling classes to control masses by masking exploitation and distracting from social problems. Interactionists view religion as providing meaning and answers to life's fundamental questions like suffering, as well as addressing the "problem of theodicy" of reconciling evil and a believed good God.
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Wealth and race/ethnicity are two major determinants of social stratification in the Caribbean. Wealth determines one's social class, with those who own the means of production dominating the upper class and those with little wealth in the lower class. Race/ethnicity also structures stratification, as seen during periods of slavery and indentureship, with different ethnic groups like whites, Africans, Indians, and Chinese maintaining distinct social patterns. While some argue class has become more important, others believe race/ethnicity continues to influence Caribbean social stratification.
CAPE Sociology 2012 m2 q4
The document discusses secularization of religion in Caribbean society. It provides arguments both for and against secularization using Wilson's theory of secularization. It examines secularization in four key elements - statistical decline in religious participation, growth of rationalism replacing religion, disengagement of churches from society, and religious pluralism fragmenting society. While some statistics show declining religiosity, others show growth in sects and ethnic religions. Overall, secularization is a complex phenomenon with evidence both supporting and limiting its presence in the Caribbean.
Education
Education takes place through both formal and informal institutions. It imparts knowledge and skills and allows for socialization. In traditional societies, education occurred informally through families, but as societies changed, specialized knowledge was needed. The functions of education have been examined through various theoretical perspectives such as functionalism, Marxism, and interactionism. Education in the Caribbean developed from limited pre-emancipation education to the establishment of the University of the West Indies in the 1950s, which allowed for regional university education.
Conceptualizingdevelopment
The document discusses the importance of protecting personal information online and the risks of identity theft. It recommends taking basic security steps like using strong and unique passwords for all accounts, enabling two-factor authentication when possible, and being wary of suspicious links or requests for sensitive data over email or social media. Overall, the document stresses that individuals should be vigilant about their digital privacy and security.
Cape sociology unit 1
This sociology unit covers three modules: Module 1 examines sociology as a discipline, methods of research, and origins of Caribbean sociology as well as culture, Caribbean culture, identity, and Caribbean identity. Module 2 covers social institutions including definitions and functions of family, religion, and education in the Caribbean. Module 3 defines and discusses social stratification, functions, stratification in the Caribbean, and social mobility in the Caribbean.
Basic concepts on crime and deviance
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to deviance and social control. It outlines seven general areas that will be covered, including the social distribution of crime and deviance, theories of crime and deviance, and sociological explanations of suicide. It discusses key concepts such as the definition of deviance, different types of deviant behavior, and whether deviance is absolute or relative. The document argues that deviance is a relative concept that varies across cultures and over time, and is socially constructed by rules created by societies. Cross-cultural and historical comparisons are presented as ways to illustrate how perceptions of behaviors like homosexuality, suicide, and killing vary.
Cuba and batista 1952 59
This document provides background information on Fulgencio Batista's rule in Cuba from 1952-1959. It summarizes that Batista overthrew the Cuban government in 1952 in a coup and established himself as a dictator. Though Cuba prospered economically under Batista, social injustice increased as opposition to his authoritarian rule grew from students, politicians who wanted power, and rebel groups like the 26th of July Movement led by Fidel Castro. By 1958, Batista's government had lost control and legitimacy as Castro's guerilla forces gained popularity and success in their armed resistance across the country.
Demographic transition theory
Demographic Transition Theory outlines 4 stages of population change that countries typically progress through:
Stage 1 involves high birth and death rates, leading to low population growth. Stage 2 sees birth rates remain high while death rates decline rapidly due to industrialization, resulting in rapid population increase. Stage 3 is marked by declining birth rates and further decreases in death rates, producing slow population growth. Finally, Stage 4 has low, stable birth and death rates and slight or no population change. However, the theory is criticized for being overly Eurocentric and not accounting for variations in development pace between countries.
CAPE SOCIOLOGY UNIT TWO Women and crime
Women generally commit crimes at lower rates than men. However, the extent of female criminality is difficult to determine due to underreporting and a tendency to view women as less threatening than men. Traditional criminology has also focused more on male criminality due to a view of women's crimes as less problematic. Certain crimes committed by women, such as shoplifting and domestic abuse, often go unrecorded. Sociologists believe law enforcement officials, who are mostly male, also tend to be more lenient towards female offenders.
CAPE Sociology Unit Two Fertility control is the key to development in the ca...
While fertility control may help development by reducing strain on limited resources, most Caribbean sociologists agree it is not the key to development for the region. True development requires improving human resources through better education and healthcare, more equitable distribution of resources, and gaining technological assistance to support industrialization. Fertility control alone is not sufficient without also addressing these other social and economic factors.
CAPE History French revolution
The document is a test about the French Revolution containing true/false and multiple choice questions. It covers various topics like the estates system, causes of the revolution, key figures like Napoleon, and ideas from the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen such as freedom of speech. The test questions assess understanding of the social structure prior to the revolution, major events and consequences of the revolution, and Napoleon's rise to power and campaigns across Europe.
Cape Sociology 2007 unit two migration
This document analyzes the main factors that have contributed to patterns of emigration and immigration in a named Caribbean society since independence. It discusses several push and pull factors for both emigration and immigration. For emigration, it cites factors like lack of economic opportunities, rising crime, surplus of labor pushing people to countries with higher demand. For immigration, it mentions people moving to countries with better standards of living, family ties, and job opportunities even for undesirable jobs natives refuse.
CAPE Sociology - African retention
Herskovits argues that African culture survived slavery and is still evident in parts of Caribbean culture today. He identifies three main ways African cultural forms survived: through survivals which closely resemble original African forms; through syncretisms where new world elements are identified with old world counterparts; and through reinterpretations where African culture is adapted to the new environment in a way that may not look like traditional retention on the surface. Herskovits examined Caribbean family forms and provided examples for each way African culture was retained, such as burying the umbilical cord under a fruit tree or identifying Catholic saints with African deities.
Assess the relationship between social class and crime
Chambliss argues that crime occurs across all social classes, but the types of crimes and law enforcement differ. Those with wealth and power face less risk of arrest and prosecution for their crimes. Official crime statistics may misrepresent crime as a lower-class issue due to selective enforcement that favors the ruling class. Marxist theorists like Chambliss see crime as generated by the capitalist system through greed, self-interest, and hostility. Different social classes commit different crimes using the means available to their class position.
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Comment on the claims that nordic and west african people came to the america...
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CAPE Sociology Unit Two Fertility control is the key to development in the ca...
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Assess the relationship between social class and crime
Assess the relationship between social class and crime
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Criminology and crime notes
Criminology is the scientific study of criminal behavior and the criminal justice system. It seeks to understand the causes of crime on both individual and societal levels, as well as the types and incidence of crime. Criminology is closely related to criminal justice, which studies the agencies that enforce laws and punish offenders. There are two main models of crime - the consensus model views crime as breaking agreed-upon social norms, while the conflict model sees crime definitions as imposed by powerful groups to maintain their power. Not all abnormal behavior is criminal, and not all crime is considered deviant. The criminal justice system aims to control crime, prevent crime, and provide justice through law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections systems.
Theories of crime and Punishment in Criminology .pptx
This document discusses the theories and concepts of punishment in criminology
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Learning Objectives
• Review the ideological and financial obstacles to criminal justice system reform.
• Analyze the disconnect between popular assumptions and scientific evidence about crime.
• Analyze evidence-driven crime-control strategies in contemporary America.
• Understand options to reform to the criminal justice system in contemporary America.
• Contrast retributivism and restorative justice as guiding principles for criminal justice.
• Articulate the critical role of interdisciplinary approaches to criminal justice system reform.
Reducing Crime and Reforming
the Criminal Justice System
10
coL82305_10_c10_307-338.indd 307 7/5/13 4:23 PM
Section 10.1 The Challenge of the Status Quo CHAPTER 10
In August of 2010, after serving nearly 10 years in prison for two bank robberies, Lance
Brown walked out of a North Carolina prison a free man. Since his release he has been
struggling with poverty and homelessness and was forced out of a homeless shelter for
fighting with another patron. In April of 2012, Brown approached his parole officer and
asked what he needed to do to get put back in prison! His parole officer referred him to
a series of agencies and support services that Brown did not pursue. Instead, he walked
into the local courthouse in Columbus Georgia and threatened to kill the president of the
United States. However, officers did not believe that Brown’s threats were credible and
thus there were no consequences. Apparently frustrated, Brown exited the courthouse
and promptly threw a brick through the glass front door of the courthouse. Brown was
held in jail for 9 months awaiting trial. At trial he was sentenced to 1 month in jail and
3 years probation for malicious mischief. In court, Brown noted that his behavior would
result in shelter in a facility in which at least, “someone’s going to offer me a sandwich
and drink” (Associated Press, 2012, p. 1).
Many experts believe that the problem of crime in America is grounded in larger issues
of social structural marginality. Thus, issues like the economy, poverty, health care, and
education may be central in an encompassing crime-control strategy.
10.1 The Challenge of the Status Quo
One of the paramount challenges in criminology is developing systematic, evidence-driven and practical public policies to address the crime problem. However, pub-lic policy does not exist in a vacuum; developing, implementing, and evaluating
cost-effective and pragmatic crime-control policies is only part of the challenge. Many
experts highlight that changes in criminal justice policy include a series of obstacles. There
are ideological barriers to change given America’s historic support of “tough on crime”
policies. There are individuals and industries that benefit from the criminal justice system
in its existing form. And individuals and groups reap massive profits from committing
crime in America an ...
Understanding Hate Crimes And Recognizing Victims
Here are the key aspects of social constructionism as it relates to understanding terrorism:
- Social constructionism examines how humans jointly construct understandings of concepts and realities through social interactions and perceptions. There is no single objective reality.
- Definitions of terrorism are socially constructed - there is no universally agreed upon definition. What constitutes a terrorist act depends on social and political perspectives and contexts.
- Different societies, cultures, and political groups may construct the definition and understanding of terrorism in different and sometimes opposing ways based on their own perspectives and experiences.
- The social construction of terrorism influences politics, law, and conflict. How terrorism is defined and understood shapes counterterrorism policies and designations of terrorist groups. It influences the "
Marxism: A* Essay Exemplar 2
This document summarizes Marxist approaches to explaining crime. It discusses the key elements of the traditional Marxist view: (1) that capitalism creates conditions that lead to crime due to poverty, inequality and alienation; (2) that the legal system serves the interests of the ruling class; and (3) that crime is used ideologically to distract from inequalities. It also examines Neo-Marxist perspectives, including Taylor et al's critical criminology which incorporates labeling theory. While these Marxist theories provide useful structural insights, they are criticized for being overly deterministic and for ignoring non-class factors influencing crime.
Eugenics In Canada Essay. Online assignment writing service.
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have an essay written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work.
SocioEconomic Offenses
This document discusses various perspectives on socio-economic offenses and economic crimes. It provides definitions and theories related to economic crimes, organized crime, white-collar crime, and corruption. Some key points include:
- Economic crimes are illegal acts committed for financial gain, such as theft, fraud, and tax evasion. Motives can include pure economic gain or other personal interests.
- Leading theories of economic crime include the neoclassical approach that views criminal decisions as rational choices based on risk/reward calculations, and illegal enterprise theory that sees criminal organizations operating like legal businesses.
- Organized crime refers to criminal groups that operate over long periods for material benefits through serious criminal acts like drug trafficking. Leading theories are
Essays On Crime And Punishment
The document discusses different definitions and theories of what constitutes a crime. It notes that crime has traditionally been defined as an act prohibited by law and punishable by the state, though some theorists argue this definition is too narrow. Sociologists in the 1970s began questioning traditional definitions and proposing broader concepts of crime. The document also provides examples of theorists like Michael and Adler, and Paul Tappan, who defined crime from both legal and sociological perspectives.
Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights, State Crime
This document discusses various topics related to crime and globalization, including green crime, state crime, and human rights. It provides definitions and examples of different types of crimes such as primary green crimes that directly harm the environment, and secondary crimes like hazardous waste dumping. State crime is defined as illegal activities perpetrated by state agencies and can take political, economic, and social/cultural forms. Human rights are discussed in relation to crime, with some arguing crime should be defined as violations of human rights rather than by legal statutes alone. Conditions contributing to state crimes like obedience to authority and dehumanization of victims are also examined.
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Proposal Report of white-collar crime
This document discusses different perspectives on defining white-collar crime. It outlines Edwin Sutherland's definition, which focuses on the high social status of the criminal. However, this approach cannot examine how social status influences crime. More recent approaches define white-collar crime based on the characteristics of the criminal act, not the criminal. This crime-based perspective allows researchers to study how social status relates to different types of white-collar crimes. The document also briefly mentions that younger prisoners are more likely to engage in rule-breaking and conflicts in prison compared to older prisoners.
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Theories of crime and Punishment in Criminology .pptx
Theories of crime and Punishment in Criminology .pptx
Eugenics In Canada Essay. Online assignment writing service.
Eugenics In Canada Essay. Online assignment writing service.
Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights, State Crime
Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights, State Crime
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1. Social stratification refers to the categorization and ranking of people into hierarchical social groups based on characteristics like economic status, culture, race, gender, etc.
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3. Theories of Caribbean social stratification include the plantation society model of distinct upper, intermediate, and lower castes; plural society theory which describes culturally distinct ethnic groups coexisting under one political system; and creole society theory describing a hybrid culture with elements of both ascriptive and merit-based
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Conflict theory and functionalist theory provide different perspectives on society. Conflict theory, developed by Marx, views society as consisting of groups that compete over scarce resources, leading to conflict and struggle. Functionalist theory, developed by Durkheim, views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. Private schools can be seen through either lens - conflict theory may see them as perpetuating class divisions, while functionalism may see them as fulfilling important social functions and helping to socialize children.
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Sociology has progressed through several stages driven by massive social transformations over the past two centuries. The Industrial Revolution and population shifts to cities disrupted traditional social organizations. Scientific and technological advances changed systems of production, weakening families and communities. Millions moved from rural areas to cities for work, overwhelming housing and causing social problems. New political ideas emerged emphasizing individual rights and liberties over obligations to rulers. Sociology developed to study and understand society and human behavior within these changing social contexts.
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The document discusses two theoretical perspectives on social stratification: functionalism and Marxism. Functionalists view stratification as necessary to maintain order and stability by rewarding individuals based on their performance and contribution to society. However, Marxists see stratification as divisive and a means for one class to exploit others through unequal control and ownership of resources and political power.
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The document discusses United States involvement in the Caribbean from 1776 to 1985. It identifies several key reasons for US interest in the region, including defense against foreign threats, expansionism, and promoting US ideology and trade/investments. It also examines specific factors that led to US involvement and rule over Caribbean territories, such as imperialism, securing trade routes, national security concerns, political instability, and ideological conflicts. Key events discussed include the Spanish-American War and the establishment of policies like Dollar Diplomacy and the Good Neighbor Policy.
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The apprenticeship system that was implemented in British colonies after slavery was abolished aimed to gradually transition former slaves to freedom while ensuring continued sugar production. However, the system largely failed to protect apprentices and treat them humanely. Apprentices faced harsh punishments, including whipping, solitary confinement, and being chained, for minor infractions. They were denied basic needs and dignity. While some apprentices were able to work independently and eventually own land, the overall system allowed planters to continue exploiting apprentices as if they were still property.
CSEC History Immigration scheme crossword
1) The document appears to be a crossword puzzle related to immigration schemes and colonialism, with clues about places, policies, and events involving the movement and employment of people.
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3) Other clues refer to crown land ownership, proclamations by colonial governors, contracts signed by indentured laborers, free trade policies, attitudes inherited from plantation slavery, and a 1865 riot in Jamaica.
CSEC Caribbean History Immigation the profile
This document provides information about immigration to the British West Indies following emancipation in 1834. It discusses the main reasons immigrants were brought in, which was to provide labor for the sugar estates after emancipation. The document outlines the key groups who immigrated - Europeans, Madeirans, Africans, Chinese, and East Indians. It provides a chart showing the numbers of immigrants that went to different territories. It also examines the arrangements for immigration, including indentured labor contracts and the provisions of the 1854 Immigration Ordinance. Finally, it prompts analyzing similarities and differences between immigration and slavery.
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The document discusses the development of a peasant population and free village movement in the Caribbean from the late 18th century to the 19th century. It identifies that a peasantry developed in territories like Jamaica, Trinidad, the Windwards and British Guiana where freed slaves had access to available land. However, the growth of the peasantry was limited by a lack of available land in some territories and competition for labor with the plantation system.
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The document provides an overview of the history of the Caribbean, beginning with the indigenous Amerindian peoples like the Tainos and Kalinago. It then discusses the arrival of Europeans starting with Columbus, and the establishment of systems like encomienda and repartimiento that exploited the Amerindians. As the indigenous populations declined, indentured servitude from Europe was introduced. However, African slavery became the dominant labor system on plantations from the 1600s-1800s, with over 3 million enslaved Africans brought to the Caribbean. Life as a slave was extremely difficult, with long work days and brutal punishments.
CSEC History Cuban revolution
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1) The Grade Six Achievement Test (GSAT) was administered to 44,000 11-year-olds in Jamaica last week to determine placement into secondary schools.
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Crime is deviant behaviour which is against the criminal law
- 1. Crime is deviant behaviour which is against the criminal law. Such behaviour is controlled through the use of public sanctions which are enforced by agencies of social control such as the police, magistrates, prison and judiciary. Despite the legal definition of crime, defining crime is not a straightforward task because there is no universal agreement in society as to what is criminal. Sociologists argue that crime is socially constructed, that is, the definitions of crime often depend on how society interprets particular actions. The Marxist Croall (1998) points out that there is often a very narrow borderline between what is regarded as “criminal” and “normal, legal or illegal”, e.g. many people “borrow” items from work and frequently break the speed limit but would not define themselves as criminals. Among Caribbean sociologists, there is the question of whether the region needs its own theory of crime. While some sociologists have accepted this notion, most have refuted the idea. Arguments supporting that the Caribbean should have its own theory of crime (a) Croall argues that there is a historical separation among countries in the manner in which they view crimes. She argues that as in the United Kingdom abortion, homosexuality and blasphemy have all been defined as crimes in the past. It means therefore that what was once considered crimes in developed countries are no longer viewed as such. As most theories of crime were written to support the developed world, it means that the Caribbean region lags behind. The Caribbean has been shaped significantly after its Post Independence Era. Most of the things that are now legal in the metropole are not in the Caribbean. (b) There is always this belief that crimes are culturally defined. In that most societies would probably see the same crimes, but they are interpreted and treated differently because of the culture of that particular society. As crimes are therefore culturally defined, the Caribbean should have its own theories of crime. (c) It is evident that most theories of crime offer explanation as to the motives of crime. As crimes are socially constructed, Croall provides that crimes will be caused for different reasons within different societies. It is evident that poverty is one of main reasons for crime and violence in the Caribbean societies, as opposed to reasons of minority, labelling (discrimination) or capitalism as in developed countries. Arguments against the notion that the Caribbean should have its own theory of crime Caribbean sociologists have used mainstream theories to examine the Caribbean region, and though there are some cultural and social differences, the theories have applied perfectly well. Hence, there is the argument that the Caribbean should not have its own theory of crime: (a) Caribbean sociologists may argue that though there have been some changes in the laws and patterns of crime in the metropolitan countries, the Caribbean regions were indeed deeply influence by their metropolitan counterparts. It means therefore that it needs not creating our own theories of crime, but rather amending our laws to suit our crimes. (b) For most parts, the theories of crime merely offer reasons why people would commit crimes. As there are unique reasons in the Caribbean due to our culture and economic problems, it means not that prominent theories of crime cannot be used to explain such outbreaks of crime. For example, Merton’s theory of crime provides Caribbean sociologists with an understanding of the expectations of society and its failure to provide provisions for people to achieve such expectations. This goes hand in hand with poverty. Furthermore, even if we were to develop our own theory, we would still use the work of prominent sociologists. Hence, it is a waste of time. (c) Croall (1998) provides the notion that crime is a relative concept. She adds that though this is true, major crimes normally have universal agreement. Hence, murder in Barbados, is murder in Jamaica as it is murder in India and murder in Australia. It goes then to show that no society necessary needs its own theory of crime. If there should be any difference pertaining to crimes in different countries, this difference would be seen in the pattern of crime, rather than the type of crimes or the motives of crime.