This document discusses different explanations for differences in crime rates between ethnic groups:
Left realism argues that crime statistics reflect real differences in offending rates, while neo-Marxism sees them as a social construct resulting from racist labeling and discrimination. Gilroy argues that ethnic minority crime stems from resistance against a racist society, while others like Lea and Young attribute it to marginalization and economic exclusion leading to utilitarian crime. There are criticisms of both views, with left realists like Lea and Young arguing that Gilroy romanticizes street crime, and neo-Marxists like Hall being criticized for not providing clear evidence linking capitalist crisis to public fears about crime. The document examines these competing perspectives on the relationship between ethnicity
28 contexts.orgrethinking crime and immigrationby robert.docxvickeryr87
28 contexts.org
rethinking crime and immigration
by robert j. sampson
The summer of 2007 witnessed a perfect storm of controversy
over immigration to the United States. After building for
months with angry debate, a widely touted immigration
reform bill supported by President George W. Bush and many
leaders in Congress failed decisively. Recriminations soon
followed across the political spectrum.
Just when it seemed media attention couldn’t be greater, a
human tragedy unfolded with the horrifying execution-style
murders of three teenagers in Newark, N.J., attributed by
authorities to illegal aliens.
Presidential candidate Rep. Tom Tancredo (R–Colorado)
descended on Newark to blame city leaders for encouraging
illegal immigration, while Newt Gingrich declared the “war at
home” against illegal immigrants was more deadly than the
battlefields of Iraq. National headlines and outrage reached a
feverish pitch, with Newark offering politicians a potent new
symbol and a brown face to replace the infamous Willie
Horton, who committed armed robbery and rape while on a
weekend furlough from his life sentence to a Massachusetts
prison. Another presidential candidate, former Tennessee sen-
ator Fred Thompson, seemed to capture the mood of the times
at the Prescott Bush Awards Dinner: “Twelve million illegal
immigrants later, we are now living in a nation that is beset by
people who are suicidal maniacs and want to kill countless
innocent men, women, and children around the world.”
Now imagine a nearly opposite, fact-based scenario.
Consider that immigration—even if illegal—is associated with
lower crime rates in most disadvantaged urban neighborhoods.
Or that increasing immigration tracks with the broad reduc-
tion in crime the United States has witnessed since the 1990s.
Well before the 2007 Summer of Discontent over immi-
gration, I proposed we take such ideas seriously. Based on hind-
sight I shouldn’t have been surprised by the intense reaction to
what I thought at the time was a rather logical reflection. From
the right came loud guffaws, expletive-filled insults, angry web
postings, and not-so-thinly veiled threats. But the left wasn’t
so happy either, because my argument assumes racial and eth-
nic differences in crime not tidily attributable to material dep-
rivation or discrimination—the canonical explanations.
Although Americans hold polarizing and conflicting views
about its value, immigration is a major social force that will
continue for some time. It thus pays to reconsider the role of
immigration in shaping crime, cities, culture, and societal
change writ large, especially in this era of social anxiety and
vitriolic claims about immigration’s reign of terror.
some facts
Consider first the “Latino Paradox.” Hispanic Americans
do better on a wide range of social indicators—including
propensity to violence—than one would expect given their
socioeconomic disadvantages. To assess this paradox in more
depth, my colleagues and .
THE ROLE OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST IN THECIVIL RIGHTS MOVE.docxkathleen23456789
THE ROLE OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST IN THE
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT1
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
I
T is always a very rich and rewarding experi-
ence when I can take a brief break from the
day-to-day demands of our struggle for free-
dom and human dignity and discuss the issues in-
volved in that struggle with concerned friends of
good will all over this nation. It is particularly a
great privilege to discuss these issues with mem-
bers of the academic community, who are con-
stantly writing about and dealing with the prob-
lems that we face and who have the tremendous
responsibility of moulding the minds of young men
and women all over our country.
In the preface to their book, Applied Sociology,
S. M. Miller and Alvin Gouldner (1965) state: "It
is the historic mission of the social sciences to en-
able mankind to take possession of society." It
follows that for Negroes who substantially are ex-
cluded from society this science is needed even
more desperately than for any other group in the
population.
For social scientists, the opportunity to serve in
a life-giving purpose is a humanist challenge of rare
distinction. Negroes too are eager for a rendezvous
with truth and discovery. We are aware that social
scientists, unlike some of their colleagues in the
physical sciences, have been spared the grim feel-
ings of guilt that attended the invention of nuclear
weapons of destruction. Social scientists, in the
main, are fortunate to be able to extirpate evil, not
to invent it.
If the Negro needs social science for direction
and for self-understanding, the white society is in
even more urgent need. White America needs to
understand that it is poisoned to its soul by racism
and the understanding needs to be carefully docu-
mented and consequently more difficult to reject.
The present crisis arises because, although it is
1 Invited Distinguished Address presented to the meeting
of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues,
American Psychological Association, Washington, D. C.,
September 1967. Martin Luther King, Jr., is President of
the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Atlanta,
Georgia.
historically imperative that our society take the
next step to equality, we find ourselves psycho-
logically and socially imprisoned. All too many
white Americans are horrified not with conditions
of Negro life but with the product of these condi-
tions—the Negro himself.
White America is seeking to keep the walls of
segregation substantially intact while the evolution
of society and the Negro's desperation is causing
them to crumble. The white majority, unprepared
and unwilling to accept radical structural change,
is resisting and producing chaos while complaining
that if there were no chaos orderly change would
come.
Negroes want the social scientist to address the
white community and "tell it like it is." White
America has an appalling lack of knowledge con-
cerning the reality of Negro life..
C H A P T E R9METROPOLITAN PROBLEMSRacism, Poverty, Crime, H.docxhumphrieskalyn
C H A P T E R
9
METROPOLITAN PROBLEMS
Racism, Poverty, Crime, Housing, and Fiscal Crisis
ntil recently, urban problems were city problems. That is no longer the case as the
issues once associated with the large, compact settlement form have spread out, like
the metropolitan population and its economic activities, to characterize the entire urban
region. In the late 1960s and 1970s, especially during President Johnson’s Great
Society, urban problems were defined almost exclusively as those involving racial segregation,
poverty, violent crime, and drugs. Now, in the first decade of the twenty-first
century, poverty, unemployment, foreclosures, and homelessness, as well as the severe
economic recession itself, are particular issues of concern. As the attention of the federal
government in Washington, D.C., focuses on the major issues of the economy
and health care, the nation’s state governments seem to be ignored. Consequently,
adding to our other urban ills, we currently face more intense fiscal crises and their
impact on local public services and infrastructure.
Was there ever a baseline in America against which the problems of today can be
measured? As in the other industrialized capitalist countries of Europe, the quality of
urban life with the advent of capitalism in the 1800s was severe for all but the
wealthy. Early photographic images of American cities at the turn of the last century
feature overcrowding: immense traffic jams of primitive Model-T automobiles mixed
in with horse-drawn carts, tenements teeming with immigrants, and crowds of children
swarming across city streets. Until after World War II, city life in the United
States was plagued by frequent public health crises such as cholera outbreaks, high infant
mortality rates, alcoholism, domestic violence, street gang activity, and crime. For
much of our history, then, city life has been virtually synonymous with social problems.
Yet we know now that these same problems—crime, disease, family breakup—
are experienced everywhere.
The sociologists of the early Chicago School, in the 1920s and 1930s, believed that
the move to the city was accompanied by social disorganization. While subsequent research
showed that this perception was inaccurate, people in the United States still
rank small and middle-size cities or suburbs as providing the highest quality of life and
209
U
remain overwhelmingly interested in living in suburbs, especially for couples with
small children. The negative perception of the large city provides the basis for varying
mental images of place. Yet we have also seen that there are many positive aspects of urban
living and that the early belief in the loss of community among migrants to the
city was unfounded.
In previous chapters, we have tried to show that problems that appear to afflict
individuals are caused in part by factors that we cannot readily see. Consequently, an
explanation for the social disorganization often viewed in an individual’s fate lies in
t ...
Running Head: DISCUSSION 1
DISCUSSION 2
Strategic Enrollment Management
Student Name
Tutor’s Name
Date
Strategic enrollment management has been an issue for Caltech University since its foundation. Enrollment guidelines and academic programs have been assessed for quite a long time by the institution with the mission to select an ideal pool of students. Alongside this mission to enlist an entire student populace, a higher education environment is rapidly changing. The socioeconomics of students, scholarly readiness of understudies, and how students communicate have introduced new issues for institutions trying to enlist and enroll students.
These targets have been practiced by the enrollment council, who comprehend the factors that impact institution choice. These factors incorporate students’ qualities, environmental issues, and institutional traits, the academic condition, and students’ background with regards to academic performance. Caltech has also introduced financial aid to new students to both address budgetary issues and as an enrollment tool for new students. Albeit money related support is helpful for admission in enrolling, it has significant monetary ramifications. At the point when an excessive amount of aid is allotted, it can put a critical financial related strain on institutions.
Those institutions that fail to engage in strategic enrollment management may experience the ill effects of an absence of familiarity with changing conditions and may neglect to adjust to perceived movements, which at last may prompt enlistment issues. These enrollment issues could come as startling enrollment declines and financial challenges.
Institution management must decide to search within to determine whether their authoritative structure is working adequately to create the essential enlistment results to address the issues of the entire institution. Notwithstanding enrollment and the monetary ramifications of markdown rates, the problems of retention, and subsequently graduation, are likewise significant elements for organizations to know about in the enlistment procedure.
Reference
The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/
Michele
Lesley University has invested in their web site working with marketing and following their enrollment management strategy. They have made it a visual experience meaning that there are videos of students, campus and the experiences available in Cambridge. The web site is positioned to drive students to various tabs that are of interest to prospective and current students. The intent is to entice the prospective student to explore and want to learn more about Lesley. There is information on campus events, how to contact admission counselors, academic programs that are offered, tuition costs and financial aid. They can sign up for different events through the web site making it convenient since they are already there.
The .
Running head: DISCUSSION 1
DISCUSSION 2
Criminal Research
Alexia Bradley
University of Phoenix, eCampus
AJS 514, Steve Nance
November 13, 2018
Criminal Research
Within the United States of America, crime takes many different forms, but is measured using two statistical programs, and these are the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). In order for the Bureau of Justice to issue accurate crime reports, a research has to be conducted using these two statistical programs, with special emphasis on the magnitude, nature, and impact of crime in the nation. According to the Bureau of Justice, the hierarchy of crime from highest to lowest is rape, sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, simple assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and theft (Zhang et al, 2016).
From 2015 to 2016 violent crime increased against males and persons in their mid-20s to mid-30s. Among the male gender, the rate of violent victimization showed an increase from 15.9 per 1,000 males aged 12 years and above to 19.6 per 1,000, which was an alarming piece of realization. Among the people aged 25 years to 34 years, violent victimization showed quite an increase from 21.8 to 28.4 per 1,000 people. In 2016 alone, close to 3 million people experienced crime within a period of six months preceding the period when The Bureau of Justice gave the 2015-2016 crime statistics. Among the most prevalent crimes were aggravated assault, rape or sexual assault and burglary (Zhang et al, 2016).
Some of the social and environmental factors do you believe influence the crime rate include discrimination and inequality. Among the American society, many of the minority groups are labeled as high risk to security, meaning that they are most prone to committing crime.This is because they experience open discrimination that denies them decent opportunities to earn a living like other people. In addition, inequality in income leads to resentments that cause bitterness and instigate conflict between the haves and have-nots, hence the latter attack the former.
Other factors that contribute to crime include poverty and the police policy. Despite the fact that America has some of the world’s richest tycoons, there is also a section of people who live in poverty, and have done so all their life. When people cannot afford basic needs in life, they are tempted to try and intimidate or steal from those who seem to be well of in order to be able to eke a life for themselves and their children. For example, someone whose children have not had supper for two nights may not resist shoplifting (Agnew, 2007).
Uncouth policies adopted by the police in dealing with crime can also be a factor leading to conflict between the locals and the police. Whenever the local community does not support the work of police, there is definitely some level of crime that sinks in the minds of the locals, as some of the people take advantage of the void to carry ou.
Similar to Mind Map: Explaining Ethnic Differences in offending (14)
Mind Map: Explaining Ethnic Differences in offending
1. Official stats show differences between ethnic
groups – 2 main explanations:
Left realism: stats represent real
differences in rates of offending
Neo-Marxism: stats are a social
construct resulting from racist labelling
+ discrimination
Gilroy: the myth of black criminality
Ethnic minority crime as form of political
resistance against racist society
Originated in former British colonies, under
oppression + rebelled through riots +
demonstrations so adopt same behaviour
here
Ethnic diff. in stats reflects real diff. in
levels of offending
Racism led to marginalisation +
economic exclusion
Media emphasis on consumerism
highlights rel. deprivation
Acknowledge that police often
react in racist ways resulting in
unjustified criminalisation of some
ethnic minorities
Cannot explain diff. between
minorities in terms of police
racism i.e. why blacks
considerably higher rate of crime
than Asians
Leads to utilitarian crime as a means of
coping
Left Realism: Lea + Young
Criticisms:
Explaining the
differences in offending
Arrests rates lower for Asians than
blacks due to diff. stereotypes of races
i.e. Asians as passive
However... view may have changed
since 9/11
Lea + Young criticise Gilroy...
1st generation immigrants in 50s + 60s very
law abiding, so unlikely they passed down
anti-colonial struggle to kids
Most crime intra-ethnic so can’t be anticolonial – Gilroy romanticises street crime as
revolutionary when it’s not
Asian crime rates lower or similar to whites,
meaning police officers are only racist
towards blacks which seems highly unlikely
Hall et al: policing the crisis
Neo-Marxism: Gilroy + Hall
Criticisms of Hall:
Downes + Rock: inconsistent in claiming
that black street crime was rising
Don’t show how capitalist crisis led to
panic, or evidence that public were worried
about ‘black crime’
Left-Realists: inner-city resident’s panic
about mugging isn’t panicky but realistic
Ruling class usually able to control subordinate
classes through consent, though in times of crisis
this is difficult
1970s – high inflation, rising unemployment, media
driven moral panic about supposed growth of new
crime of ‘mugging’
Myth of ‘black’ muggers used as scapegoat to
distract people from the true cause of problem;
government
Crisis of capitalism was marginalising young blacks,
driving them into a lifestyle of hustling + petty
crime, making public panic true
