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CREDIT CARDS & SMART CARDS 
(the devil is in the details)
CREDIT CARDS 
• First Bankcard introduced in 1951 by 
Franklin National Bank, Long Island 
• Revolving card introduced in 1958: by 
many retail stores: Sears, JC Penneys, etc. 
• Types of Cards: 
– (1) 2-Party Card: oil, retail stores 
– (2) Bankcard: general purpose (initially all 
banks, now many companies)
Credit Cards 
• USERS: 
– (1) Convenience Users (20-30%) 
– (2) Borrowers (70-80%) 
• MARKET 
– U.S. – over 10,000 card issuers (25% banks) 
– U.S. – over 300 million VISA cards and 
another 300 million worldwide 
– Credit card receivables over 600B worldwide
Credit Cards 
• U.S. – over 750,000 secured credit cards in 
addition 
• Pricing: unregulated 
– 1978 Supreme Court Decision “Marquette 
National Bank v. First of Omaha – this 
eliminated price regulations, only subject to 
state usury laws in which credit card subsidiary 
is located (most popular: South Dakota, 
Delaware)
Credit Cards 
• Credit card receivables can be bundled and 
sold via securitization process (uniform 
pool which is very predictable) 
• ASIDE - 2 Fallacies 
– (1) minimum payment 
– (2) credit card limit
Credit Cards 
• Inspite of many buyers/sellers, credit card 
interest rates remain high 
• Some non-price competition: airline miles, 
dollars for cars, rebates 
• Merchant fees have fallen: originally 3% 
and now down to 1-1.5%
Credit Cards 
• 3 Explanations for persistently high rates: 
• (1) Search/switch costs 
• (2) customer irrationality 
• (3) Adverse selection 
– Ackerlof (1970) “market for lemons” 
– Received Nobel Prize in Economics 
None of explanations really convincing!
SMART CARDS 
• Smart Card is a card with a computer chip 
(as opposed to magnetic strip credit card) 
• First Chipcard introduced in France in 1974 
“carte á memoire” 
• In late 1990s: wave of the future 
• Today: used in Hong Kong, France, 
Germany but generally for transportation, 
phone
Smart Card 
• Smart Card potential Use: 
– (1) Storage: medical information, financial 
information, personal information (privacy 
issues!) 
– (2) Money: currency exchange, parking meters, 
subway use, etc. 
– (3) Access: phone, internet, databases
Smart Card 
• For Smart Cards to work, need 2 things: 
• (1) Smart Card Readers : 25000 smart 
readers compared to over 25 million 
magnetic strip readers 
• (2) Cheap Card: magnetic strip card costs 
between 10-50 cents whereas smart card 
costs between $1-20
Smart Card 
• Smart Card: standardized contacts on front 
of card replace/supplement magnetic strip 
• Some require contact with card and pins in 
reader 
• Some use contactless laser technology 
(mostly for transit or quick use)
Smart Card 
• In US tested in late 1990s: 
• Tested in Atlanta during Olympics 
• Tested in NYC by Citibank 
• Tested in Milwaukee foodstores 
• Nissan – cars with a smart card 
• Utah – driver license with card
Smart Card 
• Probably not widely used in U.S. because of 
(1) cost and (2) get people to change 
• Smart Card producers: Gemplus, 
Schlumberger, Solaic 
• Silicon made by: Motorola, Seimens, SGS-Thompson 
• About 2 dozen companies working on smart 
card readers

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Credit Cards & Smart Cards - Darkside

  • 1. CREDIT CARDS & SMART CARDS (the devil is in the details)
  • 2. CREDIT CARDS • First Bankcard introduced in 1951 by Franklin National Bank, Long Island • Revolving card introduced in 1958: by many retail stores: Sears, JC Penneys, etc. • Types of Cards: – (1) 2-Party Card: oil, retail stores – (2) Bankcard: general purpose (initially all banks, now many companies)
  • 3. Credit Cards • USERS: – (1) Convenience Users (20-30%) – (2) Borrowers (70-80%) • MARKET – U.S. – over 10,000 card issuers (25% banks) – U.S. – over 300 million VISA cards and another 300 million worldwide – Credit card receivables over 600B worldwide
  • 4. Credit Cards • U.S. – over 750,000 secured credit cards in addition • Pricing: unregulated – 1978 Supreme Court Decision “Marquette National Bank v. First of Omaha – this eliminated price regulations, only subject to state usury laws in which credit card subsidiary is located (most popular: South Dakota, Delaware)
  • 5. Credit Cards • Credit card receivables can be bundled and sold via securitization process (uniform pool which is very predictable) • ASIDE - 2 Fallacies – (1) minimum payment – (2) credit card limit
  • 6. Credit Cards • Inspite of many buyers/sellers, credit card interest rates remain high • Some non-price competition: airline miles, dollars for cars, rebates • Merchant fees have fallen: originally 3% and now down to 1-1.5%
  • 7. Credit Cards • 3 Explanations for persistently high rates: • (1) Search/switch costs • (2) customer irrationality • (3) Adverse selection – Ackerlof (1970) “market for lemons” – Received Nobel Prize in Economics None of explanations really convincing!
  • 8. SMART CARDS • Smart Card is a card with a computer chip (as opposed to magnetic strip credit card) • First Chipcard introduced in France in 1974 “carte á memoire” • In late 1990s: wave of the future • Today: used in Hong Kong, France, Germany but generally for transportation, phone
  • 9. Smart Card • Smart Card potential Use: – (1) Storage: medical information, financial information, personal information (privacy issues!) – (2) Money: currency exchange, parking meters, subway use, etc. – (3) Access: phone, internet, databases
  • 10. Smart Card • For Smart Cards to work, need 2 things: • (1) Smart Card Readers : 25000 smart readers compared to over 25 million magnetic strip readers • (2) Cheap Card: magnetic strip card costs between 10-50 cents whereas smart card costs between $1-20
  • 11. Smart Card • Smart Card: standardized contacts on front of card replace/supplement magnetic strip • Some require contact with card and pins in reader • Some use contactless laser technology (mostly for transit or quick use)
  • 12. Smart Card • In US tested in late 1990s: • Tested in Atlanta during Olympics • Tested in NYC by Citibank • Tested in Milwaukee foodstores • Nissan – cars with a smart card • Utah – driver license with card
  • 13. Smart Card • Probably not widely used in U.S. because of (1) cost and (2) get people to change • Smart Card producers: Gemplus, Schlumberger, Solaic • Silicon made by: Motorola, Seimens, SGS-Thompson • About 2 dozen companies working on smart card readers