This is a power point on the first four cranial nerves. Their path area innervated and clinical application of each nerves. this is prepared for group presentation.
Cranial nerve i ii iii iv combined presentationNimrah Fahim
The document summarizes cranial nerves I-VI. Olfactory nerve fibers enter the olfactory bulb and project to the olfactory cortex. Optic nerve fibers carry visual information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex. Oculomotor nerve innervates extraocular muscles except the lateral rectus and superior oblique. Trochlear nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle. Abducent nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle.
The oculomotor nerve (CN III) originates in the midbrain and provides motor and parasympathetic innervation to eye structures. It innervates the majority of extraocular muscles to move the eyeball and eyelid. The parasympathetic fibers innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles to constrict the pupil and accommodate lens shape. The oculomotor nerve emerges from the midbrain and pierces the dura mater before dividing into superior and inferior branches within the orbit.
This lecture was prepared for second year MBBS students of Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka. Here six cranial nerves are described in short and other six are described in detail. You are requested to see the youtube videos for understanding course of the cranial nerves. The lecture was delivered by Dr. Zobayer Mahmud Khan, lecturer, Departmenyt of Anatomy, SSMC.
Seminar innervation of maxillofacial structuresdviya jain
This document provides an overview of the innervation of maxillofacial structures. It begins with basics of the nervous system, including definitions of neurons, nuclei and ganglia. It then describes the 12 cranial nerves in detail, including their origins, pathways, functions and clinical significance. Specific focus is given to the trigeminal nerve and its three divisions that provide sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. The document concludes with a section on secretomotor fibers that innervate the major salivary glands.
The abducens nerve originates in the pons and contains motor neurons that innervate the lateral rectus muscle, allowing for eye movement outward. It exits the brainstem and travels through the cavernous sinus before entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure to innervate the lateral rectus. Pathologies of the abducens nerve can occur at the nuclear, central, cisternal, petrous, cavernous, or orbital segments and result in lateral rectus palsy and limitations in abduction of the eye. Common causes include pontine hemorrhage, MS, meningiomas, and traumatic injuries.
The document summarizes the anatomy of several cranial nerves involved in vision and eye movement. It describes the nuclei, course, and branches of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), abducent nerve (CN VI), trigeminal nerve (CN V), and facial nerve (CN VII). It notes their roles in motor control of the extraocular muscles and sensory/parasympathetic innervation of the eye and orbit.
This document provides information on the cranial nerves:
1. It discusses the embryology, classification, types, components, functions and clinical relevance of the 12 cranial nerves.
2. Specific details are provided on the first 3 cranial nerves - olfactory, optic and oculomotor. For each nerve, the summary includes its component, function, origin, exit point from the brain, and some key clinical points.
3. The embryology section describes the embryonic origin of the cranial nerves into 3 groups from different developmental periods, and notes that most cranial and spinal sensory ganglia arise from neural crest cells.
Cranial nerve i ii iii iv combined presentationNimrah Fahim
The document summarizes cranial nerves I-VI. Olfactory nerve fibers enter the olfactory bulb and project to the olfactory cortex. Optic nerve fibers carry visual information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex. Oculomotor nerve innervates extraocular muscles except the lateral rectus and superior oblique. Trochlear nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle. Abducent nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle.
The oculomotor nerve (CN III) originates in the midbrain and provides motor and parasympathetic innervation to eye structures. It innervates the majority of extraocular muscles to move the eyeball and eyelid. The parasympathetic fibers innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles to constrict the pupil and accommodate lens shape. The oculomotor nerve emerges from the midbrain and pierces the dura mater before dividing into superior and inferior branches within the orbit.
This lecture was prepared for second year MBBS students of Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka. Here six cranial nerves are described in short and other six are described in detail. You are requested to see the youtube videos for understanding course of the cranial nerves. The lecture was delivered by Dr. Zobayer Mahmud Khan, lecturer, Departmenyt of Anatomy, SSMC.
Seminar innervation of maxillofacial structuresdviya jain
This document provides an overview of the innervation of maxillofacial structures. It begins with basics of the nervous system, including definitions of neurons, nuclei and ganglia. It then describes the 12 cranial nerves in detail, including their origins, pathways, functions and clinical significance. Specific focus is given to the trigeminal nerve and its three divisions that provide sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. The document concludes with a section on secretomotor fibers that innervate the major salivary glands.
The abducens nerve originates in the pons and contains motor neurons that innervate the lateral rectus muscle, allowing for eye movement outward. It exits the brainstem and travels through the cavernous sinus before entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure to innervate the lateral rectus. Pathologies of the abducens nerve can occur at the nuclear, central, cisternal, petrous, cavernous, or orbital segments and result in lateral rectus palsy and limitations in abduction of the eye. Common causes include pontine hemorrhage, MS, meningiomas, and traumatic injuries.
The document summarizes the anatomy of several cranial nerves involved in vision and eye movement. It describes the nuclei, course, and branches of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), abducent nerve (CN VI), trigeminal nerve (CN V), and facial nerve (CN VII). It notes their roles in motor control of the extraocular muscles and sensory/parasympathetic innervation of the eye and orbit.
This document provides information on the cranial nerves:
1. It discusses the embryology, classification, types, components, functions and clinical relevance of the 12 cranial nerves.
2. Specific details are provided on the first 3 cranial nerves - olfactory, optic and oculomotor. For each nerve, the summary includes its component, function, origin, exit point from the brain, and some key clinical points.
3. The embryology section describes the embryonic origin of the cranial nerves into 3 groups from different developmental periods, and notes that most cranial and spinal sensory ganglia arise from neural crest cells.
The document provides information on several cranial nerves:
- The olfactory nerve can cause CSF leakage through the nose if fractured in the anterior cranial fossa. Complete anosmia can result if all filaments on one side are torn.
- The oculomotor nerve supplies most extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and lateral rectus. It also supplies levator palpebrae superioris and parasympathetic fibers to the eye.
- The trigeminal nerve has large sensory and small motor roots. Its branches include the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves which provide sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication.
The glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, and cranial portion of the accessory nerve are collectively known as the vagal system. They originate from common brainstem nuclei and exit the skull through the jugular foramen together. The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates parts of the throat and tongue. The vagus nerve is the longest cranial nerve and innervates parts of the heart, lungs and digestive system. The accessory nerve innervates muscles of the neck and shoulder. Injuries to these nerves can cause issues like difficulty swallowing, impaired taste, and muscle weakness.
The optic nerve develops from the embryonic optic stalk and connects the optic vesicle to the forebrain. It begins forming in the 8th week of embryogenesis and myelination is completed shortly after birth. The optic nerve has four parts - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain and is supplied by branches from the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery.
The twelve pairs of cranial nerves serve the brain and structures of the head and neck. The first two pairs attach to the forebrain while the others are associated with the brain stem. Each nerve has a unique origin, course, functions and clinical implications. Damage to specific cranial nerves can impact functions like smell, vision, eye and facial muscle movement, hearing, balance, swallowing, speech and others.
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This document provides an overview of the cranial and spinal nerves. It describes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, including their functions and anatomical origins. The cranial nerves emerge from nuclei located in the brain stem. It also describes the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which originate from spinal roots and form two spinal nerve plexuses. The sympathetic chain is mentioned as relaying signals throughout the body. Literature references are provided for further information.
The Cerebral Cortex by Dr. NIda Kanwal, Neurosrugery LNH, Karachinoorulainiqbal
The document summarizes the surgical anatomy of the cerebral cortex and sylvian fissure. It describes the lobes and major sulci of the cerebral cortex, including the central sulcus which separates the motor and sensory cortices. It outlines the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes and describes important structures on the medial surface like the cingulate gyrus and corpus callosum. It also provides methods to approximate the locations of the central sulcus and sylvian fissure using external landmarks on the skull.
This document discusses cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. It provides details on:
1. The functional components, origin nuclei, course, and functions of CN III, including its motor and parasympathetic roles.
2. The unique features and course of CN IV.
3. The origin, course, and role in lateral eye movement of CN VI.
4. Clinical signs that result from damage to different parts of these cranial nerves, such as diplopia and ptosis.
This document provides an overview of neuroanatomy as it relates to the ophthalmologist. It discusses the cranial fossae and their boundaries, cranial nerves III-VII, venous sinuses, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. The oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, trigeminal, facial, and vestibulocochlear cranial nerves and their nuclei and pathways are described in detail.
The document discusses the anatomy and clinical presentations of the third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve). It begins by describing the origin and course of the nerve, including its nuclei in the midbrain and pathways through the brainstem and cavernous sinus. It then discusses the individual branches and functions of the nerve in innervating the extraocular muscles and parasympathetic fibers to the eye. The summary concludes by noting that damage to the third cranial nerve can cause a total third nerve palsy presenting with ptosis, external eye movement limitations, pupil dilation and loss of accommodation.
This document summarizes a presentation on the olfactory and optic nerves given by Dr. Naresh Mullaguri. It discusses the pathways and central processing regions of the olfactory nerve, as well as causes of olfactory dysfunction. For the optic nerve, it describes the course and vascular supply of the nerve, primary and association visual cortices, and clinical manifestations and examples of lesions along the optic nerve pathway.
The olfactory nerves receive smell signals from olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity and transmit them to the olfactory bulb and other brain regions. The first order neurons are in the olfactory epithelium and project to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Second order neurons in the bulb project as the olfactory tract to primary olfactory cortex like the piriform cortex. Higher order processing occurs in other limbic regions. The olfactory system is unique in directly connecting to the brain without relay in the thalamus. Diseases and injuries can cause loss or distortions of smell.
The oculomotor nerve originates from two nuclei in the brainstem - the motor somatomotor nucleus and the visceral motor Edinger-Westphal nucleus. It exits the brainstem and passes through the dura mater and cavernous sinus before entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. Within the orbit, the oculomotor nerve divides into superior and inferior divisions, with the superior division supplying the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles, and the inferior division supplying the medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles.
The document discusses the abducens nerve (CN VI), which innervates the lateral rectus muscle. It has three key points:
1. CN VI has only a motor component, originating from the abducens nucleus in the pons and innervating the ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle. It also sends interneurons through the medial longitudinal fasciculus to innervate the contralateral medial rectus.
2. CN VI passes through the subarachnoid space, pierces the dura at the dorsum sellae, traverses the cavernous sinus, and enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure to reach the lateral rectus.
3. Les
The cerebrum is the largest part of the forebrain and is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere has four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - which are involved in different cognitive functions like motor control, sensory processing, memory, and vision. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer and consists of grey matter, while the deeper white matter contains axons connecting different areas. Key structures include the lateral ventricles and basal ganglia. Brodmann's areas map the histological regions of the cortex.
The third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve) originates in the midbrain. It contains motor fibers that innervate four of the six extraocular muscles as well as the levator palpebrae superioris and the intraocular muscles that control the pupil and lens. The nerve exits the midbrain and travels through the cavernous sinus before dividing into superior and inferior branches in the orbit. The inferior branch provides motor input to three extraocular muscles and also carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the ciliary ganglion which controls pupil constriction and accommodation.
This document provides an overview of cerebral localization and the major brain regions. It describes the different types of cerebral cortex and their layers and functions. It discusses lateralization of brain functions and provides detailed descriptions of the frontal lobe and its subregions including the prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, premotor area, supplementary motor area and orbitofrontal cortex. It also describes the cingulate gyrus and its subdivisions.
The document describes the anatomy of the cerebrum and base of the skull. It discusses the lobes and cortical regions of the cerebrum, including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It also describes the structures and openings at the base of the skull, such as the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, optic canal and others.
This document provides information on the 12 cranial nerves, with a focus on the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and its three divisions - the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves. It describes the origin, course, branches, and functions of these cranial nerves, including their roles in sensory innervation and motor control of structures in the head, neck, face, and oral cavity. The autonomic ganglia associated with CN V, such as the ciliary and sphenopalatine ganglia, are also discussed.
Cranial Nerves detailed version for seminarVickyS88
This document provides an overview of the 12 cranial nerves, including their origin, functional components, and branches. It describes each nerve individually, noting their motor, sensory, or mixed functions. For example, it states the oculomotor nerve is mainly motor and supplies the extraocular muscles, while the trigeminal nerve is mixed and provides sensation to the face as well as motor function to muscles of mastication. The document aims to comprehensively describe the cranial nerves, their pathways and roles in a detailed yet organized manner.
The document provides information on several cranial nerves:
- The olfactory nerve can cause CSF leakage through the nose if fractured in the anterior cranial fossa. Complete anosmia can result if all filaments on one side are torn.
- The oculomotor nerve supplies most extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and lateral rectus. It also supplies levator palpebrae superioris and parasympathetic fibers to the eye.
- The trigeminal nerve has large sensory and small motor roots. Its branches include the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves which provide sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication.
The glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, and cranial portion of the accessory nerve are collectively known as the vagal system. They originate from common brainstem nuclei and exit the skull through the jugular foramen together. The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates parts of the throat and tongue. The vagus nerve is the longest cranial nerve and innervates parts of the heart, lungs and digestive system. The accessory nerve innervates muscles of the neck and shoulder. Injuries to these nerves can cause issues like difficulty swallowing, impaired taste, and muscle weakness.
The optic nerve develops from the embryonic optic stalk and connects the optic vesicle to the forebrain. It begins forming in the 8th week of embryogenesis and myelination is completed shortly after birth. The optic nerve has four parts - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain and is supplied by branches from the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery.
The twelve pairs of cranial nerves serve the brain and structures of the head and neck. The first two pairs attach to the forebrain while the others are associated with the brain stem. Each nerve has a unique origin, course, functions and clinical implications. Damage to specific cranial nerves can impact functions like smell, vision, eye and facial muscle movement, hearing, balance, swallowing, speech and others.
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This document provides an overview of the cranial and spinal nerves. It describes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, including their functions and anatomical origins. The cranial nerves emerge from nuclei located in the brain stem. It also describes the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which originate from spinal roots and form two spinal nerve plexuses. The sympathetic chain is mentioned as relaying signals throughout the body. Literature references are provided for further information.
The Cerebral Cortex by Dr. NIda Kanwal, Neurosrugery LNH, Karachinoorulainiqbal
The document summarizes the surgical anatomy of the cerebral cortex and sylvian fissure. It describes the lobes and major sulci of the cerebral cortex, including the central sulcus which separates the motor and sensory cortices. It outlines the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes and describes important structures on the medial surface like the cingulate gyrus and corpus callosum. It also provides methods to approximate the locations of the central sulcus and sylvian fissure using external landmarks on the skull.
This document discusses cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. It provides details on:
1. The functional components, origin nuclei, course, and functions of CN III, including its motor and parasympathetic roles.
2. The unique features and course of CN IV.
3. The origin, course, and role in lateral eye movement of CN VI.
4. Clinical signs that result from damage to different parts of these cranial nerves, such as diplopia and ptosis.
This document provides an overview of neuroanatomy as it relates to the ophthalmologist. It discusses the cranial fossae and their boundaries, cranial nerves III-VII, venous sinuses, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. The oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, trigeminal, facial, and vestibulocochlear cranial nerves and their nuclei and pathways are described in detail.
The document discusses the anatomy and clinical presentations of the third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve). It begins by describing the origin and course of the nerve, including its nuclei in the midbrain and pathways through the brainstem and cavernous sinus. It then discusses the individual branches and functions of the nerve in innervating the extraocular muscles and parasympathetic fibers to the eye. The summary concludes by noting that damage to the third cranial nerve can cause a total third nerve palsy presenting with ptosis, external eye movement limitations, pupil dilation and loss of accommodation.
This document summarizes a presentation on the olfactory and optic nerves given by Dr. Naresh Mullaguri. It discusses the pathways and central processing regions of the olfactory nerve, as well as causes of olfactory dysfunction. For the optic nerve, it describes the course and vascular supply of the nerve, primary and association visual cortices, and clinical manifestations and examples of lesions along the optic nerve pathway.
The olfactory nerves receive smell signals from olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity and transmit them to the olfactory bulb and other brain regions. The first order neurons are in the olfactory epithelium and project to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Second order neurons in the bulb project as the olfactory tract to primary olfactory cortex like the piriform cortex. Higher order processing occurs in other limbic regions. The olfactory system is unique in directly connecting to the brain without relay in the thalamus. Diseases and injuries can cause loss or distortions of smell.
The oculomotor nerve originates from two nuclei in the brainstem - the motor somatomotor nucleus and the visceral motor Edinger-Westphal nucleus. It exits the brainstem and passes through the dura mater and cavernous sinus before entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. Within the orbit, the oculomotor nerve divides into superior and inferior divisions, with the superior division supplying the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles, and the inferior division supplying the medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles.
The document discusses the abducens nerve (CN VI), which innervates the lateral rectus muscle. It has three key points:
1. CN VI has only a motor component, originating from the abducens nucleus in the pons and innervating the ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle. It also sends interneurons through the medial longitudinal fasciculus to innervate the contralateral medial rectus.
2. CN VI passes through the subarachnoid space, pierces the dura at the dorsum sellae, traverses the cavernous sinus, and enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure to reach the lateral rectus.
3. Les
The cerebrum is the largest part of the forebrain and is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere has four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - which are involved in different cognitive functions like motor control, sensory processing, memory, and vision. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer and consists of grey matter, while the deeper white matter contains axons connecting different areas. Key structures include the lateral ventricles and basal ganglia. Brodmann's areas map the histological regions of the cortex.
The third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve) originates in the midbrain. It contains motor fibers that innervate four of the six extraocular muscles as well as the levator palpebrae superioris and the intraocular muscles that control the pupil and lens. The nerve exits the midbrain and travels through the cavernous sinus before dividing into superior and inferior branches in the orbit. The inferior branch provides motor input to three extraocular muscles and also carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the ciliary ganglion which controls pupil constriction and accommodation.
This document provides an overview of cerebral localization and the major brain regions. It describes the different types of cerebral cortex and their layers and functions. It discusses lateralization of brain functions and provides detailed descriptions of the frontal lobe and its subregions including the prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, premotor area, supplementary motor area and orbitofrontal cortex. It also describes the cingulate gyrus and its subdivisions.
The document describes the anatomy of the cerebrum and base of the skull. It discusses the lobes and cortical regions of the cerebrum, including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It also describes the structures and openings at the base of the skull, such as the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, optic canal and others.
This document provides information on the 12 cranial nerves, with a focus on the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and its three divisions - the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves. It describes the origin, course, branches, and functions of these cranial nerves, including their roles in sensory innervation and motor control of structures in the head, neck, face, and oral cavity. The autonomic ganglia associated with CN V, such as the ciliary and sphenopalatine ganglia, are also discussed.
Cranial Nerves detailed version for seminarVickyS88
This document provides an overview of the 12 cranial nerves, including their origin, functional components, and branches. It describes each nerve individually, noting their motor, sensory, or mixed functions. For example, it states the oculomotor nerve is mainly motor and supplies the extraocular muscles, while the trigeminal nerve is mixed and provides sensation to the face as well as motor function to muscles of mastication. The document aims to comprehensively describe the cranial nerves, their pathways and roles in a detailed yet organized manner.
The oculomotor nerve is the third cranial nerve that innervates four of the extraocular muscles to move the eyeball as well as the iris and ciliary body. It exits the skull through the superior orbital fissure and divides into superior and inferior branches to control eyelid movement, pupil constriction, and accommodation for vision. Damage to this nerve can cause drooping of the eyelid and issues with eye movement.
The cranial nerves originate from specific areas in the brainstem and travel through the cranial cavity to innervate structures in the head and neck. The olfactory nerve transmits smell signals from the nose to the brain. The optic nerve transmits visual signals from the retina to the visual cortex. The oculomotor, trochlear, abducens and trigeminal nerves innervate muscles that control eye movement and sensation in the face respectively.
this presentation consist of introduction to types of nerves, structure of nerve and cranial nerves. there is a detail description about, origin , course of the trigeminal nerve and its branches and the structures supplying the nerve. it also contains applied anatomy of the nerve and its importance of the nerve in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. a detail description about the examination of the trigeminal nerve is also mentioned in the presentation. hoping that it would be useful to the students and people seeking for knowledge about the trigeminal nerve.
The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It provides detailed information on the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, and facial cranial nerves. It describes the embryology, course, distribution and functions of these nerves. It also discusses various clinical conditions that can arise from injuries or lesions to the different cranial nerves.
Cranial Nerves lecture 2022 Dr Amna.pptxridamalik38
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that originate from the brain. The cranial nerves can be classified based on their function as purely sensory, purely motor, or mixed nerves. The document then provides details on several individual cranial nerves including the olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, and vestibulocochlear nerve. It describes the nuclei, course, and innervations of these nerves.
This document provides an overview of the 12 cranial nerves. It begins with an introduction to the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. It then discusses each cranial nerve in more detail, including their origin, distribution, and function. Some key points covered include the olfactory nerve mediating smell, the optic nerve mediating vision, and the trigeminal nerve having both sensory and motor components innervating the face. Clinical implications of injuries to specific cranial nerves are also mentioned.
This document summarizes key details about the 3rd (oculomotor), 4th (trochlear), and 6th (abducent) cranial nerves. It describes the nuclei, course, branches, and functions of each nerve. The oculomotor nerve supplies muscles that control eye movement and pupil constriction. The trochlear nerve solely innervates the superior oblique muscle. The abducent nerve solely innervates the lateral rectus muscle. Diagrams and references are also provided for additional information.
The document provides information about the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor components. The trigeminal nerve has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It innervates most of the face and provides sensory innervation to the teeth and oral cavity. The trigeminal nerve nuclei are located in the pons and midbrain. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons. The branches and distribution of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve are described in detail.
Cranial nerves Not directly associated with the eyeOthman Al-Abbadi
The cranial nerves do not directly relate to the eye, except for the optic nerve (CN II). The 12 pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain and leave the cranial cavity through openings. The olfactory (CN I), optic (CN II), and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves are entirely sensory. The facial (CN VII) nerve contains motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components. The glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) nerves are mixed nerves containing motor, sensory and parasympathetic fibers. The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is a pure motor nerve that supplies the muscles of the tongue.
Cranial nerves i by prof dr nader el;nemrsallamahmed1
The cranial nerves I-VIII are described. Key points include:
- Olfactory nerve mediates smell and connects to olfactory cortex. Optic nerve mediates vision and connects retina to visual cortex.
- Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves innervate extraocular muscles and control eye movement. Facial nerve controls facial expression and salivation.
- Vestibulocochlear nerve mediates hearing and balance. Injuries can cause anosmia, blindness, diplopia, or facial paralysis.
The document describes the structure and function of the nervous system, including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system consisting of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It explains how the nervous system uses neurons and nerves to perform sensory input, integration of information, and motor output responses. The document also provides details on the different parts of the brain and spinal cord, as well as classifications of neurons, nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.
The facial nerve is a mixed nerve that arises from the brainstem and has both motor and sensory components. It has a long intra-cranial course through the facial canal before exiting behind the ear. It then divides further to innervate the muscles of facial expression and provide parasympathetic fibers to salivary and lacrimal glands. Injuries to different parts of the facial nerve can cause varying symptoms due to its complex anatomy and the functions it controls in the face.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor functions. The trigeminal nerve divides into three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve is purely sensory and innervates parts of the face including the eye, forehead, and nose. It divides further into the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. The frontal nerve gives off the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves which supply the forehead.
The 12 cranial nerves emerge from the brain and brain stem, carrying sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers to various structures of the head and neck. The cranial nerves have specific functions like vision, smell, hearing, taste, facial expression, and tongue and neck movement. Damage to certain cranial nerves causes deficits corresponding to their functions, such as blindness or facial paralysis.
This document discusses various somatic and special senses in humans. It describes the five special senses of smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance. It also discusses the general somatic senses of touch, pressure, heat and pain detected by receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs. For each sense, it outlines the key sensory structures, receptors, pathways and common disorders. It provides details on the anatomy and physiology of smell, taste, vision, hearing, balance and the skin's sensory functions.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
3. Origin
-Arises from olfactory epithelium of the upper part of
the nasal cavity as olfactory fascicles where it takes the
olfactory information from the environment.
Olfactory Nerve
4. Course
-After arising as olfactory fascicles travel up in
to the the cribriform plate of the ethimoid bone
-Come together as olfactory bulb. In the
olfactory bulb the fibers from the nasal mucosa
will join with mitral dendrites found on the bulb.
-After they come together in the olfactory bulb
they will become olfactory tract
-It goes to anterior perforated substance and
divide to medial and lateral olfactory striae.
5.
6. Special features
• It is purely sensory nerve (special visceral
afferent
• is one of the two nerves that do not arise from
the brain stem
• Shortest of the 12 cranial nerves.
• As it originates from olfactory placode it is the
only cranial nerve that has ability to
regenerate
7. Clinical Significance
Anosmia
• Damage to this nerve may lead to the state of
inability to smell or anosmia.
• But inability to smell is not only caused by
nerve damage but may be due to blunt
trauma, tumor of the frontal lobe,
Menningitis,Covid-19
8. Optic Nerve
It is a paired nerve arising from the ganglion
layer of the retina.
Origin
9. Course
• It leaves the eye after converging in the optic
disc
• Goes to the optic chiasm then ascends as
optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
• Then to the pretectal nucleus and superior
colliculus.
• In the optic chiasm it will cross with the contra
lateral optic nerve fiber.
10. Special features
• It is purely sensory nerve and its nucleus do not
arise from the brain stem.
• Unlike any other cranial nerve its is lined by
oligodendrocytes rather than Schwann cells which
makes it part of the central nerves system and
susceptible to diseases affected the central
nervous system such as multiple sclerosis.
• The optic nerve is ensheathed in all
three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia
mater) rather than the epineurium, perineurium,
and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves
12. Occulomotor Nerve
Origin
-It starts from the midbrain in the anterior part
from its nucleus
-Goes to the eye orbit via superior orbital fissure
-Innervates extrinsic eye muscles that enable
most movements of the eye and that raise the
eyelid.
13. Course
• After arising from its nucleus from the mid
brain it goes lateral to the cavernous sinus. In
the cavernous sinus it divides into:-
-Superior:- for sup. rectus & levator
palpebrae superioris
-Inferior:- for inferior & medial rectus,
inferior oblique
14.
15. Special features
-It is purely motor nerve and it is one of the
nerves that arises from the brain stem
-Has characteristics of both general somatic
efferent and general visceral efferent.
-Contain parasympathetic fibers arising from
Edinger Westephal nuclei to sphincter pupilae
and ciliary muscles
17. Trochlear nerve
Origin
-It arises from the back of the mid brain and
comes in front of the brain stem to supply the
superior oblique muscle
Course
• Has same path with the cranial nerve III and it
goes to the orbit via superior orbital fissure.
18. Special features
The smallest cranial nerve in route. It runs the
longest intracranial route. Emerges from the
posterior wall of midbrain
19. Clinical Significance
Results in diplopia
and inability to
rotate the eye
inferolateral.
So the eye deviates
upward and slightly
inward.
Person has difficulty
in walking
downstairs.