Craig10e ch15 ppt_ops_final

Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heritage of World Civilizations
Tenth Edition
Chapter 15
Europe to the Early
1500s: Revival,
Decline, and
Renaissance

The Medieval Universe

Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
15.1 Revival of Empire, Church, and Towns
• Analyze the factors involved in the revival of the Holy Roman
Empire and the Catholic Church and in the rise of towns during the
eleventh and twelfth centuries.
15.2 Society
• Summarize the changes affecting the nobility, clergy, peasantry,
and women during the Late Middle Ages.
15.3 Growth of National Monarchies
• Compare and contrast the relations among monarchs, lesser
nobility, and the Catholic Church in England, France, and the
Hohenstaufen Empire during the Late Middle Ages.

Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
15.4 Political and Social Breakdown
• Summarize the causes and consequences of the Hundred Years’ War and the
Black Death.
15.5 Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
• Describe the factors leading to the Great Schism and the subsequent
reunification of the Church.
15.6 The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
• Survey the Renaissance in Italy, including the social conflicts in the Italian city-
states, humanism, Renaissance art, and the Italian political decline.
15.7 Revival of Monarchy: Nation-Building in the Fifteenth Century
• Analyze the revival of monarchy and the process of nation-building in the
fifteenth century in Russia, France, Spain, and England.

Introduction (1 of 2)
• The High Middle Ages was a period of political
expansion and consolidation and of
intellectual flowering and synthesis.
• The Latin, or Western, church established
itself as a spiritual authority independent of
secular monarchies.
• The High Middle Ages saw a revolution in
agriculture that increased food supplies and
populations.

Introduction (2 of 2)
• Commerce revived, printing was invented, and
new intellectual currents emerged drawing on
the writings of antiquity.
• War and the Black Death were calamities for
Europe.
• The vernacular—local language—took its
place alongside Latin.

Global Perspective: The High Middle Ages
in Western Europe (1 of 3)
• Europe began to escape its relative isolation
from the rest of the world.
• The Crusades and renewed trade along the
Silk Road linking China and Europe were
central to ending this isolation.
• Christianity allowed Europeans to think of
themselves as one people and to unite in the
Crusades.

• The Crusades brought Europeans into more
direct and frequent contact with the non-
European world than they had known since
the Roman Empire.
• Eventually Europeans sought to bypass the
Islamic world entirely and secure supplies of
Eastern products by going directly to the
sources in India and East Asia.

1. How did the High Middle Ages in Europe
differ from the Early Middle Ages?
2. What was the legacy of the Crusades for
Europe? In what ways did they signal the
start of new relationships between Europe
and the wider world?

15.1 Revival of Empire, Church, and Towns
Learning Objective:
Analyze the factors involved in the revival
of the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic
Church and in the rise of towns during the
eleventh and twelfth centuries.

15.1.1 Otto I and the Revival of the Empire
• Otto I (r. 936–973) invaded Italy and
proclaimed himself king in 951.
• Otto enlisted bishops and abbots as agents of
the king.
• In 962 Otto became Holy Roman Emperor.

15.1.2 The Reviving Catholic Church
• In a great monastery at Cluny, a reform movement was
born that aimed to free the church from secular
control.
• The Cluny reformers uncompromisingly condemned
the mixing of religious and secular institutions and the
clergy’s subservience to royal authority.
• They further denounced the transgression of ascetic
piety by “secular” parish clergy.
• In the Investiture Controversy, church and state agreed
to distinctive spheres of ecclesiastical and secular
authority.

15.1.3 The Crusades (1 of 2)
• Religion was not the only motive inspiring the
Crusades, but early Crusades were inspired by
genuine religious piety and were orchestrated by
the papacy.
• In the First Crusade (1095–1099), the Crusaders
soundly defeated one Seljuk army after another
and captured Jerusalem on July 15, 1099.
• The victorious Crusaders divided conquered
territories into the feudal states of Jerusalem,
Edessa, and Antioch.

15.1.3 The Crusades (2 of 2)
• Muslim resistance broke the Crusaders’
resolve around the mid–twelfth century.
• The Second and Third Crusades failed
militarily.
• A Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) transformed
itself into a piratical commercial venture
controlled by the Venetians.

Document: Pope Urban II (r. 1088–1099)
Preaches the First Crusade
• Is the pope engaging in a propaganda and smear
campaign?
• What images of the enemy does he create, and
how accurate and fair are they?
• Did the Christian church have a greater claim to
Jerusalem than the people then living there?
• Does a religious connection with the past entitle
one group to confiscate the land of another?

Map 15–1: The Early Crusades

15.1.4 Towns and Townspeople (1 of 3)
• In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, most
towns were small and held only about 5 percent
of western Europe’s population.
• As towns grew, many serfs took their skills to the
new urban centers.
• Rural society gave the towns their craftspeople ,
laborers, and maybe even the first merchants.
• As the traders grew in wealth and numbers, they
became able to challenge traditional seigneurial
authority.

• Around 1100 the old urban nobility and the new
burgher upper class merged into an urban
patriciate.
• Small artisans and craftspeople also slowly
developed their own protective associations or
guilds and began to gain a voice in government.
• Towns became a major force in the transition
from feudal societies to national governments.

• Modern universities and university towns such
as Bologna in Italy emerged.
• The method of study known as Scholasticism
spread across Europe.
• Peter Abelard was the leading philosopher
and theologian of his time.

Foundry in Florence

Chronology: The Crusades

A Closer Look: European Embrace
of a Black Saint

Map 15–2: Medieval Trade Routes and
Regional Products

Document: Student Life at
the University of Paris
• Why were students from different lands so
prejudiced against one another?
• Was the rivalry among faculty members as
intense as that among students?
• What are the student criticisms of the faculty?
Do they sound credible?

The University of Bologna

15.2 Society
Learning Objective:
Summarize the changes affecting the
nobility, clergy, peasantry, and women
during the Late Middle Ages.

15.2.1 The Order of Life (1 of 2)
• By the Late Middle Ages, a distinguishable
higher and lower nobility had evolved.
• Noblemen formed a broad spectrum.
• Unlike the nobility and the peasantry, the
clergy was an open estate that could be joined
through training.
• There were two basic types of clerical
vocation: regular clergy and secular clergy.

15.2.1 The Order of Life (2 of 2)
• The largest and lowest social group in
medieval society was the agrarian peasantry.
• Manors changed in the later Middle Ages due
to the increasing importance of the single-
family holding and the conversion of the serf’s
dues into money payments.

Dominicans (left) and Franciscans (right)

15.2.2 Medieval Women (1 of 2)
• Christian theologians depicted women as
physically, mentally, and morally weaker than
men.
• All major Germanic law codes recognized the
economic freedom of women along with
certain legal rights.
• The nunnery was an option for single women
from the higher social classes.

15.2.2 Medieval Women (2 of 2)
• In the ninth century, under the influence of
Christianity, the Carolingians made monogamy
official policy.
• Women were excluded from the professions
of scholarship, medicine, and law by gender
alone.

Medieval Marketplace

15.3 Growth of National Monarchies
Learning Objective:
Compare and contrast the relations among
monarchs, lesser nobility, and the Catholic
Church in England, France, and the
Hohenstaufen Empire during the Late
Middle Ages.

15.3.1 England and France: Hastings (1066)
and Bouvines (1214)
• In 1066 the Battle of Hastings led to the swift
conquest of England by the Normans.
• With the full support of the clergy and the
townspeople, the nobility forced the king’s
grudging recognition of the Magna Carta in 1215.
• At Bouvines on July 27, 1214, the French won
handily over the English and their German allies.
• The victory unified France and laid the foundation
for French ascendancy in the Late Middle Ages.

15.3.2 France in the Thirteenth Century:
Reign of Louis IX
• Louis IX (r. 1226–1270), the grandson of Philip
Augustus, embodied the medieval view of the
perfect ruler.
• Louis’s greatest achievements lay at home as he
molded the French bureaucracy into an
instrument of order in local government.
• Louis abolished private wars and serfdom, gave
his subjects the right of appeal from local to
higher courts, and made the tax system more
equitable.

15.3.3 The Hohenstaufen Empire
(1152–1272)
• While stable governments developed in
England and France, the Holy Roman Empire
fragmented in disunity and blood feuding.
• Frederick I Barbarossa (1152–1190), the first
of the Hohenstaufens, reestablished imperial
authority.
• To secure the imperial title for himself and his
sons, Frederick II made the German princes
undisputed lords over their territories.

Map 15–3: Germany and Italy in the
Middle Ages

15.4 Political and Social Breakdown
Learning Objective:
Summarize the causes and
consequences of the Hundred Years’
War and the Black Death.

15.4.1 Hundred Years’ War:
Causes and Consequences (1 of 2)
• England and France were territorial and
economic rivals with a long history of prejudice
and animosity between them.
• Most of the major battles were stunning English
victories.
• Thanks in part to the inspiring leadership of Joan
of Arc (1412–1431), and a sense of national
identity and self-confidence, the French were
able to expel the English from France.

15.4.1 Hundred Years’ War:
Causes and Consequences (2 of 2)
• The Hundred Years’ War devastated France
but also awakened French nationalism and
hastened the country’s transition to a
centralized state.
• In both France and England the burden of the
war fell most heavily on the peasantry.

15.4.2 The Black Death (1 of 3)
• It is estimated that Europe’s population
doubled between the years 1000 and 1300
and began thereafter to outstrip food
production.
• Between 1315 and 1317, cold weather and
crop failures produced the greatest famine of
the Middle Ages.
• The Black Death was most likely introduced by
rats from Black Sea areas.

• It is estimated that western Europe had lost as
much as two-fifths of its population by the
early fifteenth century.
• In some places, Jews were cast as scapegoats.
• A shrunken labor supply and a decline in the
value of the estates of the nobility were
consequences of the plague.

• Landowners also sought to reverse their
misfortune by new repressive legislation that
forced peasants to stay on their farms while
freezing their wages at low levels.
• These policies resulted in peasant revolts,
including one in France ignited by a direct tax,
the taille.

Black Death

Map 15–4: Spread of the Black Death

15.4.3 New Conflicts and Opportunities
• Conflicts within the guilds began to develop.
• Kings exploited growing national sentiment to
centralize their governments and economies.

15.5 Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival:
The Late Medieval Church
Learning Objective:
Describe the factors leading to the
Great Schism and the subsequent
reunification of the Church.

15.5.1 Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair
• When Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303) issued
a bull, Clericis Laicos, King Philip the Fair of
France (r. 1285–1314) unleashed a ruthless
antipapal campaign.
• No pope ever again so seriously threatened
kings and emperors.

15.5.2 The Great Schism (1378–1417) and
the Conciliar Movement to 1449 (1 of 2)
• The papal court was moved to Avignon in
France for most of the fourteenth century.
• After being returned to Rome, plans were
made by a new pope to reform the papal
government in his Curia.
• Not wanting to surrender the benefits of a
papacy under French influence, the French
king, Charles V (r. 1364–1380), supported the
Great Schism.

15.5.2 The Great Schism (1378–1417) and
the Conciliar Movement to 1449 (2 of 2)
• Hereafter allegiance to the two papal courts
divided along political lines. A third pope was
added in 1409.
• The church finally elected a new pope, Martin
V (r. 1417–1431), in November 1417, reuniting
the church.
• Secular authority, through Emperor Sigismund
of the Holy Roman Empire, was central to this
process.

Papal Authority

(1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Survey the Renaissance in Italy, including
the social conflicts in the Italian city-states,
humanism, Renaissance art, and the Italian
political decline.

(2 of 2)
• The Renaissance is the term used to describe
fourteenth- and fifteenth-century efforts to
revive ancient learning.
• This movement was a transition from the
medieval to the modern world.
• Renaissance Europe was characterized by
growing national consciousness and political
centralization, an urban capitalist economy,
and secular control of thought and culture.

15.6.1 The Italian City-State:
Social Conflict and Despotism
• Renaissance society took distinctive shape
within the cities of late medieval Italy.
• During the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries, Italian cities became powerful city-
states, dominating the political and economic
life of the surrounding countryside.
• Social strife and competition for political
power were so intense that most evolved into
despotisms by the fifteenth century.

Map 15–5: Renaissance Italy

15.6.2 Humanism (1 of 2)
• Humanism refers to the scholarly study of the
Latin and Greek classics and the writings of
the ancient Church Fathers.
• Humanists supported a liberal arts program,
studia humanitatis.
• Unlike their Scholastic rivals, humanists went
directly to the original source and drew their
own conclusions.

15.6.2 Humanism (2 of 2)
• The classical ideal of a useful education that
produces well-rounded, effective people
inspired far-reaching reforms in traditional
education.

15.6.3 Renaissance Art in and beyond Italy
(1 of 2)
• Renaissance art reproduced nature and
human nature realistically, in both its physical
beauty and its grotesqueness.
• New artistic materials and techniques, such as
chiaroscuro, added Renaissance artists.
• The Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci (1452–
1519) personified the Renaissance ideal of the
universal person.

15.6.3 Renaissance Art in and beyond Italy
(2 of 2)
• Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) also
excelled in a variety of arts and crafts.
• The experimental style known as Mannerism
developed late in the Renaissance.

Jan van Eyck, “Adam and Eve” (1432)

Document: Pico della Mirandola States the
Renaissance Image of the Human Ideal
• In what does the dignity of humankind
consist?
• Does Pico reject the biblical description of
Adam and Eve’s fall?
• Does he exaggerate a person’s ability to
choose freely to be whatever he or she
wishes?
• What inspired such seeming hubris during the
Renaissance?

15.6.4 Italy’s Political Decline:
The French Invasions (1494–1527)
• Repeated French invasions over dynastic
claims weakened the Italian city-states.
• The French monarchy and papacy reached an
agreement known as the Concordat of
Bologna (August 1516).

15.6.5 Niccolò Machiavelli
• Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) argued that
only an unscrupulous strongman using
duplicity and terror could impose order on his
people.

Michelangelo’s “Creation of Adam”

Niccolò Machiavelli

15.7 Revival of Monarchy: Nation-Building
in the Fifteenth Century (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Analyze the revival of monarchy and
the process of nation-building in the
fifteenth century in Russia, France,
Spain, and England.

15.7 Revival of Monarchy: Nation-Building
in the Fifteenth Century (2 of 2)
• With the emergence of sovereign rulers after
1450, unified national monarchies replaced
fragmented and divisive feudal governance.
• In a sovereign state, the powers of taxation,
war-making, and law enforcement became
concentrated in the hands of the monarch.
• The growing cost of warfare increased the
need to develop new national sources of royal
income.

Chronology: Major Political Events of the
Italian Renaissance (1375–1527)

15.7.1 Medieval Russia
• Mongol armies invaded Russia in 1223, and Kiev
fell in 1240, forcing Russian cities to pay tribute to
the segment of the Mongol Empire called the
Golden Horde.
• Mongol rule divided Russia from the West but left
Russian political institutions and religion largely
intact.
• By the last quarter of the fifteenth century,
Moscow had replaced Kiev as the political and
religious center of Russia.

Map 15–6: Russia, ca. 1500

15.7.2 France
• By the mid–sixteenth century France was
again a defeated nation and almost as divided
internally as it had been during the Hundred
Years’ War.

15.7.3 Spain
• Religious toleration ended dramatically under
Ferdinand and Isabella, who made Spain the
prime example of state-controlled religion.
• Ferdinand and Isabella exercised almost total
control over the Spanish church.
• The new Spanish power was also evident in
Ferdinand and Isabella’s promotion of
overseas exploration.

15.7.4 England
• Henry Tudor ruled as Henry VII (r. 1485–1509),
the first of the new Tudor Dynasty.
• Henry shrewdly construed legal precedents to
the advantage of the Crown, using English law
to further his own ends.

Craig10e ch15 ppt_ops_final

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