Craig10e ch12 ppt_ops_final

Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heritage of World Civilizations
Tenth Edition
Chapter 12
The Islamic World,
1000–1500

Islamic World Map

Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
The Islamic Heartlands
12.1 Religion and Society
• Discuss Sunni and Shi’ite legal and religious norms and the
influence of Sufism in the tenth and eleventh centuries.
12.2 Regional Developments
• Trace Islamic history and society in the western
Mediterranean (including Spain), in the eastern
Mediterranean, and in West and Central Asia before and
after the Mongol conquests.

Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
The Spread of Islam beyond the Heartlands
12.3 Islamic India
• Discuss the spread of Islam in India.
12.4 Islamic Southeast Asia
• Discuss the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia.

Introduction (1 of 2)
• By the mid–tenth century, centralized caliphal
power in the Islamic world had broken down.
Regional Islamic states dominated.
• Sufism gained popularity, especially after 1200.
• Movements loyal to Ali and his heirs challenged
but failed to reverse centrist Sunni
predominance.
• A cultural renaissance fueled the spread of
modern Persian alongside Arabic.

Introduction (2 of 2)
• The Mongols and the Turks came to rule much
of the Islamic world in these centuries.
• Islam became the major influence in Central,
South, and Southeast Asia, as well as in sub-
Saharan Africa.

Map 12–1: The Islamic World, 1000–ca. 1500

Global Perspective: The Expansion of
Islamic Civilization, 1000–1500 (1 of 2)
• In this era, Islam became a truly cosmopolitan tradition
of religious, cultural, political, and social values and
institutions.
• The ability to adapt while maintaining the core tenets
of Muslim faith enabled Islamic religion and culture to
take root in many different regions of the globe.
• Distinct traditions of art, language, and literature
became part of a larger Muslim civilization.
• In the year 1000 Europe was almost a cultural and
political backwater compared to major Islamic, Hindu,
and Chinese states.

Global Perspective: The Expansion of
Islamic Civilization, 1000–1500 (2 of 2)
1. What impact did the Mongols and Central
Asian Turks have on the Islamic world?
2. Why were Muslims and Buddhists more
successful than Hindus and Christians in
spreading their faiths in this era? Does this
suggest what makes a successful global
religious tradition?

12.1 Religion and Society (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss Sunni and Shi’ite legal and
religious norms and the influence of
Sufism in the tenth and eleventh
centuries.

12.1 Religion and Society (2 of 2)
• In this period Islamic society was shaped by
Sunni legal and religious norms, Sufi
traditions, and Shi’ite legal and religious
norms.

12.1.1 Consolidation of a Sunni Orthopraxy
(1 of 2)
• Both Sunni and Shi’ite ulama gradually
became entrenched elites throughout the
Islamic world.
• The ulama’s power and fixity as a class were
expressed in the institution of the madrasa.
• Popular “unofficial” piety flourished as well.
• The shared traditions continued to unite
almost all Muslims.

12.1.1 Consolidation of a Sunni Orthopraxy
(2 of 2)
• Sunni orthopraxy discouraged religious or
social innovations.
• The ulama also became more socially
conservative over time.

The Sultan Hasan Madrasa and
Tomb-Mosque in Cairo

12.1.2 Sufi Piety and Organization
• Sufi piety stresses the spiritual and mystical
dimensions of Islam.
• Sufi piety merged with folk piety in such
popular practices as saint veneration, shrine
pilgrimage, and seasonal festivals.

12.1.3 Consolidation of Shi’ite Traditions
• Shi’ite traditions crystallized between the
tenth and twelfth centuries.
• A substantial Shi’ite populace developed only
in Iran, Iraq, and the lower Indus.

Document: Jalaluddin Rumi:
Attributes of the Sufi
• What attributes seem to characterize the true Sufi?
• What might “patched mantle” (a common mark of Sufi
initiation) and “lust perverse” refer to?
• What is “Beauty”?
• What is the contrast between the ascetic and the
Gnostic (“true Knower,” or perfected human) about?
• What do “Light” and “lamp” refer to?
• From these poems, what does Sufism seem to be
about?

12.2 Regional Developments
Learning Objective:
Trace Islamic history and society in the
western Mediterranean (including Spain),
in the eastern Mediterranean, and in West
and Central Asia before and after the
Mongol conquests.

12.2.1 Spain, North Africa, and the
Western Mediterranean Islamic World
• Abd al-Rahman III (r. 912–961) saw a largely
unified, peaceful Islamic Spain.
• Abroad, Abd al-Rahman III checked both Fatimid
power in North Africa and northern Spain’s
Christian kingdoms.
• After his death, fragmentation among Muslims
allowed a resurgence of Spain’s Christian states
from about 1000 until 1085.
• Ensuing wars between Christians and Muslims
were part of the Reconquista.

12.2.2 Egypt and the Eastern
Mediterranean Islamic World (1 of 2)
• The major Islamic dynasty in the
Mediterranean from the tenth to the twelfth
centuries was that of the Shi’ite Fatimids.
• After 1100 the Fatimids weakened, falling in
1171 to Salah al-Din.
• The heirs of the Fatimids and Saladin in the
eastern Mediterranean were the Mamluk
sultans.

12.2.2 Egypt and the Eastern
Mediterranean Islamic World (2 of 2)
• The Mamluks were great patrons of scholars
who excelled in history, biography, astronomy,
mathematics, and medicine.
• The Mamluks survived even the Ottoman
conquest of Egypt in 1517.

Document: A Muslim Biographer’s Account
of Maimonides
• Which Islamic dynasty forced Maimonides to
leave Spain for Cairo?
• Why were the Egyptian Fatimids tolerant of
Christians and Jews when their Berber co-
religionists were not?
• From the Muslim biographer’s treatment of
his subject, what can you infer about Islamic
societies and the contemporaneous
intellectual atmosphere?

Reading the Torah in a Spanish Synagogue

The Alhambra

Decorated Ceramic Bowl

Mamluk Trade

Chronology: Western Islamic Lands

12.2.3 The Islamic East: Asia before the
Mongol Conquests
• The Seljuks were a steppe clan who became
the first major Turkish dynasty of Islam.
• The Seljuks brought Islamic rule for the first
time into the central Anatolian plateau at
Byzantine expense.
• By 1194 Iranian Seljuk rule was wholly wiped
away by another Turkish slave dynasty from
Khwarizm.

Map 12–2: The Seljuk Empire, ca. 1095

12.2.4 Islamic Asian in the Mongol Age
• In 1255 Hulagu Khan led a massive Mongol army
again across the Oxus, destroying every Iranian
state and plundering Baghdad.
• Hulagu and his heirs ruled the old Persian Empire
from Azerbaijan for some seventy-five years.
• This situation prepared the way for a new Turko-
Mongol conquest from Transoxiana.
• This conquest left behind ruins, death, disease,
and political chaos across the entire eastern
Islamic world.

A Closer Look:
Al-Hariri, Assemblies (Maqamat)

Document: The Mongol Catastrophe
• Is this a positive, negative, or neutral
description of the Mongols?
• Why might they be compared to Alexander
rather than, say, the Huns (see “The Late
Empire,” in Chapter 6)?

The Gur-i-mir, the Tomb of Timur in
Samarkand

Chronology: Eastern Islamic Lands

12.3 Islamic India (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the spread of Islam in India.

12.3 Islamic India (2 of 2)
• Indian Islamic civilization was formed by
creative interaction between invading
foreigners and indigenous peoples.
• This included conquest carried out by ghazis.
• As Islam spread, Sufi orders gained a foothold
in the Deccan.

12.3.1 Muslim–Hindu Encounter
• The strength of the Hindu warrior class
hindered Islamic expansion into India.

12.3.2 Islamic States and Dynasties
• The Slave Sultans of Delhi extended and
maintained Islamic power over North India for
nearly a century (1206–1290).
• Slave-soldiers, or mamluks, figured prominently
in the leading elites of the new regime.
• In the two centuries before the Mughals, many
regions became partially or wholly independent.
• The most important independent Islamic state
was that of the Bahmanids in the Deccan (1347–
1527).

The Qutb Minar (Victory Tower)

Map 12–3: The Indian Subcontinent, 1000–1500

Overview: Major Islamic Dynasties,
1000s–1500s

12.3.3 Religious and Cultural
Accommodation
• Within India, conversion to Islam occurred at
various levels of society.
• The infusion of substantial numbers of
Muslims into the subcontinent produced a
new language, Urdu-Hindi.
• Ultimately, Urdu became the official language
of modern Pakistan, and Hindi became the
official language of modern India.

Document: How the Hindus Differ from
the Muslims
• How does the emphasis on purity and the
impurity of foreigners that al-Biruni imputes to
the Hindus compare with the attitudes of Islam?
Other religions?
• Does this passage suggest why the Hindu
tradition remained largely an Indian one while
Islam became international?
• To what might al-Biruni be referring in his
comments on the relative absence of religious
controversy among Hindus?

12.3.4 Hindu and Other Indian Traditions
• In the north Muslim conquests effectively
ended Indian Buddhism by the eleventh
century.
• The dominant traditions of Hindu religion and
culture flourished even under Muslim rule.

Krishna Dancing on the Head of the
Serpent Kaliya

12.4 Islamic Southeast Asia (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Discuss the spread of Islam to
Southeast Asia.

12.4 Islamic Southeast Asia (2 of 2)
• Islam spread into Southeast Asia with long-
distance Islamic and Indian trade across the
Indian Ocean.
• The spread of Islam in this region came with
Muslim merchants, scholars, and Sufis.
• Southeast Asian Muslims adapted Islam to
their needs and customs.

Map 12–4: The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia

Craig10e ch12 ppt_ops_final

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