CP wk 2
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This document discusses the cognitive science approach to understanding the brain and intelligence. It begins by listing different animals ranked by their intelligence. It then covers the gross anatomy of the brain including grey and white matter. It discusses how language is grounded in action and mirror neurons. It covers the localization of function in the brain through studies of patients like Phineas Gage and Ramon y Cajal's discovery of individual neurons. The document dives deeper into the structure of neurons including their electrical signaling through action potentials and chemical signaling at synapses.
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This document discusses the biological bases of mental life and behavior. It covers neurons, neurotransmitters, the nervous system, cerebral lateralization, and behavioral genetics. Neurons transmit information via dendrites, cell bodies, and axons. There are three types of neurons. Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles and released at synapses to transmit signals between neurons. The nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. Cerebral lateralization refers to specialization of function in the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Behavioral genetics examines the influence of genes on psychological traits using twin studies.
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The document provides an overview of the biological basis of behavior, including:
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3. Studies of brain structure found decreased white matter density and increased cortical thickness in right frontal and auditory areas in tone deaf individuals, suggesting a genetic basis involving abnormal cortical development and connectivity.
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2. Conformity is the adjustment of one's behavior to match a group standard, as seen in studies where participants changed their estimates to match the group.
3. Obedience studies like Milgram's showed that ordinary people can engage in shocking behaviors when instructed by an authority figure in a lab coat.
4. Groups can polarize attitudes to more extreme positions than individual members hold alone and groupthink can override rational decision making in a desire for group harmony.
PoP wk 13
This document provides an overview of psychological disorders, including their historical and modern perspectives, classifications in the DSM, and descriptions of specific disorders like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, dissociative disorders, and schizophrenia. It discusses the bio-psycho-social model for understanding disorders and covers topics like genetics, environment, and brain abnormalities in relation to schizophrenia.
PoP wk 12
This document provides an overview of several theories of personality, including psychodynamic, trait, humanistic, social-cognitive, and biological theories. It summarizes Freud's psychodynamic theory, including the id, ego, and superego. It also outlines Carl Jung's analytical psychology and the collective unconscious. Trait theory and the Big Five model are explained. Humanistic approaches by Maslow and Rogers focusing on growth and fulfillment are covered. Social-cognitive theory discusses reciprocal determinism. Biological theories address brain damage, neurochemistry, genetics, and evidence of personality traits across species.
PoP wk 11
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CP wk 2
- 2. What is the Order of Intelligence? Why? Rabbit Raccoon Cat Camel Kangaroo Baboon Monkey Human
- 3. Gross anatomy of the brain: Grey & White Matter
- 4. Gross anatomy of the brain
- 7. Understanding Movement (Hauk, Johnsrude, & Pulvermüller 2004)
- 8. Grounding Language in Action Away: “You handed Courtney the notebook.” Toward: “Courtney handed you the notebook.” Glenberg & Kashak (2002)
- 9. Mirroring & Mirror Neurons
- 10. Mirroring in the Brain Mirror neurons
- 11. Gross anatomy of the brain
- 13. Paul Broca • Tan (1861) – Lost ability to speak – Intact intelligence – Left hemisphere lesion Phineas Gage
- 16. Ramon de Cajal Individual Neurons with small spaces in between
- 17. Neurons: Structure • Parts of neurons • Insulation • Relationship to synapses
- 18. Basic features of the neuron: dendrite, cell body, axon
- 19. Electrical signals are transported down an axon
- 20. A closer look
- 21. Even closer
- 22. Action potentials • Neurons specialize in the transfer of information within the nervous system. – Operated electrically – Communicate chemically
- 23. Generation, Transmission, & Integration of Neural Signals • Electrical Signals are the vocabulary of the nervous system • Synaptic transmission is precise • An action potential is a rapid electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron. • A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger between neurons
- 24. • Ions – electrically charged molecules – Anions = negative – Cations = positive • A resting cell is more negative than its surrounding fluid (extracellular fluid). • The resting membrane potential is ~-70mV – This is a negative polarity
- 25. Ion Channels
- 26. Conduction along myelinated axons
- 27. Conduction along unmyelinated axons
- 28. Glial Cells
- 29. Synapse
- 30. Electrical signals are transported down an axon
- 31. Serotonin: Example neurotransmitter • Serotonin (5-HT) is involved in mood • Anti-depressants allow for more 5-HT (e.g. SSRI: serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor)
- 32. Animal toxins can selectively block channels • Puffer fish and tetrodotoxin (TTX) • Dart frogs and batrachotoxin
- 33. Action potentials • Dendrites: receive information from other neurons • Cell body/Soma: CREATES transmitter molecules; integrates inputs • Axon: transmits electrical signals – Myelin: insulates the nerve cell – Speeds up transmission – Terminal buttons: release transmitters • Synapse: site of chemical communication