The document summarizes different aspects of COVID-19 vaccines, including how they work, types of vaccines, and specific vaccines like Covaxin, Pfizer, Moderna, and more. It discusses inactivated vaccines like Covaxin and CoronaVac, viral vector vaccines like AstraZeneca and Sputnik V, protein subunit vaccines like Novavax, and nucleic acid vaccines such as Pfizer and Moderna. Each vaccine is described in 1-2 sentences focusing on technology, efficacy, and development process. The document also covers general topics like vaccine development, immunity, and adjuvants that enhance vaccine effectiveness.

1. Credit Seminar
on
Corona vaccines
How they work, ways of production and their efficacy
Presented by :- Mageshwar Singh Slathia (J-20-MV-643)
Seminar in charge :- Dr. Maninder Singh Major Advisor:- Dr.H.K. Sharma

2. SARS CoV 2
• Ss RNA
• Order – Nidovirales
Family – coronaviridae
Sub family- coronavirinae
Genera – 4 Alphacoronavirus
Betacoronavirus
Gammacoronavirus
Deltacoronavirus
Source:-
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC718064
9/
Birds
Mammals

3. What are vaccination
• Vaccination is a simple, safe and effective way of protecting people
against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them.
{WHO}
• The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to
a specific disease. {CDC}
• Immunity and vaccination interchangeable
• The vaccines are administered through needle injections, but can also
be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose. {CDC} -???

4. Natural Immunity
Vaccine induced immunity
Exposure again
Exposure to
natural pathogen

5. Components of a vaccine
• Antigen – active ingredient Or blueprint for active ingredient
• Preservatives- 2- phenoxyethanol, in multi dose vials, not in single
• Stabilizers – prevent reaction
• Surfactants - blending
• Residuals – left after production
• Diluent- sterile water (common)
• Adjuvant- some vaccines, improve
response

6. How Vaccines are developed

7. Why corona vaccine is one of a kind
• Typical vaccine 10-12 years
• Corona vaccine 12-18 months (How its Possible)
In 1960s ,
mumps
vaccine in 4
yrs was made

8. Types of Corona vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines (covaxin,sinovac,sinopharm)
• Viral Vector vaccines (Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine ,Sputnik V vaccine,j
& J)
• Protein adjuvant vaccines (corbevax,novavax)
• Nucleic acids vaccines (Pfizer/BioNtech vaccine, moderna
vaccine,Zydus cadila ZyCoV-D)

9. Inactivated vaccines
• Exposure of virulent virus to chemical or physical agents (formalin, B-propiolactone)
• Destroy infectivity , retained immunogenicity
• Disadvantage – large amount of antigen
Chemical may damage immunogenicity
requires BSLV- 3
Source :- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/inactivated-virus-vaccine

10. Covaxin
• India’s 1st indigenous COVID-19 vaccine
• Produced by Bharat Biotech with ICMR and NIV
• Technology used – Whole-Virion Inactivated Vero Cell
• 2 dose vaccination regime given 28 days apart
• Stable at 2-8 degree Celsius
• Adjuvant – Alhydroxiquim- II
• Phase 3 trials – 25,800 participants
(130 confirmed cases, 106 in placebo vs 24 in vaccine)
Efficacy – Symptomatic covid – 77.8% , severe- 93.4% and asymp. – 63.6%
• Source :- https://www.bharatbiotech.com/covaxin.html

11. Efficacy of Covaxin against Covid-19 variants
Proven to neutralize the variants
• B.1.1.7 (Alpha) (UK)
• P.1-B.1.1.28 (Gamma) & P.2-B.1.1.28 (Zeta) (Brazil)
• B.1.617(Kappa) (India)
• B.1.617.2(Delta)(India)
• B.1.351(Beta)(South Africa)
• Efficacy -65.2% (against Delta)
Source:- https://www.bharatbiotech.com/covaxin.html

12. CoronoVac
• Developed by Sinovac Biotech
• Formaldehyde inactivated with alum adjuvant
• Stable at 2-8 degree Celsius
• SAGE (WHO) recommends 2 doses with 2-4 weeks apart
• Efficacy – Phase 3 trials in Brazil (51% against symptomatic, 100 %
against severe) Against P1 and P2 variants (49.6%)
• WHO recommends in Pregnant women under certain condition
• Also for people with comorbidities
• Source:- https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know

13. Sinopharm vaccine
• Inactivated COVID – 19 vaccine
Developed by Sinopharm/China National Pharmaceutical Group.
• SAGE recommends 2 doses with 3-4 weeks apart
• Contain the dead coronavirus with Al salts as adjuvant
• Efficacy- Phase 3 trails (same against symptomatic and against
hospitalization i.e. 79%)
• Source:- https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-what-you-need-to-
know

14. Viral vectored vaccine
• The gene from
adenovirus,
which cause the
infection, is
removed while
a gene with the
code of a
protein from
another virus
spike is inserted
• This inserted
element is safe
for the body but
still helps the
immune system
to react and
produce
antibiotics,
which protect
us from the
infection.
• Source :-
https://sputnikvaccine.com/abo
ut-vaccine/

15. (viral vectored vaccines) Contd.
• Harmless cold virus after adding the spike protein DNA and growing it
in cell culture
• Downstream processing- purification of virus vaccine
• Many environmental factors in and around the cell culture –
temperature, oxygen, co2 level, acidity and so on are regulated

16. Covishield
• ChAdox1 ncoV-19 corona virus vaccine (Recombinant)
• Manufactured by Serum Institute of india Pvt Ltd.
With Oxford AstraZeneca
• 1 dose (0.5ml) contains 5 X 10^10 virus particles
• Replication deficient chimpanzee adenovirus vector encoding the SARS-
CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein, produced in genetically modified human
embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells
• Different studies regarding the dose interval
• Source :- https://www.seruminstitute.com/pdf/covishield_ChAdOx1_nCoV19_corona_virus_vaccine_insert.pdf

17. Studies carried out in UK regarding dose
interval
• Study 1
D1 D2 (published in Lancet)
(76% after 22 days) (55% Efficacy)
• Study 2
D1 D2
(76%) (81-82% efficacy)
• Study 3 – with low dose
D1 with low dose D2 with standard dose (Not published)
(2.2 * 10^10) (90% efficacy)
4-6 weeks
12 weeks
4-6 weeks

18. Sputnik V
• Viral vectored vaccine (adeno virus ) adeno virus
is used as a container to deliver the corona virus gene
to cells and start synthesizing the new coronavirus envelope protein.
• World’s 1st registered vaccine against corona virus
• Two component vaccine (adenovirus serotypes 5 and 26 serotypes are
used)
• The gameleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia
• Can be stored at 2-8 degree celsius
• Source:- https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/vaccines/sputnik-v-vaccine

19. Why sputnik V is more advantageous than
other vectored vaccine
Source of
contamination
Unhygienic
condition
Despite this
not approved
by WHO

20. Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen
• Single shot vaccine
• Principal – Viral Vector Vaccine
using Human Adenovirus
• Age – 18 years and above
• Efficacy – 85 % against severe
• Side effects- Guillain- Barre Syndrome (Autoimmune) – serious but
rare (FDA)

21. BBV154
• Novel adenovirus vectored
• Intranasal –
• Many advantages
Broad immune response
Immune response at site of infection (block both infection and
transmission)
• Currently under trials
• Source:- https://www.bharatbiotech.com/intranasal-vaccine.html

22. Sub unit based vaccines
• Very specific parts of a virus or bacterium used
• sugars or proteins
• Non infectious
• Childhood vaccines
Source:- https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-race-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-explained

23. Principle of protein adjuvant vaccines

24. Novavax (NVX-CoV2373)
• Protein subunit vaccine using
recombinant protein nanoparticle
technology to generate the antigens derived from corona virus spike(S)
protein
• It utilizes Matrix-M adjuvant(made up of Quillaja saponins formulated with
cholesterol and phospholipids into nanoparticles) to enhance the immune
system
• Reported Overall efficacy – 90.4% and 100% effective against moderate and
severe infection in phase 3 trials
• Undergoing trials in India under brand name Covovax
• 2 doses (21 days apart), stable 2-8 degree
• Source :- https://ir.novavax.com

25. Corbevax
• By Biological E Ltd. Hyderabad
• Indigenous vaccine
• Is expected to launch by August after completing its phase 3 trial
• The capacity to produce vaccine is similar to that of the serum
institute of India
• It is a protein Sub unit vaccine
• Generally considered as the safe
Source :- https://www.livemint.com/science/health/biological-e-likely-to-launch-covid-19-vaccine-by-august-11619022229805.html

26. Nucleic acid vaccines
• Use genetic material of virus or
bacteria
• Instructions for making specific
protein from the pathogen
• It stimulates the immune response
of the host
• New technology
• Safe, non infectious
• Fast as no cell culture

27. mRNA Vaccines
• Latest
(though
DNA
vaccines
for
particular
cancers)

28. How mRNA vaccines are produced
• No cell culture are required
• With the help of a machine, a synthesizer which add each nuleic acid
onto the next in the right sequence so that full length RNA sequence
that encodes the spike protein is achieved
• Mixed with lipid droplets of nanometer size
• Source:- https://theconversation.com/how-are-covid-19-vaccines-made-an-expert-explains-155430

29. Pfizer BioNtech
• Given EUA by the US FDA
• 12 Years or Older
• 2 shots vaccine with 3 weeks apart
• After phase 3 trials, its efficacy – 95%
43,000 participants
170 confirmed (162 in placebo vs 8 in vaccine group)

30. Moderna (mRNA-1273
• mRNA vaccine in which
mRNA is packed by lipid
molecules
• 2 doses are administered with
4 weeks apart
• 94.1 % efficacy
• 30,420 volunteers,195
confirmed
• 184 in placebo vs 11 in
vaccinated (symptomatic)
• 30 severe covid 19 – all in
placebo group

31. DNA vaccines

32. Plasmid DNA vaccine
• Zydus Cadila
• World’s 1st plasmid DNA vaccine
• What's the difference
BSL-1 as compared to covaxin
Low cold chain requirements
(25 degree for 3 months)
• 12 years and above
• 66.6% effective (symptomatic) and 100% against moderate
• Given intradermally (using Pharmajet Needle less tech.)
• Administered in 3 doses
Source:- https://www.theweek.in/news/health/2021/07/05/explained-how-does-zydus-cadilas-plasmid-dna-vaccine-work.html

33. Adjuvants: the Unsung heroes of vaccines
• Discovered by a French VET, Gaston Ramon
• Inflammation role in horses vaccinated
against Diptheria
• Experiment with common materials and
Foodstuffs
• 1926- Alexander Glenny – Aluminium salts
• Newly discovered adjuvants made up of oils/fats, saponins, polymers
• Half vaccine dose – adjuvant role in pandemic
Source:- https://theconversation.com/adjuvants-the-unsung-heroes-of-vaccines-156548

34. Problems
• Allergic reaction/ Anaphylaxis
• Maintaining the cold chain
• Accuracy (fastest Vaccine)
• Escape variants evolved in environment of weak immune responses
• Target age groups
• Lacking data about certain conditions like pregnant/lactating women
• Lacking data about other diseased conditions

35. Side effects of Vaccines
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Muscle pain
• Chills
• Diarrhea
• Muscle at the injection site
Source :- https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines-safety

36. Efficacy of the vaccines
• Moderna – 90-94 %
• Pfizer- BioNtech – 90-94%
• Sputnik v – 85-90%
• Novavax- 85-89%
• Covishield – 70- 90 %
• Johnson & johnson Janssen – 70-85%
• Covaxin- 70-80%
• Sinovac/Coronovac – 67-75%

37. WHO approved covid 19 Vaccines
As of 3 June 2021, WHO has evaluated that the following vaccines
against COVID -19 have met the necessary criteria for safety and
efficacy :
• AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine (Covishield)
• Johnson and Johnson’s janssen
• Moderna
• Pfizer/BioNtech
• Sinopharm
• Sinovac

38. Herd Immunity
• Enough people in a community
are vaccinated, the whole
community including the
individuals that are not
vaccinated, ARE PROTECTED
• Acc. To WHO, 60-70 % of pop.
Must be vaccinated to attain
Herd immunity

40. • Source:- WHO

44. Corona vaccines still a mystery
• Duration of protection ????
• Mix and Match Experiments – UK and Canada but CDC,FDA,WHO
don’t advice as of now
• Vaccines in pregnant women – recommended by GOI on 1st July,2021
• Vaccines in children – under trials

45. STATS (CO-WIN)
• As of 2nd august 2021, 46,77,95,975 individuals vaccinated
• 36,51,36,972 -1st dose
• 10,26,59,003 – 2nd dose
Which is 7.4 % approx. of total population of India
• Far from the numbers of Herd immunity
• But these are just stats – more vaccine options , increasing capacity
DO YOUR BIT – Get Vaccinated and help attain the HERD IMMUNITY

47. Covid vaccines for pregnant women
• Kerala’s campaign- ‘Mathru kavacham’- all pregnant women ll be
registered for vaccination at ward level by ASHA workers

48. Recent advances
• Covaxin (BBV152) recommended for emergency use authorization for
2- 18 years by the Subject Expert Committee of CDSCO (Central Drug
Standards Control Organisation) – 13th October 2021
• Covaxin gets approval by WHO for emergency use – 3rd November
2021.