According to the WHO, around 10% of the global population has been infected with COVID-19 so far. Two vaccines being used in India are Covishield and Covaxin. Covishield is based on viral vector technology using a weakened adenovirus, while Covaxin uses an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus. Both vaccines are administered in two doses, 4 weeks apart. Common side effects include pain at the injection site, fever, and fatigue. It is recommended to continue following safety precautions even after vaccination as one can still contract COVID-19 after vaccination.

1. COVID -19 VACCINE
Anu Mariam Varghese
2nd MD scholar
Dept of Agadatantra
GAVC,TVM

2. CURRENT GLOBAL SCENARIO COVID-19 2021

4. According to the WHO, ten months into the COVID-19 pandemic
around 10% of the total global population of 7.8 billion has been
infected by the virus. Today (21 st Jan 2021) estimates based on the
official data around 0.5% of global population having infection.

6. COVISHEILD
• Developed by Oxford university & British Swedish company AstraZeneca and
manufactured by Serum Institute of India.
• Research name : AZD1222(ChAdOx1)
• Vaccine name : Non replicating viral vector
• Type of vaccine : Recombinant COVID -19 vaccine based on Viral Vector Technology.
• Method : IM ,0.5 ml each dose
• 70.42% efficiency has been proved till now.
• Storage 2-8^0 C at all levels

7. • No of doses in each vial -10
• Shelf life : 6 months
• Physical appearance of Vaccine : Clear to slighty opaque , colourless to slightly brown
• Course : 2-doses
• Shedule : 4-weeks apart
• Shake test : Not applicable
• Ingredients : L-Histidine, L- Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate, Magnesium chloride
hexahydrate, Polysorbate 80, Ethanol sucrose, EDTA, Water for injection

8. ChAdOx1 virus used in vaccine , which is a weakened version of Adenovirus cause
common cold in Chimpanzee
Corona virus spike S glycoprotein inserted to ChAdOx1 virus
Human body recognizes spike protein , develops immunity

9. COVAXIN
• India ‘s first indigenous vaccine against COVID-19
• Developed by Bharat Biotecin collaboration with ICMR( Indian Council of Medical
Research) and national Institute of Virology.
• Type of vaccine : Whole-Viron inactivated Corona Virus.
• No of doses in each vial : 20
• Shelf life : 6 months
• Route: IM, 0.5 ml each dose
• Course : 2- doses

10. • Schedule : 4-weeks apart
• Physical appearance of vaccine : Whitish translucent
• Storage : 2-8^oC
• Shake test – Not applicable
SARS-CoV -2 strain was isolated by NIV, Pune and transferred to Bharat Biotech
Genetic material of virus is destroyed so that it cant replicate .
Inactivated virus triggers immune response when injected into human body
Body fight against similar viruses in future. Oldest methods of immunization.

12. PRECAUTIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Authorized Age group- only for 18 years and above
• Co-administration of vaccines- Separated by an interval of at least 14 days.
• Interchangeability of COVID-19 Vaccines is not permitted.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
History of any bleeding or coagulation disorder
CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Persons with h/o Anaphylactic or severe allergic reactions
• Pregnancy and Lactation.

13. TEMPORARY CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Persons having active symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Patients who have given anti –SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies or
convalescent plasma (plasma therapy)
• Acutely unwell and hospitalized ( with or without ICU) patients due to any illness
In these conditions deferred for 4-8 weeks after recovery

14. SIDE EFFECTS
Very common(may affect more than 1 in 10 people)
• Tenderness, pain ,warmth, redness, itching, localised swelling or bruising
• Generally feeling unwell
• Feeling tired(fatigue)
• Chills or feeling feverish
• Headache
• Nausea( most common for Covisheild)
• Joint pain
Common(up to 1 in10 people)
• A lump at the injection site.
• Fever and flu-like symptoms such as sore throat, runny nose, cough and chills.
• Being sick(vomiting)

15. Uncommon(may affect up to 1 in 100 people)
• Feeling dizzy
• Decreased appetite
• Abdominal pain.
• Enlarged lymph nodes
• Excessive sweating, itchy skin or rash
Very rare
Demyelinating diseases

17. WHY IT IS RECOMMENDED A GAP 28 DAYS FOR SECOND BOOSTER DOSE?
Vaccination shedules are generally determined by clinical trials ,usually prior to licensure of the
vaccine.The spacing of doses in the clinical trial usually becomes the recommended
schedule.Clinical trial was conducted in phase 3 with a 28 days gap, so that it became standard.
Even if the difference is of four weeks, it gives good protection, but around 70-80 %.If the gap is
increased further up to six or eight weeks or ten weeks , the results are much higher.
IS IT POSSIBLE TO CATCH THE VIRUS EVEN AFTER THE VACCINE?
Yes, you can catch Covid even after the vaccine-that happens for all diseases. The difference is that
you can get the infection, but not the disease. It will be mild and asymptomatic.

18. WILL I GET AN INFECTION THROUGH VACCINATION?
The ChAdOx1 viral vector in the COVID Vaccine has been genetically altered so that it cannot
replicate. Therefore, it is unable to cause an adenovirus infection in people who have had the
vaccine.
It also cannot cause COVID-19,as it does not carry enough of the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material for
our cells to assemble the entire SARS-CoV-2 virus. It only carries the code to make the spike protein.
The vaccine does not cause any permanent changes in our cells, and the genetic code for the spike
protein does not become part of our own DNA.

19. WHAT IS COLD CHAIN SYSTEM ?
The cold chain is a system of storage and transport of vaccines at low temperature from the
manufacturer to the actual vaccination site. Here vaccines store within safe temperature range of 2-
8^0
Cold chain equipments.
• Walk in cold rooms
• Deep freezers
• Small freezers and ILR
• Vaccine carriers
• Ice packs

20. WHY TWO VACCINES ?
First shot helps your body recognize virus and gets your immune system ready and
second shot strengthens immune response
WHAT IF I ALREADY HAD COVID-19 ?
It is safe to get the COVID -19 vaccine even if you have had COVID-19.And also it has
been seen that people can get Covid twice.

21. HOW LONG IT CAN PROVIDE PROTECTION ?
According to the recent studies antibodies after vaccination will last for three months , upper limit is
not yet known .
HOW WAS THE VACCINE DEVELOPED SO QUICKLY ?
• Global effort with the world’s leading scientists focused on a sinle task.
• Nearly unlimited resources(money,knowledge,manpower,technology)
• A large pool of diverse adult volunteer trial participants .
• Also the effort of developing vaccine has been started since 2002(after SARS CoV 1)

22. WHY SHOULD WE TRUST THE COVID-19 VACCINE ?
• The FDA is using the same strict standards that it has four decades
• No steps are skipped
• Two independent advisory committees are reviewing the results .
WHY SHOULD I GET VACCINATED ?
• Protect myself and my family
• Help stop spread in the community
• Set the example for others

23. WHERE SHOULD I LOOK TO GET ACCURATE INFORMATION ?
Reliable sources – CDC, AMDA, Medical directors, Providers
• CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/covid-conversations/answering-
questions.html
• CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/about-vaccines.html
• CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/covid-conversations/

24. OTHER COVID-19 VACCINES
• Pfizer vaccine developed by American Mutltinational Pharmaceutical corporation – used RNA and
Mrna technology (never used before)
• Sinovac developed in China -50.4% effective in Brazilian clinical trials, Phase 3 approved for
limited use-inactivated or Attenuated Coronavirus Vaccines.
• ZFSW developed by Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences- Protein –Based Vaccines Phase 2
• Moderna COVID -19 Vaccine, codenamed Mrna-1273 developed by United States Ntional
institute of Allergy and infectious diseases. Genetic Vaccines Phase 3.
• CanSinoBIO, Ad5-nCoV or Convidecia phase 3 , Approved for limited use, Viral Vector Vaccines

25. THANK YOU