This document discusses various areas of counseling psychology including counseling in medical contexts, counseling in educational settings, career counseling, and workplace counseling. It provides details on: - The roles of psychologists in medical settings such as diagnostic testing, counseling patients, and staff support. - Areas of counseling in medical contexts including grief counseling, counseling terminally ill patients, and pain management counseling. - The differences between high school and college counseling and the skills required for educational counseling. - Theories of career choice and development and the role of career counselors in helping people make career decisions. - The benefits of workplace counseling for both employees and employers, and the basic requisites of effective employee counseling.

1. Counseling psychology
Special areas in
counseling

2. Counseling in medical context
Psychology is relevant to anybody who works in a clinical or
medical setting.
 Diagnostic testing, using standard psychological tests to
assess mental disorders, level of adaptive functioning, brain
damage or other clinically relevant characteristics.
 Counseling patients before surgery, chemotherapy, and
radiation treatments on what emotional.
 Staff support, talking to the physicians and making morning
rounds with them.

3.  Psychologists are being
increasingly employed in
hospitals.
 With the fast growing field of
health psychology being
recognized and accepted by
clinicians, health psychologists
perform a variety of services in
health industry.

4. According to APA,
“Health psychology seeks to the advance contributions of
psychology to the understanding of health and illness through
basic and clinical research, education, and service activities
and encourages the integration of biomedical information
about health and illness with current psychological
knowledge.”

5.  Health psychology examines how psychological factors
contribute to pathology and demonstrates how
psychology can contribute to recovery and illness
prevention for such somatic disorders as heart diseases,
cancer, and diabetes.
 It focuses on understanding how biology, behavior and
social context influence health and illness.
Other terms:
•Behavioral medicine
•Medical psychology

6. 1. CIHP – clinical health psychology
 It is a major contributor to the field of behavioral
medicine with psychiatry.
 It includes education, the techniques of behavior
change, and psychotherapy.
2. PHP – public health psychology
 It is population oriented and is allied to other public
health disciplines including
 Epidemiology, nutrition, genetics and biostatistics.
 This field works to investigate potential causal links
between psychosocial factors and health at the
population level and present the research results to
educators, policy makers, and health care providers in
order to promote better health.

7. 3. Community health psychology (coHP)
 It investigates community factors that contribute
to the health and well being of individuals who
live in communities.
 It also develops community level interventions
that are designed to combat disease and promote
physical mental health.

8. Main responsibilities of hospital
counselor
1. Grief counseling
2. Counseling the terminally ill.
3. Pain management
4. Rehabilitation counseling.

9. Grief counseling
 It is a form of psychotherapy that aims to help people to cope
with the physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and cognitive
responses to loss.
Types of grief
 Loss of loved one through death, separation, divorce,
incarnation.
 Loss of emotionally charged object or circumstances, eg., loss of
prized possession or job
Major important GOALS of grief counseling
•Validating the past
•Adjusting to the present
•Redefining the future.

10. Stages of death and dying, according to Elizabeth Kubler- Ross
•Shock and denial
•Anger
•Bargaining
•Depression
•Acceptance
Stages of loss and bereavement
•Denial, disbelief or numbness
•Alarm- anxiety and fear
•Pining- searching for
•Anger and guilt
•Despair and depression
•Identification phenomenon – adopting traits, habits of deceased/ adopting behavior
pattern to insure that the loss perceived loss doesn’t occur again in the person’s
environment
•Pathological variants
•Depression
•Delayed/ inability to grieve
•Lack of motivation
•Blocked/stuck.
In order to move through the cycle and restructure it is important for
the individual to grieve.

11. Counseling the terminal ill
 One of the most difficult areas for counseling to work is in
hospice settings with individuals who are dying.
 The needs of dying are complex and little has been written to
guide counselors in providing services.
 Needs of the terminally Ill
 A counselor who is working in with the terminally ill works
on multidisciplinary teams.
 The task of the counselor includes helping the dying
individual preparing for the reality of death through
education and supportive therapeutic intervention about
dying process that address the physical, emotional, social,
spiritual and practical needs.

12. 1. Physical
 One of the most important concerns for caring for the
terminally ill is pain management.
 Today a multi-prolonged approach for is adopted in
addition to pain medication like the use of traditional
psychological intervention – biofeedback, hypnosis,
relaxation and imaginary techniques which provide skills
that increase client’s awareness and control of pain.
2..Emotional needs
 This is a time when dying individual have to cope with
intense emotions feelings such as anger, fear, guilt, and
grief.
 Counselors can help by explaining that these emotions are
both a normal part of the process of dying.

13. 3..Social needs
• The social environment is as important and needed or even more so he or she did
before the illness.
• Interventions by a counselor can facilitate the ability of friends and family to
enable the dying individual to maintain a social life in the face of physical
limitations.
4..Spiritual needs
 Spirituality may be heightened as one confronts death.
 This is the stage which is last one defined by Erickson where productivity of one’s
decreases.
 Then they begin to explore life, the achievements and failures and try to integrate
them into a whole and see whether as a whole their life has been a success or
fruitful.
5..Practical needs
 Such as distribution of possessions, settling financial affairs, arranging wills and
trust funds and prefuneral planning are all important topics for discussions, but are
ones that family members often are hesitant to approach is an area where
counselors often are involved.

14. Pain management counseling
 Pain management is a branch of medicine employing an
interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and
improving the quality of life of those living with pain.
Pain – definition
 Pain is a complex experience. It includes both physical
as well as psychological factors.
 It can be defined as “an unpleasant sensory emotional
experience associated with actual or potential tissue
damage, or described in terms of such damage”.

15. Psychological approach to pain management
 Psychological techniques such as stress management, wellness
techniques and exercise aid in doing just that dialogical therapy,
inspirational narratives, reading autobiographies of people who
have overcome and grow on to do something big, all help to
release these endorphins, help dopamine production, which acts a
s anti- depressants reducing the perception of pain and gone on
do something big.
 Medical psychology or health psychology attempts to find
treatments to reduce and eliminate pain, as well as understand
pain anomalies

16.  Psychological therapy that can help people in chronic pain
are counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, biofeedback
and hypnosis.
 CBT has proved to be very effective in helping patients to
reduce all the aspects of pain cycle – pain, distress and
disability perception.
Techniques of the CBT includes
• relaxation training
•Cognitive restructuring
•Stress and anger management
•Sleep hygiene
•Activity pacing

17. Counseling in educational
setting and career
counseling

18.  Today school counselors are vital members of the
education team.
 They help all the students in the areas of academic
achievement, personal/social development, and career
development, ensuring today’s students become the
productive and well adjusted adults of tomorrow.
 A school counselor is a counselor and educator.
 Certified licensed to address all student’s academic,
personal, social and career development needs by
designing, implementing, evaluating and enhancing a
comprehensive school counseling program that promotes
and enhances student success.

19. The counselor is required to possess the following skills:
Ability to work with parents, students, faculty, college
educational representatives, as well as community groups,
understanding of student maturity levels and the process of
goal selection, ability to motive students and provide academic
incentives for success, ability to use culturally relevant and
responsive strategies when planning programs making
presentations.

20. Difference between High school counseling and College
counseling.
1. Academic expectation
In school
 Academic expectation are not always set by the person,
they are often set by parents/teachers.
In college
 Academic expression are more often set by the person,
sense of responsibility is much higher.
 Thus, stress is higher, feelings of guilt rather than anger
occurs.

21. Teacher student contact
 School – teacher student contact is close and
frequent. Teachers are usually accessible.
 College – teacher student contact is less frequent with
teachers being less accessible and distant to address
student concerns.
Dependence
 School – the teacher prepares a lesson plan uses it to
tell students how to prepare for the next class period.
 College- the instructor doesn’t organize the materials
for the students, the constant remainders for
submission for work are absent, more autonomy and
less guidance given.

22. Counseling
 School – parents, teacher, and counselors give
advice to and often make decisions for students.
 College - students must learn to rely on
themselves and begin to experience the results
of their own good and bad decisions. It is their
responsibility to seek advice when they need it
and to set their own restrictions.

23. Required counseling – in educational setting
 Ability to work with parents, students, faculty, college
educational representatives as well as community groups.
 Understanding of student maturity levels and the process of
goal selection.
 Ability to motivate students and provide academic
incentives for success.
 Ability to use culturally relevant and responsive strategies
when planning program and making presentations.

24. Career
counseling
 Career counseling is largely verbal process in
which a counselor and counselee are in a dynamic
and collaborative relationship, focused on
identifying and acting on in counselee goals, in
which a counselor employs a repertoire of diverse
techniques and process, to help bring about self-
understanding, understanding of behavioral
options available, and informed decision making
in the counselee, who has the responsibility for his
or her own actions.

25.  Career counselors are very much needed in
today’s world.
 Career counselors help people make the
right career decisions.
 She/he assesses the client’s personality,
interests, educational levels, skills and
work history, and matches them to suitable
carrier or industry work.

26. There are several types of theories of
vocational choice and development.
They include
1. Trait factor theory
2. Social cognitive theory
3. Developmental theories

27. Work place counseling

28.  Workplace counseling is the latest buzzword in corporate HR
across the world.
 Employees suffer from “presenteeism” where they want to be
seen at work while being overstressed doing the job.
 Counseling at work place is a way of the organization to care
about its employees.
 Counseling program at the workplace work toward
stimulating personal growth and offering help in addressing
many situations that cause emotional stress.
The work place counselor understands that stress
and its intervention requires a hard look at both
the individuals as well as organizational facets.

29. Benefits of psychological healthy
workplace
Benefits to employees
 Increased job satisfaction
 Better physical and mental health
 Motivation
 Helping in better decision making
 Alternate solutions to problems
Benefits to the employees
 Improved quality, performance and productivity.
 Reduced absenteeism and turnover.
 Lower health care costs.

30. Basic requisites of employee counseling
 Employee counseling needs to be tackled carefully, both on
the part of organization and the counselor.
 The counselor should be more mature and experienced.
 The counselor should be flexible in his or her approach and a
patient listener. she or he should have the warmth required to
win the trust of the employee so that he/she can trust and
share his/her thoughts and problems with the counselor
without any inhibitions.
 Time should not be a constraint in the process.
 The counselor should be able to identify the problem and
offer concrete advice.
 The counselor should help the employee to boost their moral
spirits and create a positive outlook and help to take decisions
to deal with the problem.

31.  Current model of stress counseling emphasizes the
importance of a theoretical basis and an integrative
approach.
 They integrate “humanistic/person-centered”
consideration with “cognitive behavioral” problem
solving approach.