The document discusses the history and current state of the juvenile justice system in the United States. It covers the following key periods: the Puritan period (1646-1824), the Refuge period (1824-1899), the Juvenile Court period (1899-1960), the Juvenile Rights period (1960-1980), and the Crime Control period (1980-2005). It also summarizes several important Supreme Court cases that shaped the juvenile justice system. The document concludes by discussing factors that influence juvenile offending and different sanctions used for juveniles, such as probation, incarceration, and community corrections programs.

1. Juvenile
Corrections
Chapter 12

2. The Problem of Youth Crime
 In a typical year, about…
 651 youths under the age of 18 are arrested for
homicide
 2,071 for forcible rape
 31,265 for aggravated assault
 Extremely serious juvenile crime is still rare

3. Discussion Question
What is your opinion on juvenile crime statistics
in America? Does it seem like an epidemic?
What can be done to combat the problem?

4. The History of Juvenile Corrections in the
United States
 The Puritan Period
 1646-1824 family is economic unit, symbolic
standard of maturity
 The Refuge Period
 1824-1899 child is helpless and in need of state
intervention

5. The History of Juvenile Corrections in the
United States
 The Juvenile Court Period
 Parens patriae- court acting on behalf of parent
 Informality- conversational hearings
 Individualization- each child is unique
 Intervention- adjustment to law-abiding lifestyle
 Delinquent, neglected, dependent children

6. The History of Juvenile Corrections in the
United States

7. The History of Juvenile Corrections in the
United States
 The Juvenile Rights Period
 1960-1980 movement to define and protect rights as
well as services to children
 The Crime Control Period
 1980-2005 system is formal, restrictive, punitive, police
referrals increased, longer incarceration
 Evidence-based
 2005-present reduced use of confinement and focus
on prevention

8. Supreme Court Cases
 Kent v. US (1966)- due process
 In Re Gault (1967)- notice, hearing, counsel,
cross-examination
 In Re Winship (1970)- beyond a reasonable doubt
 McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)- jury trials are
not required

9. Supreme Court Cases
 Breed v. Jones (1975)- waiver to adult court
 Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co. (1979)- press
 Eddings v. Oklahoma (1982)-age in capital cases
 Schall v. Martin (1984)- preventive detention

10. Supreme Court Cases
 Stanford v. Kentucky (1989)- capital
punishment is 16 years old
 Roper v. Simmons (2005)- 8th amendment
applied to death penalty age 18

11. Juvenile Corrections in the US
 Why Treat Juveniles and Adults Differently?
 Juveniles are young and may easily change
 Juveniles have a high rate of “desistence”
 Juveniles’ families are an important part of their lives
 Juveniles are easily influenced by their peers
 Juveniles have little responsibility for others

12. Discussion Question
What is your opinion on policy makers and the
juvenile justice system? Do you believe our
law-makers are making correct strides to
better the system? Why or why not?

13. Juvenile Sanctions
 Sanctioning Juvenile Offenders
 Disposition of juvenile offenders
 Waiver
 Diversion
 Correctional programs
 Detention
 Adjudication

14. Factors in juvenile’s history
 Persistent behavior problems
 Onset of delinquency, aggression, drug use
 Antisocial parents
 Antisocial peers, poor school performance,
impulsivity, weak social ties
 Membership into delinquent gangs
 Drug dealing

15. Juvenile Sanctions
 Sanctioning Juvenile Offenders
 Juvenile probation
 Working in the schools
 Intermediate sanctions for juveniles
 Juvenile community corrections
 Juvenile incarceration
 Juvenile aftercare

16. Discussion Question
What if you were a straight-A student in a
traditionally bad area of the country, in a
subpar school system; you are tired of the
slackers and trouble-makers making your
school appear far from educationally friendly,
especially because you are hoping to earn a
scholarship to college. How open would you
be to school-based programs for juveniles?

17. Juvenile Corrections
 The Future of Juvenile Justice
 Public policymakers
 Public opinion
 Juvenile waiver
 Tougher probation
 Middle ground

18. Discussion Question
What if the future of the juvenile justice system
was to get tough on crime, much like the
adult system? What repercussions do you
predict would occur?