Questionnaires can be used to gather large amounts of quantitative data on crime and deviance through representative sampling. However, they have limitations such as only providing a snapshot of information and potentially low validity if subjects do not answer truthfully. There are also ethical issues around using questionnaires with minors or on sensitive topics. Positivists prefer the use of questionnaires for research as they produce reliable and representative results, while interpretivists are critical of their ability to capture valid meanings and experiences.
Ethics in Social Research
Overview:
1.We will be introducing the concept of ethics in social research.
2.We'll start by highlighting the meaning and importance of ethics.
3.Then, we will cover the various types of ethical guidelines which should be used in practice during social research.
4.We'll covering up with some examples of how ethics have (and sometimes haven't) been sufficiently implemented in social research.
what is social research?
meaning of ethics in social research
various types of ethics in social research
importance of ethics in social research
examples of ethics in social research.
সংস্কৃতি এবং ব্যক্তিত্ব (Culture and personality)Naznin Islam
সংস্কৃতি এবং ব্যক্তিত্ব সম্পর্কে রুথ বেনেডিক্টের ধারণা, সংস্কৃতি কিভাবে ব্যক্তিত্ব নির্ধারণ করে তার ব্যাখ্যা, জুনি ও কোয়াকিউটল সম্প্রদায়ের উপর বেনেডিক্টের গবেষণার ফলাফল, Apollonian ও Dionysian-দের বৈশিষ্ট্য,সামাজিক ও ব্যক্তি পর্যায়ে/ স্তরে সংস্কৃতির ভূমিকা।
ভিডিও লিংক : https://youtu.be/TaRXM08dMtw
Summary of key findings from research by Bella Reichard and colleagues analysing high versus low scoring case studies from REF2014. View full slide deck here: https://www.slideshare.net/MarkReed11/language-in-ref2014-impact-case-studies-what-might-it-mean-for-ref2021. Read the paper here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-0394-7
Social Network Analysis: applications for education researchChristian Bokhove
What is your talk about?
This seminar will illustrate various social network analysis (SNA) techniques and measures and their applications to research problems in education. These applications will be illustrated from our own research utilising a range of SNA techniques.
What are the key messages of your talk?
We will cover some of the ways in which network data can be collected and utilised with other research data to examine the relationships between network measures and other attributes of individuals and organisations, and how it can be linked to other approaches in multiple methods studies.
What are the implications for practice or research from your talk?
SNA is an approach that draws from theories of social capital to study the relational ties that exist between actors or institutions in a specific context. Such ties might include learning exchanges or advice-seeking interactions. SNA techniques allow researchers to incorporate the interdependence of participants within their research questions, whereas many traditional techniques assume our participants, and their responses to our questions, are independent of one another.
Introducing the basics of the Structurational theory whose author was Anthony Giddens. What's covered include; the key concepts, historical background, detailed breakdown, assumptions, strengths and weaknesses of the theory.
Running Head CHILDREN IN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY .docxjoellemurphey
Running Head: CHILDREN IN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 1
13
Children in Juvenile Delinquency
Tommy Bush Sr
Professor Newvine
Troy University
CJ 3375
November 5, 2013
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Goal statement, variables, questions P. 3
II. Hypotheses/theories
P. 3-4
III. Sampling procedure
P. 6
IV. Cover letter
P. 8
V. Questionnaire
P. 9
VI. Literature review
P.10
VII. Data analysis
P. 12
VIII. Research findings/conclusion
P. 15
IX. Problems encountered
P. 16
X. Reference list
P. 18
I. Introduction
Research project is the collection of data about a certain issue so as to find out the cause and the solution to it. In this research, we are going to look into minor crimes, and what are the factors or variables are the cause of it.
Goal statement: The objective is to find out what type of kids become delinquent in the state of Florida
Independent Variables: The five key variables that will be explored in this research study are, age, gender, racial differences, family environment and mental health.
Research questions
I. What do you think about the age-group of kids gets booked for juvenile offenses more often?
II. Kids of which gender are more prone to committing juvenile offenses?
III. Does race has any role in juvenile delinquency?
IV. What are the role and the impact of the family environment in juvenile delinquency?
V. Is there any correlation between mental health of the kids and juvenile delinquency committed?
II. Hypothesis/theories
H1: Kids aged 15-16 years get arrested for juvenile delinquency more often than kids from other age group.
T1: A possible theory and explanation for the above hypothesis is that kids at that age are more vulnerable and impressionable and they get influenced easily by movies, peer pressure, and the environment in which they reside. At this stage most of them what to discover and explore what different things and what to acquire knowledge. This is attitude of the kids at that age may make them more incli ...
Ethics in Social Research
Overview:
1.We will be introducing the concept of ethics in social research.
2.We'll start by highlighting the meaning and importance of ethics.
3.Then, we will cover the various types of ethical guidelines which should be used in practice during social research.
4.We'll covering up with some examples of how ethics have (and sometimes haven't) been sufficiently implemented in social research.
what is social research?
meaning of ethics in social research
various types of ethics in social research
importance of ethics in social research
examples of ethics in social research.
সংস্কৃতি এবং ব্যক্তিত্ব (Culture and personality)Naznin Islam
সংস্কৃতি এবং ব্যক্তিত্ব সম্পর্কে রুথ বেনেডিক্টের ধারণা, সংস্কৃতি কিভাবে ব্যক্তিত্ব নির্ধারণ করে তার ব্যাখ্যা, জুনি ও কোয়াকিউটল সম্প্রদায়ের উপর বেনেডিক্টের গবেষণার ফলাফল, Apollonian ও Dionysian-দের বৈশিষ্ট্য,সামাজিক ও ব্যক্তি পর্যায়ে/ স্তরে সংস্কৃতির ভূমিকা।
ভিডিও লিংক : https://youtu.be/TaRXM08dMtw
Summary of key findings from research by Bella Reichard and colleagues analysing high versus low scoring case studies from REF2014. View full slide deck here: https://www.slideshare.net/MarkReed11/language-in-ref2014-impact-case-studies-what-might-it-mean-for-ref2021. Read the paper here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-0394-7
Social Network Analysis: applications for education researchChristian Bokhove
What is your talk about?
This seminar will illustrate various social network analysis (SNA) techniques and measures and their applications to research problems in education. These applications will be illustrated from our own research utilising a range of SNA techniques.
What are the key messages of your talk?
We will cover some of the ways in which network data can be collected and utilised with other research data to examine the relationships between network measures and other attributes of individuals and organisations, and how it can be linked to other approaches in multiple methods studies.
What are the implications for practice or research from your talk?
SNA is an approach that draws from theories of social capital to study the relational ties that exist between actors or institutions in a specific context. Such ties might include learning exchanges or advice-seeking interactions. SNA techniques allow researchers to incorporate the interdependence of participants within their research questions, whereas many traditional techniques assume our participants, and their responses to our questions, are independent of one another.
Introducing the basics of the Structurational theory whose author was Anthony Giddens. What's covered include; the key concepts, historical background, detailed breakdown, assumptions, strengths and weaknesses of the theory.
Running Head CHILDREN IN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY .docxjoellemurphey
Running Head: CHILDREN IN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 1
13
Children in Juvenile Delinquency
Tommy Bush Sr
Professor Newvine
Troy University
CJ 3375
November 5, 2013
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Goal statement, variables, questions P. 3
II. Hypotheses/theories
P. 3-4
III. Sampling procedure
P. 6
IV. Cover letter
P. 8
V. Questionnaire
P. 9
VI. Literature review
P.10
VII. Data analysis
P. 12
VIII. Research findings/conclusion
P. 15
IX. Problems encountered
P. 16
X. Reference list
P. 18
I. Introduction
Research project is the collection of data about a certain issue so as to find out the cause and the solution to it. In this research, we are going to look into minor crimes, and what are the factors or variables are the cause of it.
Goal statement: The objective is to find out what type of kids become delinquent in the state of Florida
Independent Variables: The five key variables that will be explored in this research study are, age, gender, racial differences, family environment and mental health.
Research questions
I. What do you think about the age-group of kids gets booked for juvenile offenses more often?
II. Kids of which gender are more prone to committing juvenile offenses?
III. Does race has any role in juvenile delinquency?
IV. What are the role and the impact of the family environment in juvenile delinquency?
V. Is there any correlation between mental health of the kids and juvenile delinquency committed?
II. Hypothesis/theories
H1: Kids aged 15-16 years get arrested for juvenile delinquency more often than kids from other age group.
T1: A possible theory and explanation for the above hypothesis is that kids at that age are more vulnerable and impressionable and they get influenced easily by movies, peer pressure, and the environment in which they reside. At this stage most of them what to discover and explore what different things and what to acquire knowledge. This is attitude of the kids at that age may make them more incli ...
The tactics and the procedures that govern the interrogations of juv.docxcarmanl5wisc
The tactics and the procedures that govern the interrogations of juveniles vary with each jurisdiction because they are based on the procedures of the individual department and the style of the questioning officer, but the one commonality is that they are the same ones used in adult interrogations. The most common interrogation tactic used by police is the Reid technique which was first developed in the 1940’s. Under these tactics, police rely on three concepts that are intended to lead the suspect to believe that confessing to the crime is in the suspect’s best interest. The first concept is isolation which consists of removing the individual from their family and friends in the hopes that it will make them feel all alone. The second is Maximization where the officers attempt to elicit a confession by telling the individual that they know they are guilty. In this phase the officer presents a theory of the crime and how the individual was involved, evidence if there is any, or in some instances the suggestion that there is evidence. The third is Minimization where the officer attempts to help the individual reconcile with the crime. In this phase the officer might show understanding of why the individual committed the crime (Mince-Dider, 2016). The potential problems presented with these tactics when questioning juveniles is similar to those found with them understanding their rights and the potential consequences associated with the waiver process. There has always been a debate over when juveniles are mature enough to fully comprehend the importance of what is going on. Research from one study has shown about one-third of a sample of institutional youths incorrectly believed that they had to talk with the police (Elrod, 2011). Combine that statistic, a juvenile’s perception that officers are always truthful, and that an adult or attorney do not have to be present if the right is waived and these tactics while not illegal or immoral could led a juvenile to falsely confess. The court has tried to mitigate the possible problems with these tactics. In the case of
Fare v Michael C.
the court attached Miranda and addressed another no longer used tactic, long interrogations with our breaks, applying the totality of the circumstance test. In the
State v Benoit
the court attached three factors to attempt to help: first clear and understandable explanation of rights, second they must be made aware of possible adult criminal prosecution and waiver if applicable, and third at the time of arrest the officer in charge must immediately secure the name of a friendly adult they can consult.
reply in your own words 75 words or more
In the 1967 ruling the Supreme Court ruled on the In re Gault case. That case was a landmark case involving juvenile rights. In that case the court ruled that a juvenile would be afforded the same rights as an adult. Also the court stated that “if counsel was not present for some permissible reason when an admissio.
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 1Jervaughn F. ReidHelm School BetseyCalderon89
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 1
Jervaughn F. Reid
Helm School of Government, Liberty University
Evidence-Based Policing
Dr. Melvin Richards
May 19, 2021
Author Note
Jervaughn F. Reid
I do not have any conflict of interest to disclose.
Any communication about this article should be articulated to
Jervaughn F. Reid
Email: [email protected]
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 2
Abstract
There have been proposals to incorporate scientific evidence into police work. This paper will look
at evidence-based security, crime prevention, and problem-oriented policing in prosperous
countries. It is believed that some aspects have hindered the advancement of such a plan. Police
officers are not aware of evidence of crime-control techniques and tend not to use traditional or law
enforcement reactions. There is a limited knowledge base on which practitioners can develop
responses to crime problems, and researchers differ about what is helpful. While attempts to
incorporate research into the police system are welcome, caution will be taken against over-trust in
what can be achieved and provide advice to all who work to strengthen the evidence-based
process.
Keywords: Evidence-Based Policing, Criminal Justice and Problematic Police Forces.
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 3
Evidence-Based Policing
The use of data to support and guide policymaking has been among the recommended
approaches for the effective attainment of evidence-based policing (Greig-Midlane, 2019;
Farrington et al., 2019). Therefore, there should be a practical approach and techniques of
collecting and interpreting data/evidence at the disposal of the policymakers. Evidence is used to
decide if an offense has been perpetrated, suggest who may have committed it, and attempt to find
a point beyond reasonable suspicion in a court of law (Tewksbury, 2009). Mazzei & Roy (2017)
assert that policing will be more effective and provide long-lasting solutions with evidence.
Traditional practices that lack adequate systematic confirmation are subject to suspicion, according
to evidence-based policing. Evidence-based policing service starts with empirical assessments of
both proven and new methods and procedures. Several police innovations have emerged to include
evidence-based policy, such as the National Intelligence Model (NIM). This paper, however,
focuses on problematic police forces (POP). This is because POP has a more extended history than
NIM. Equally, more research has been carried out on problematic police forces than National
Intelligence Models partly because problematic police forces have a higher foreign profile than
National Intelligence Model in which the National Intelligence Model will eventually overlook.
Lastly, POPs are more committed to public treatment than National Intelligence Models. The
problem-oriented approach to policing and teamwork ostensibly includes identifying, executing,
and creating information to resolve real-world neighbor ...
Week 5 Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Children and AdolescentsRe.docxlillie234567
Week 5: Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Reminders for WEEK 5:
· Required Readings & Media
· Assignment: Patient Education for Children and Adolescents
· To Prepare
· By Day 1, your Instructor will assign a mood or anxiety disorder diagnosis for you to use for this Assignment.
· Assignments:
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
· Medication: duloxetine (age 7–17)
· Research signs and symptoms for your diagnosis, pharmacological treatments, nonpharmacological treatments, and appropriate community resources and referrals.
· The Assignment - In a 300- to 500-word blog post written for a patient and/or caregiver audience, explain signs and symptoms for your diagnosis, pharmacological treatments, nonpharmacological treatments, and appropriate community resources and referrals.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Case rethinking: a protocol for reviewing criminal investigations
D. Kim Rossmo*
Center for Geospatial Intelligence and Investigation, School of Criminal Justice, Texas State
University, San Marcos, TX, USA
Mistakes in decision-making have been identified as the most common type of error
in police investigations. Consequently, wrongful convictions and other types of crimi-
nal investigative failure may require a complete case ‘rethinking,’ particularly when
new evidence disrupts the existing theory. A rush to judgment resulting in a prema-
ture shift from an evidence-based to a suspect-based investigation can produce a
number of problematic thinking errors. Faulty assumptions, tunnel vision, groupthink,
and other cognitive biases and organizational traps hinder evidentiary interpretation
and evaluation. This article outlines a protocol for reviewing evidence and rethinking
a wrongful conviction or unsolved crime when the existing investigative theory
appears to be incorrect. The protocol involves four stages: (1) evidence; (2) interpre-
tation; (3) patterns; and (4) analysis.
Keywords: criminal investigation; police detectives; criminal investigative failures;
cold cases; wrongful convictions
Introduction
Police agencies increasingly use sophisticated forensic techniques and powerful
computers in their response to major crimes. What can sometimes be forgotten in this
emphasis on technology, however, is the need to properly think about the information
produced by these and other approaches. Police investigations require rational analysis
and logical thinking. When cognitive biases and organizational traps distort the
process, wrongful convictions and other types of criminal investigative failure can
result.
This article presents a case rethinking protocol that has been successfully used on
unsolved crimes and wrongful convictions. The focus is on inquiries of crimes, such as
murder, where what happened remains unknown. Reviewing a case often involves the
effort to discover new evidence; however, this method is concerned with rethinking
existing evidence. Aspects of the protocol may also be helpful in.
Module 3 OverviewIn Module 2, you learned about police psy.docxraju957290
Module 3 Overview
In Module 2, you learned about police psychology and the roles and functions of mental health professionals working with law enforcement officers. You were introduced to investigative techniques such as interviewing, interrogation, and polygraphy examinations that officers employ during the course of their duties. In Module 3, you will learn about two areas closely related to police psychology: criminology and investigative psychology.
This module will focus on criminal profiling, the use of the polygraph and other lie detection techniques, forensic hypnosis, and the ways to enhance the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies. When studying criminal profiling and forensic hypnosis, direct your attention to their validity and accuracy and the potential for introducing false and misleading information into an investigation. You will examine the role of psychopathy in criminal behavior. Finally, this module will focus on various types of criminal acts, including violent crimes and sexual assault.
Many students and forensic psychology professionals alike have become increasingly interested in the process of criminal profiling—the process by which information pertaining to a crime is utilized in creating a description of the likely offender. In your first assignment, you will discuss the techniques involved in criminal profiling. In addition to discussing techniques, though, you will consider the issues of accuracy and validity in criminal profiling. Given that profiling has had some major failures—consider, for example, the misidentification that occurred in the Atlanta Bomber case (Dewan, 2005)—issues of validity are important to be kept in mind. Following from the issue of accuracy and validity is the courtroom admissibility of profiling data. If you are unsure of the accuracy of profiling data, would you recommend its use in a court of law? If so, under what circumstances would you allow or not allow its use.
Another investigative technique in which forensic professionals are involved is forensic hypnosis—the process of eliciting memories of an event or events while under hypnosis. In forensic hypnosis, as opposed to clinical hypnosis, an examiner attempts to elicit memories for the purposes of identification of subjects or for understanding details of a crime. In your assignment, you will discuss your understanding of forensic hypnosis. Like profiling, there are significant questions of accuracy and validity. In memory recall under the influence of hypnosis, there is a potential for recalling memories, which are inaccurate or patently false. Once again, this raises the issue of courtroom admissibility. In conducting research on the admissibility issue, you will find that courts have varied in how they have decided the admissibility of recovered or refreshed memories. As you work on your assignment, ask yourself whether you will be in favor of allowing recovered memories in court.
Fieldwork Observation
Another important activit ...
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. • Practical Issues
• Ethical Issues
• Representativeness
• Validity
• Example
• Reliability
• Theoretical Issues (positivist or interpretivist)
• Evaluate
• Data (quantitative or qualitative)
• CAM: compare another method
3. Practical Issues
• Quick and cheap way to gather large amounts of
quantitative data
• Data is usually easily quantifiable, test the hypothesis and
can discover cause-and-effect relationships
• Data only provides a snapshot & they are inflexible (cannot
gain in depth information). Questions may need to be short
and simple as criminals may have a low literacy level
• The formal nature of this method could mean criminals
identify it with authority. For example, Venkatesh asked
how it felt to be poor and living with violence and was kept
at gunpoint in case he was the police
4. Ethical Issues
There are few ethical issues using questionnaires. However, it
would be necessary to gain informed consent from U16s so
they are usually excluded from research despite being vital
when studying crime and victimisation. Also, it is inappropriate
to ask young people about certain topics, such as sexual
crimes due to distress. To compensate, researchers tend to
ask older respondents about when they were younger so this
is reliant on memory and could reduce validity.
5. Representativeness
Questionnaires are likely to produce representative results
because they can be conducted on a large scale and use
representative samples. However, criminals who weren’t
convicted are unlikely to be included in any sampling frames.
Also, questionnaires tend to have a low response rate from
criminals. Junger-Tas suggests this is because people
involved in law-breaking activities may not wish to respond
because they see it as sent from someone in authority.
6. Validity
Questionnaires don’t always produce valid data. People may
conceal information or lie (‘right answerism’). Also,
researchers meanings may be imposed through the wording
and the choice of the questions. For example, Ditton et al
argue victim surveys on ‘fear of crime’ reflect government and
media agendas so don’t uncover real public concerns. As a
result, questionnaires may include the wrong questions.
It is a detached method, so interpretivists argue
questionnaires fail to produce a valid picture of actor’s
meanings.
7. Example
Self-completion questionnaires are popular method for
researching ethnic differences within crime. They have
revealed smaller gaps between offending rates of different
ethnic groups than suggested by official statistics. However,
such questionnaires tend to not ask about more serious
offences, where there is evidence of a higher rate of
offending by blacks and they exclude prisoners so they
under-represent non-white offenders. Hindelang et al found
that black males with criminal records were less likely to
report offences already known to the police.
8. Reliability
The questionnaire is a standardised measuring instrument so
this method can be regarded as reliable because we can
make comparisons. However, different questionnaires aren’t
always comparable due to differences in opinion about what
crimes to include.
9. Theoretical Issues
Positivists prefer the use of methods such as questionnaires
because they produce representative and reliable quantitative
results. They believe the detachment avoids the researcher
contaminating the subject matter.
On the other hand, interpretivists dislike questionnaires
because they don’t believe they produce a valid picture of the
actors meanings because people can lie/forget/try to impress
(risk of Hawthorne Effect) and the detachment and inflexibility
means researchers can’t probe.