Reference and bibliography are essential components of the writing process, particularly in academic and scholarly work. They serve distinct purposes and play a crucial role in providing credibility, supporting claims, and acknowledging the sources of information used in a written work.

1. A
PowerPoint Presentation
on
“Reference and Bibliography in Writing Process”
Name: Swarup Das
Course Name: M.Ed.
The University of Burdwan, West Bengal
Session:2021-2023
Presentedby

2. A reference is a short description or note that contains information
about the source. Simply put, a reference is the “address” of the source.
References enable the reader to access and verify the original source of
information (Agrawal & Agrawal, 2006).
The term “bibliography” is used for a list of sources (e.g. books,
articles, websites) used to write an article or something else. It usually
includes all the sources consulted even if they are not directly cited (referred
to) in the writings.
Reference and Bibliography

3. Difference between Reference and Bibliography
●Placed at the end
of a book or paper
● Requires
alphabetical order
● Only
contains the
list of works
that are
directly used.
● Every entry
corresponds
to an in-text
citation
● It includes
background readings
or other material that
you have read but not
actually cited.
● There is no in-text
Citation
Reference Bibliography

4. Why do we cite
Anything which has provided one with information, data or opinions needs to be cited.
Citation makes an academic work more credible. It gives support to the ideas and
claims used in that work.
The citation gives credit to the people whose words or conceptions someone is
utilizing. Hence, it forfends one from Plagiarism.
Displays the integrity of the research and the author’s erudition
Aligns the article with a particular school of thought

5. Plagiarism is the presentation of another person’s words, work, or ideas
as one’s own (Anderson & Steneck, 2011). It has two components: (a)
the taking of the words, work, or ideas from a source, and (b) the lack of
acknowledgement of the source in the use of the words, work, or ideas.
Plagiarism is a well-known and growing issue in the academic world.
Any time you borrow from an original source and do not give proper
credit, you have committed plagiarism and violated U.S. copyright
laws.
The doctrine of fair use has been codified in the Copyright Law of the
United States (United States Copyright Office, 1994) in section 107.
Section 107 contains a list of purposes for which copyrighted material
may be reproduced. It also states the circumstances, including the
amount of the work and the effect on the value of the material, under
which the material can be reproduced (Best and Kahn, 2016).
What is Plagiarism?

6. Modern Language
Association (MLA):
Generally used in arts and
humanities disciplines.
American Psychological
Association (APA): Used
in the social science
discipline
Chicago/ Turabian Style:
Used in History and
another discipline
Common Referencing Styles
Other
Styles
● Harvard Vancouver American Medical Association (AMA) ● Oxford Standard for
Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) ● Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) National Library for Medicine (NLM) ● American Political
Science Review (APSA)

7. APA Style of Referencing

8. Font and Font Size The font options include Times New Roman (12pt); Georgia (11pt); Computer Modern
(10pt); Calibri (11pt); Arial (11pt); and Lucida Sans Unicode (10pt). Figure images may use
Calibri, Arial, or Lucida Sans Unicode (8–14pt).
Spacing Double (Set to 2.0 spacing).
Margins Set all margins to 2.54 cm (1 inch).
Paragraph Format The text should be left-aligned (never justify the text), and indent the first line of each
paragraph 1.27 cm (0.5 inches). Use the tab button to indent and do not add additional space
after paragraphs.
Paper Title Centre and bold the title on the title page and at the top of the first page of the paper’s body.
Capitalize the first letter of each significant word and words four or more letters long
Header All pages of a paper should have a page number inserted in the top right corner.
Reference Page Centre and bold the word References at the top of the page and follow it with properly
formatted reference list entries. The references section begins on a new page and uses
hanging indents (the first line of each entry is aligned with the left margin and subsequent
lines are indented).
APA Format Overview

9. Quoting
To select a good research topic, Creswell &
Creswell (2022) said to “first identify a
topic to study and reflect on whether it is
practical and useful to undertake the study”
(P. 96).
To select a good research topic, it is
necessary to “first identify a topic to study
and reflect on whether it is practical and
useful to undertake the study” ( Creswell &
Creswell, 2022, P. 96).
• Within the writing itself (a.k.a. In-Text Citations)
• At the end of the paper (a.k.a. References)
Citations are needed in two places on papers
Paraphrasing
While discussing the research topic, Creswell &
Creswell (2022) said to pick a good topic to
research and consider whether it is practical and
useful.
To select a good research topic, it is necessary to
pick a good one to research and consider whether
it is practical and useful (Creswell & Creswell,
2022).
An incorrect example of paraphrasing will be if
the writing is too similar to the original source. A
blunder will occur if we do not rephrase and will
write it as it is.

10. Citing a long quote
For a quotation of more than 40 words, there are four rules to be applied (“LibGuides: APA Citation
Guide (7th Edition): Quotes Vs Paraphrases,” 2023)
The line before your long quotation, when you are introducing the quote, usually ends with a colon.
The long quotation is indented half an inch from the rest of the text.
There are no quotation marks around the quotation.
The period at the end of the quotation comes before your in-text citation as opposed to after, as it does with regular
quotations.
Example:
While discussing what a good topic for research is, in Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches,
Creswell & Creswell (2022) said:
Before considering what literature to use in a project, first identify a topic to study and reflect on whether it is
practical and useful to undertake the study. The topic is the subject or subject matter of a proposed study, such as
“faculty teaching,” “organizational creativity,” or “psychological stress.” Describe the topic in a few words or in a
short phrase. The topic becomes the central idea to learn about or explore.

11. General Rule: Author Surname, First Initial. (Year). Title in italics with the first letter capitalized. Publisher.
DOI if available (URL if there is no DOI and the book is electronic and not from a database).
One Author: Das, S. (2023). Reference and bibliography in the writing process: a short guide. Department of
Education.
Two Authors: Das, S. & Yusuf, S.R. (2023). Reference and bibliography in the writing process: a short guide.
Department of Education.
More than two to twenty: A reference entry may contain up to 20 authors. If there are more than 20, list the first
19 authors, followed by an ellipsis (. . .) and the last author’s name.
Book with One Editor and Edition Number:
Das, S. (Ed.). (2023). Reference and bibliography in the writing process: a short guide (2nd ed.). Department of
Education.
Chapter in an Edited Book:
Das, S. (2023). Use of APA format. In S. R. Yusuf & S. Modak (Eds.), Reference and bibliography in the writing
process (pp. 87–97). BU Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b185377.
Citing a Book

12. Journal Article References
Format: Author Surname, First Initial. (Year). Title of the article being cited. Title of Journal, Volume Number italicized(Issue
number), Page range of the article. DOI (if available)
Example: Das, S. (2023). Reference and bibliography in the writing process: a short guide. Department of Education, (4)2,
333-336. https://doi.org/10.1017/s09583440170548.
For the case of two authors: Das, S. & Chakraborty, S. S. (2023)…
For Article Retrieved Online, we can add the URL or DOI
Online Dictionary: Online dictionaries tend to be continuously updated, so you usually won’t have a specific publication date
(Caulfield, 2020).
Format: Surname, First Initial. (Year). The word you are citing. The dictionary name, the publisher (if not already listed as author), and
the URL.
Example: Brown, J. (2020). Perseverance. In E. M. Sanchez (Ed.), Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster.
https://www.merriam.webster.com/dictionary/perseverance.
Print dictionary:
Format: Publisher Name. (Year). Entry name. In Dictionary name (Edition, Page number). Publisher.
Example: HarperCollins. (2019). Rehabilitate. In Collins English dictionary (8th ed., p. 672).
Cite a dictionary entry

13. Citing Conference Paper
Format: Author’s Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Days
of Conference). Title of conference paper [Type of
presentation]. Conference Name, Location.
Example: Das, S. (February 15, 2023). Bibliography vs
reference in the context of academic writing
[Paper Presentation]. Academic Writing,
the University of Burdwan.
Citing a published thesis or dissertation from a
database
Format: Author’s Last Name, F. M. (Year
created). Thesis or Dissertation’s title [Master’s
thesis OR Doctoral dissertation, Name of
Institution]. Name of database or archive.
Example: Das, S. (2023). Bibliography vs reference
in the context of academic writing.
[Master’s thesis, University of Burdwan].
Shodhganga.
PowerPoint Slide
Format: Name of the creator. (Year). Title [Type of
Material]. Name of site/ app used. URL if available
Example: Das, S. (2023). Learning APA style [PowerPoint
slides]. Microsoft PowerPoint.
Lecture Note
Format: Name of lecturer. (Date of lecture).
[Descriptive title of notes]. Department, Institution.
URL for online lectures.
Example: Ghosh, S. (February 8, 2023). Learning APA style.
Department of Education, the University of
Burdwan.

14. Website/Online Source References
Format: Author Surname, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of work. Website Name. Retrieved_Date from
URL
Example: Das, S. (2023, February 01). Reference and bibliography in the writing process. Wikipedia. Retrieved February 15,
2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinetic_energy&oldid=932724138
Format: Director’s Last Name. F. M. (Director). (Year published). Film’s title [Film]. Publisher(s) or URL
Example: Hirani, R. (Director). (2009). Three Idiots [Film]. Vinod Chopra Films.
Format: (Person who posted the video) Surname, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video. YouTube.
Retrieved_Date from URL
Example: Das, S. (2023, February 15). Reference vs bibliography. YouTube. Retrieved February 15, 2023,
from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQ-XsMWYaI8.
Citing a film
YouTube Video Citation
Author Surname, First initial. (Year, Month Day). Title with the first letter capitalized. Title of Newspaper,
Page(s) on which the article occurs separated by commas (if hard copy). URL (if online source)
Example: Das, S. (2023, February 15). Bibliography vs reference in the context of academic writing. Anandabazar Patrika, 5.
Citing Newspaper Article

15. Reference
Agrawal, A. (2006). Introduction to Reference, Bibliography, and Citation. In: EndNote® 1-2-3 Easy!. Springer, Boston, MA.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-25491-3_1.
Anderson, M. S., & Steneck, N. H. (2011, January). The problem of plagiarism. In Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original
Investigations (Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 90-94). Elsevier.
APA Citation Examples & Citation Generator | EasyBib. (n.d.). APA Citation Examples & Citation Generator | EasyBib. Retrieved
February 13, 2023, from https://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/apa-format/apa-citation/.
Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (2016). Research in education (Tenth). Pearson Education India.
Caulfield, J. (2020, November 6). How to cite a dictionary in APA Style. In Scribbr. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/dictionary.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, D. J. (2022). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Sixth). SAGE
Publications, Inc.
LibGuides: APA Citation Guide (7th edition): Quotes vs Paraphrases. (2023, January 9). In Quotes vs Paraphrases - APA Citation
Guide (7th edition) – LibGuides, Simmons University. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from
https://simmons.libguides.com/apa/quotes.

16. Thank You