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CORONARY PERFORATION ABHISHEK1.pptx
1. CORONARY ARTERY PERFORATION
AND MANAGEMENT
DR ABHISHEK KUMAR TIWARI
DM RESIDENT,
CARDIOLOGY
COIMBATORE MEDICAL COLLEGE AND
HOSPITAL
2. Coronary artery perforation is defined as evidence of
extravasation of contrast medium or blood from the
coronary artery, during or following percutaneous
intervention.
3. Anatomical CATEGORY –
Proximal or mid vessel
• Usually more profound with greater likelihood of
significant sequelae
Distal vessel
• There the aetiology is often the guide wire (WIRE
EXIT) and the clinical course is frequently benign
5. OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS-
Fukutomi
• Type I: Epicardial staining without a contrast extravasation
• Type II: Epicardial staining with a visible jet of contrast
extravasation
Kini
• Type I: Myocardial staining without contrast extravasation
• Type II: Contrast extravasation into pericardium, coronary
sinus, or cardiac chambers
6.
7. INITIAL DATA
• Ellis and colleagues reported first large scale series derived
from data obtained from 11 centres, from 1990 and 1991.
• Of 12,900 procedures performed, 62 were complicated by
coronary perforation (0.5%).
8. CURRENT DATA
• The incidence of Coronary Artery Perforation (CAP) has not
changed significantly over two decades.
• It is reported between 0.2% and 0.9%.
11. • A study of 38559 patients with 72 perforations reported that
> 40% of perforations were seen in vessels < 2.5mm
diameter.
•Device-lumen mismatch is more important than the
vessel reference diameter.
• Perforation was more likely where the balloon to artery
ratio was 1.3±0.3 compared with a ratio of 1.0±0.3 where no
problem ensued.
1.Javaid A, Buch AN, Satler LF, et al. Management and outcomes of coronary artery perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J
Cardiol 2006;98:911-4.
2.Ajluni S, Glazier S, Blankenship L, et al: Perforations after percutaneous coronary interventions: clinical, angiographic, and therapeutic
observations. Catheter
Cardiovasc Diagn 32:206– 212, 1994.
12. RISK FACTORS
Material-Balloon selection –1:1 High Pressure but not more
with high pressure. Cutting/Angiosculpt-more bulky.
•Never remove the balloon out totally before you check
with a contrast puff.
Hydrophilic wires-Stiffer wires/CTO
Drugs: GpIIb IIIa inhibitors
13. In a study* of 16,298 patients with 95 perforations, GPI were
used in 33 cases.
When these 33 cases were compared with the other 62 cases
(where GPI were not used), they found no difference in
• Mortality and
• Myocardial Infarction
GPI use was associated with
• Higher incidence of temponade and
• Greater requirement of emergency surgery
14. • Abciximab binds irreversibly to platelet receptors, rendering
platelet activity almost negligible for 24 – 36 hours.
In case of perforation with Abciximab, unlike the small
molecules Tirofiban and Eptifibatide, simply discontinuing the
infusion of Abciximab will not reverse its effect.
• Platelet transfusion may be required to restore bleeding
time.
REVASCULARIZATION BLEEDING BALANCE
15. ATHERECTOMY
• Use of either atherectomy or laser ablative technology =
More perforation than in convention balloo/stent PCI.
• Ellis1 and colleagues reported that incidence of CAP with
balloon angioplasty was 14 OF 908 cases (0.1%), whereas that
of debulking techniques collectively was 48 OF 3820 cases
(1.3%).
16. GUIDE WIRES
• More likely in the terminal sub branches (LESS IN PROX
AND MID).
• They are also less likely to cause frank rupture of the
vessel than a high pressure balloon barotrauma.
17. GUIDE WIRES
• Hence, the appearance more subtle when the wire is the
culprit.
• Fasseas classified 86% of guide wire mediated ruptures as
Ellis type I or II on angiography.
• HYDROPHILIC -80%.
•CREATE LOOP
18. CTO
• CTO= HIGH RISK (STRONGEST INDEPENDENT
PREDICTOR)
• If no balloon inflation where the wire is incorrectly
positioned, there is minimal extravasation of contrast &
blood.
• GPI withheld until the occlusion is safely crossed &
distal tip of the wire is seated intraluminally.
19. SEQUELE OF CAP
Caused by CAP-
• Blood loss
• Distal ischemia
• Pericardial Temponade
• Cardiogenic shock
• Death
20. SEQUELE OF CAP
Caused by MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES-
• Myocardial Ischemia
• Acute vessel occlusion
• Myocardial infarction
• Operative morbidity and mortality
• Death
22. DIAGNOSIS
• Not all CAPs are immediately visible.
• Many develop tamponade > 2 to 6 h later.
• The clinical manifestation may be non-specific, and the
patient may simply develop progressive hypotension.
• A high index of suspicion essential for timely diagnosis.
25. Inflate balloon at perforation site
•Before inflating a balloon, one should consider
myocardial ischaemia related to balloon inflation time.
26. Inflate balloon at perforation site
Left main:
Direct covered stenting should be considered
Balloon inflation is "sometimes" feasible depending on
haemodynamic status
Consider re-crossing in LCx or LAD after covered stent
implantation with wire in LCx and LAD (CTO guidewires) to
preserve side branch patency
Consider surgery
27. Inflate balloon at perforation site
PROXIMAL MAIN CORONARY ARTERY
Inflation time will depend on haemodynamic status /
ischaemic condition.
DON’T OVERSIZE , 1:1 balloon / artery ratio.
If haemodynamics allow:
Wait 5 minutes then deflate and inject to check
Repeat 4-5 times as required
28. Inflate balloon at perforation site
Balloon inflation for upto 30 min is required.
If the patient can not tolerate ischemia, then perfusion balloon,
if available.
• Fukotomi reported excellent results using perfusion balloon
for Ellis type III rupture
29. IF FAILED-IMPLANT COVERED STENT
6F GUIDING CATHETER
If balloon is inflated at perforation site
Insert a second guiding catheter (second arterial access,
consider femoral ≥ 7Fr) (DOUBLE GUIDE CATHETER
TECHNIQUE)
Parallel guide wire
Deploy covered stent through second guiding catheter
30.
31. IF FAILED-IMPLANT COBVERED STENT
7F/8F GUIDING CATHETER
If balloon is inflated at perforation site
Insert a second guide wire in the same guiding catheter
Implant covered stent
32. IF FAILED-IMPLANT COBVERED STENT
7F/8F GUIDING CATHETER
If balloon is out of the guiding catheter
Insert a covered stent directly
40. Management of a Type IV similar to a Type III .
Blood leaks into another cardiovascular cavity (often
ventricle or coronary vein).
Symptoms are usually that of a new shunt rather than
haemodynamic compromise due to a new pericardial
effusion.
Type IV better tolerated by the patient than Type III
43. Type V may be initially missed as the leak into the
pericardium is often small and may requiring panning to the
distal vessel to be appreciated.
Management may require embolisation of the distal vessel
with thrombin, coils or fat.
Beware of collateral flow to the affected territory which can
cause the perforation to persist despite apparently successful
embolisation.
47. Thrombin injection
PREPARATION:
Use the wire lumen of a very small diameter over-
the-wire balloon catheter.
Prepare thrombin, mixed at a concentration of 50–
100 IU per ml in normal saline
Slowly inject 100–300 IU of thrombin via the distal
lumen of the inflated balloon catheter over a period of
3–5 min
Allow balloon to remain inflated for an additional 10–
15 min if possible.
48. Thrombin injection
TRICKS
Very small (approx. 0.5ml) bolus of air can be
injected through the microcatheter to further diminish
retrograde movement of thrombin.
Mix of thrombin with a small amount of contrast to
allow visualisation.
49. COIL EMBOLIZATION
Needs expertise:
Detachable coils, optimal positioning can be
confirmed before releasing
Pushable coils, smaller but no repositioning
Deliverable through Micro Catheters
50. Autologous subcutaneous fat embolisation:
For distal guidewire perforation
Physical barrier to bleeding
Coagulation activator
Simple, low-cost and universally available treatment
Allow for a subsequent PCI attempt
51. Autologous subcutaneous fat embolisation:
Fat from abdominal or femoral (next to the puncture point) SC
tissue:
Local anaesthesia
Fat globules small enough to be delivered throughout a
thrombo-aspiration catheter ≤1mm if 6Fr, ≤ 1.2mm if 7Fr, a
microcatheter or a OTW balloon:
Pushed by a wire
Or "emulsion" with saline serum injection
52. Autologous subcutaneous fat embolisation:
Catheter positioned just close to the perforation to avoid:
Large peri-procedural infarction by embolisation into
branches
Systemic or cerebral embolisation
53. Post-procedural care
Once the coronary perforation has been treated there is still a
risk of mortality and close surveillance is required during the
first 24 hours.
55. Heparin reversal should be deferred till balloons and
wires are still in the artery.
ACT---150-200
GPI IMMEDIETLY STOPPED
WORST PROGNOSIS IF SURGERY WARRANTED