Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 16 Protists & Fungi 16.6 General Biology of Protists There are four kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya. Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia All organisms in Eukarya have organelles including a nucleus. Protists vary in size from microscopic to macroscopic (very large) Most protists are unicellular, but they are very complex Most organisms in Protista reproduce by asexual reproduction 17-2 Organizing Organisms Organisms can be categorized by how they obtain nutrients Heterotrophs – organisms that consume food and digest it inside their bodies. Autotrophs – organisms that make their own food using photosynthesis. While we think of plants as doing photosynthesis, some protists and some bacteria can also do photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria make a significant amount of atmospheric oxygen. Decomposers – digest food outside their body and absorb the nutrients across the cell wall. 17-3 Types of Protists Protists can be separated into 3 categories based on their nutrition Protozoa consume food (heterotrophs) and digest it internally. Also they typically can move. Algae that can do photosynthesis (autotrophs). Underscoring the debate over how to categorize protists, some sources list algae as plants, but your book lists them as protists. Slime molds that absorb nutrients that were digested outside their body. 17-4 Protozoa Amoeba proteus Pseudopods - extensions that form when cytoplasm goes in a particular direction Feed by phagocytosis, surrounding prey with pseudopods and digesting it Paramecium caudatum The most structurally complex and specialized of all protozoans The majority are free-living, some are parasitic 17-5 Green algae are ancestral to plants Green algae (Approximately 7,500 species) Not always green Inhabit a variety of environments Oceans, freshwater, snowbanks, bark of trees, backs of turtles Phytoplankton are microscopic autotrophs that live in water. They produce about half of the oxygen available in the atmosphere and form the basis of Algae can form colonies of loosely organized independent cells or end-to-end chains of cells that form filaments. 17-6 Algae Volvox, a colonial green alga A Volvox colony is a hollow sphere with thousands of cells in a single layer on the outside The cells are usually connected by strands of cytoplasm Smaller daughter colonies are contained within the ball Spirogyra, multicellular, filamentous algae Forms long filaments of cells end-to-end Can reproduce asexually and sexually Has a chloroplast that performs photosynthesis Stores glucose in a pyrenoid 17-7 16.8 A Fungus Is Not a Plant Fungi (domain Eukarya) Fungi are heterotrophs that release digestive enzymes into the external environment and digest their food outside the body, then absorb nutrients across their cell walls. They play an important role as decomposers. Fungal cells are different from plant c.

1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 16
Protists
& Fungi
16.6 General Biology of Protists
There are four kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya.
Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
All organisms in Eukarya have organelles including a nucleus.
Protists vary in size from microscopic to macroscopic (very
large)
Most protists are unicellular, but they are very complex
Most organisms in Protista reproduce by asexual reproduction
17-2
Organizing Organisms
Organisms can be categorized by how they obtain nutrients
Heterotrophs – organisms that consume food and digest it inside
their bodies.
Autotrophs – organisms that make their own food using

2. photosynthesis. While we think of plants as doing
photosynthesis, some protists and some bacteria can also do
photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria make a significant amount of
atmospheric oxygen.
Decomposers – digest food outside their body and absorb the
nutrients across the cell wall.
17-3
Types of Protists
Protists can be separated into 3 categories based on their
nutrition
Protozoa consume food (heterotrophs) and digest it internally.
Also they typically can move.
Algae that can do photosynthesis (autotrophs). Underscoring
the debate over how to categorize protists, some sources list
algae as plants, but your book lists them as protists.
Slime molds that absorb nutrients that were digested outside
their body.
17-4
Protozoa
Amoeba proteus
Pseudopods - extensions that form when cytoplasm goes in a
particular direction
Feed by phagocytosis, surrounding prey with pseudopods and
digesting it

3. Paramecium caudatum
The most structurally complex and specialized of all protozoans
The majority are free-living, some are parasitic
17-5
Green algae are
ancestral to plants
Green algae (Approximately 7,500 species)
Not always green
Inhabit a variety of environments
Oceans, freshwater, snowbanks, bark of trees, backs of turtles
Phytoplankton are microscopic autotrophs that live in water.
They produce about half of the oxygen available in the
atmosphere and form the basis of
Algae can form colonies of loosely organized independent cells
or end-to-end chains of cells that form filaments.
17-6
Algae
Volvox, a colonial green alga
A Volvox colony is a hollow sphere with thousands of cells in a
single layer on the outside
The cells are usually connected by strands of cytoplasm
Smaller daughter colonies are contained within the ball
Spirogyra, multicellular, filamentous algae
Forms long filaments of cells end-to-end
Can reproduce asexually and sexually
Has a chloroplast that performs photosynthesis
Stores glucose in a pyrenoid
17-7

4. 16.8 A Fungus Is Not a Plant
Fungi (domain Eukarya)
Fungi are heterotrophs that release digestive enzymes into the
external environment and digest their food outside the body,
then absorb nutrients across their cell walls. They play an
important role as decomposers.
Fungal cells are different from plant cells
Lack chloroplasts
Fungi are adapted to
life on land by producing
windblown spores
18-8
Yeast are single-celled fungi
They are added to bread dough, wine and beer
Bread mold is also a fungus, Rhizopus stolonifer
Asexual reproduction
The sprorangia make spores which disperse to start a new
organism.
Sexual reproduction
2 gametangia come together to produce a zygospore
Mushroom
Mushrooms also make spores which disperse to start a new
organism.
18-9
Running head: Role of Managers 1
Role of Managers 5

5. Role of Managers
Name
MGT500
Grantham University
Introduction and OverviewManagement Functions
Planning
Organizing
Leading
Controlling
Roles of ManagersActivities of ManagersCompany 1

6. Introduction
Managerial Characteristics essential for change
Company 2
Introduction
Managerial Characteristics essential for changeClassical
Management ApproachesBehavioral Management
ApproachesModern Management ApproachesConclusion
References
Burnett, S. (2001). GOING THE DISTANCE. Community
College Week, 13(21), 6
Haynie, D. (2014, June 12). New government data sheds light
on online learners. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
Hiltz, S. R., & Turoff, M. (2005). EDUCATION GOES
DIGITAL: The Evolution of Online Learning and the
Revolution in Higher Education. Communications Of The
ACM, 48(10), 59-64.
Miller, G. (n.d.). History of Distance Learning. Retrieved
November 10, 2014.
Name:
Lab 4 – Protists & Fungi
Objectives
1. Describe the differences between Protists, Fungi and
Prokaryotic cells.
2. Describe how to separate Protists based on their nutrition.
3. Look at examples of Protists and label specified structures.
4. Describe how Fungi obtain nutrients.

7. 5. Look at examples of Fungi and label specified structures.
Reading assignment: Read 16.6 - 16.9: There is also a power
point of this material.
For this worksheet you will search the internet for examples of
the given organism. You must list the reference (web site) that
you used for each picture that you copy into the worksheet.
You need to choose unlabeled photographs of microscope slides
that show all of the structures, that you will then label. Refer
to the file “How to Label an Image” found on Bb > Lab
Assignments > Lab Background Information.
List 2 differences between prokaryotic bacteria and protists.
A Paramecium caudatum is a unicellular heterotroph. What
does this mean?
Phytoplanton are marine autotrophs. What does this mean?
Protists are eukaryotic. Is it possible for a prokaryotic
organism to be an autotroph? Explain.
A. Protozoa
1. Amoeba proteus – Using the internet find a
photograph of a slide of an amoeba. Copy the photograph
(listing the source) into this worksheet and label the nucleus
and pseudopod.
What is the pseudopod?
How do these protists ingest food?
2. Paramecium caudatum – Find a photograph of a slide

8. of a paramecium and label the nucleus.
What structure allows this organism to move?
3. Plasmodium vivax is also a protozoan and a parasite.
What disease results when humans are infected with this
organism?
How do humans acquire this protozoan?
Please watch the video on Plasmodium’s life cycle:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoIO-g1hiSo
What cells does the parasite target in the human host?
Where does sexual reproduction take place in the parasite’s life
cycle?
B. Algae
1. Volvox (colonial algae) – Find a photograph of a
slide of Volvox and label the parent colony, juvenile (or
daughter) colony, and vegetative cells.

9. 2. Spirogyra– Find a photograph of a slide of Spirogyra
in the asexual stage and label the chloroplasts and cell wall.
Find a second photograph of a slide of Spirogyra in
the sexual stage and label the zygotes, female filament (with
zygote), male filament (empty) and conjugation tubules.
What is conjugation?
C. Fungi
List 2 differences between protists and fungi.
Describe how fungi obtain nutrients.
List 2 problems caused by fungi and 2 benefits provided by
fungi.
1. Yeast (unicellular fungus) – Find a photograph of a
slide of yeast.
2. Breadmold – Rhizopus. Find a photograph of a slide
of Rhizopus in the asexual stage and label the hyphae,
sporangia, and spores.

10. Find a second photograph of a slide of Rhizopus in
the sexual stage and label the gametangium and zygospore.
3. Coprinus Mushroom – Find a photograph of a slide of
Coprinus (not a picture of a mature mushroom) and label the
cap, stalk, gills, and spores
Once you have completed the worksheet you need to submit it
using Blackboard.
Take Lab Quiz 4. This quiz covers the information from
sections 16.6 – 16.9.
These are the organisms that you will find images of and the
structures you must identify.
Kingdom Protista
Protozoa
Amoeba proteus - pseudopodia, nucleus
Paramecium caudatum – nucleus
Algae
Volvox - multicellular colonial alga
parent colony juvenile colonyvegetative cells
Spirogyra - multicellular filamentous alga (2 drawings)
chloroplasts pyrenoids cell walls
female filament zygotes male filament conjugation tubes
Kingdom Fungi
Yeast
Breadmold – Rhizopus (2 drawings)
asexual: hyphae sporangia spores
sexual: gametangium zygospore
Coprinus Mushroom

11. cap stalk gills
spores