Correctional Program ShowcaseSubmitted BY Intensive moti.docx

Correctional Program Showcase
Submitted BY
Intensive motivational program of alternative correctional
treatment (IMPACT)
IMPACT- Two phase program
Mission: to engage and rehabilitate the offenders with sentence
of seven years
Goals: To engage the offenders into correction program for their
betterment
To help the offenders to live a life with worth with out
committing a crime.
treatment (IMPACT) is a program that is based on the two
phases, it is continuation shock incarcerations that initially
started in the 1987. The mission of the program is to engage the
offenders who are sentenced for 7 years into correctional
program. Goals of the program is to engage the offender
voluntarily in the two phase program and they can quite if they
are not willing to continue the program. The offenders ahs to
pass through the phases and complete the instructions of the
drill instructors. The target population is based on the offender
who do not mix in to normal general population. IMPACT is
among the top three programs of the state to correct and
rehabilitate the offenders (Mackenzie & Shaw, 2006).
2
treatment (IMPACT)
Population : Offenders with sentence of seven years

Effectiveness:
Increased the prosocial behavior in offenders
Decreased the aggression and anxiety
Improvements have been seen in the offenders that lead them
towards rehabilitation.
The program is effective for the offenders by send in to the
offenders into military boot camps. Offenders who were engage
in the IMPACT program were reported as having the high
prosocial behaviors anxiety and aggression have been lowered
in the offenders who have completed the program. Offender
with change are promoted to the next phase of rehabilitation
(Mackenzie & Shaw, 2006). It was designed because authorities
are aware of that emotional instability is a main reason behind
the offenses. Thus this program helped to provide emotional
stability and also help in rehabilitation process.
3
Reentry Program
Reentry program is basically developed as a correctional
program which is covering different aspects.
Educational paradigm
Health sector
Rehabilitation sector
Job skills and Employment Readiness program
Reentry programs is an effort made by the Louisiana
corrections. The mission of the program is to provide the
services regarding education, job and employment skills,
substance abuse treatment and rehabilitation services are
offered by the programs to education the offenders and help
them rehabilitate in the society. Reentry program was designed
to motivate those offenders who came again after relapse of

drugs or crime. This program focus on all areas of life of
offenders because it not only provided basic education but also
provide job skills to make them productive member of society.
Some profit and not for profit organizations help to design and
to make it effective by financial, management and
implementation help.
4
Reentry Program
Effectiveness criteria: have impact on full society
Mission: provide best facilities of rehabilitation and to make
offenders productive member of society
Goals: public safety, reduce recidivism, decrease victimization,
and reduce the financial burden of the correctional system
To help the offenders to make productive member of community
and able to play their role in community development
The population of incarcerated offenders are engaged in to
programs and provide them vocational skills in which National
Center for Construction Education and Research (NCCER) and
the Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) are offered their
services which help to make the offenders productive member
of society.
The Department partners with the New Orleans Baptist
Theological Seminary (NOBTS) to offer offenders faith-based
course work leading to an Associate or Bachelors Degree in
Theology. Louisiana Community & Technical College System
(LCTCS) also provided best vocational services in different
areas of Louisiana for correctional programs. The Steve Hoyle
Intensive Substance Abuse Treatment Program (housed at
Bossier Parish Correctional Center) provided its services in
rehabilitation area.
5

Population : Offenders with sentence or without sentence from
all age range of people
Effectiveness:
Increased the productive behaviors by providing them education
Control their emotional problems by making them emotionally
stable
Improvements have been seen in the offenders through their
employment rate, educational success
Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN) offered its services to
develop positive life style and values in offenders which helped
them to make it more effective for community. The Department
has three Faith and character-based dormitory (FCBD)
programs, aimed at maximizing the power of personal faith,
reinforcement of pro-social decision making, and positive role
models through mentoring.
6
Transitional Work Program
Effectiveness criteria: : have impact on sex offenders by
controlling drugs usage
Mission: provide rehabilitation services to sex offenders and to
provide them employment opportunity
Goals: to engage sex offenders in different employment
programs and to provide them opportunity to live a normal life
To help the sex offenders to make productive member of
community and able to play their role in community
development
Transitional Work Program was also started in Louisiana state
for the purpose of correction in society it was especially
designed for sex offenders so implemented 4 to six months

before release. Offenders that are approved for the program are
required to work at an approved job and when not working they
must return to the structured environment of the assigned
facility.
7
Population : Offenders with sentence above ten years of age
Effectiveness:
Improve the sexual thoughts and behaviors by controlling drugs
Provide them employment opportunities and rehabilitation
services to control sexual offences
Placement of an offender in a transitional work program is
much more cost effective than traditional incarceration.
Offenders become taxpayers, not tax consumers and are able to
pay victim restitution, child support, court costs and fines. A
long-range reentry objective involves increasing the TWP beds.
They become more productive member of society because of
drugs control and they also become financially stable.
8
Local Jail Literacy and Adult Basic Education Programs
Effectiveness criteria: : have impact on all offenders who are in
jail
Mission: provide better educational opportunities to offenders
to control the crime ratio
Goals: to engage offenders in educational programs and to
provide them basic education which ultimately help to control
crime rate in state
To make the offenders as educated member of society
It was designed in the fifteen jails of Louisiana state the basic
purpose of this program is to provide the basic education to the

adult offenders. It was necessary because adults are not only
responsible for their acts but they also have to manage their
family and according to psychologists adults, young children.
Thus this program was designed especially for the offenders
who are in jail either they are for minor offenses or major, on
short punishment or for long time in jail. This program designed
by government for all type of offenders.
9
Population : adult offenders more than eighteen years and all
type of offenders including drug addicts and sex offenders
Effectiveness:
Improve the life of offenders by providing them basic education
Provide them education will help to control offense rate and
will improve the status of life in offenders
References
Louisiana Corrections. Reentry Programing. (2019). Retrieved
from https://doc.louisiana.gov/reentry-programming
Human Rights Watch. (2019). Louisiana prison resources.
Retrieved from
https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/09/louisiana-prison-
resources
Mackenzie, D. L., & Shaw, J. W. (2006). Inmate adjustment and
change during shock incarceration: The impact of correctional
boot camp programs. Justice Quarterly, 7(1), 125–
150.doi:10.1080/07418829000090501

History and Development of Corrections 1700-Present
1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
History and Development of Corrections from 1700 - Present
Early Punishments
The Hospice of San Michele (Rome), Maison de Force (Ghent,
Belgium)
Reform (John Howard)
Gaols (England) Early Jails
Philadelphia Prison Society (Benjamin Rush)
Inspection House (Panopticon)
Parole
Elizabeth Gurney Fry
Eastern State Penitentiary
Auburn and Sing Sing Penitentiary (Mass Prisons)
The Indiana State Reformatory (First Separate Prison for
Women)
Reformatory (Elmira System)
Probation (John Augustus)
The Industrial Prison
Juvenile Court

Ashburn Summers Act
The Treatment Era
The Community Based Era ("Deinstitutionalization"
The Warehousing Model
The "Just Deserts Era"
Create your own timelines at
Preceden.com.https://www.preceden.com/timelines/23091
History and Development of Corrections from 1700 - Present
Early punishments included transportation, indentured servitude
and
economic sanctions, public humiliation, pillory, stocks and
ducking stools.
Two very famous prisons wereThe Hospice of San Michele and
the
Maison de Force in Ghent, Belgium.
Inmates were whipped and had to adhere to the rule of silence.
These
prisons were considered to be ideal models of the prison
institution at the
time.
John Howard was a Christian activist who fought for prison

reform. He
inspected jails in order to ensure that prisoners received humane
treatment.
Gaols/Jails were very small with few inmates. These institutions
operated
on a fee system.
With the help of Quakers, he worked to improve conditions for
prisoners
housed in in the "Walnut Street Jail" in Philadelphia.
Jerry Bentham was founder of the British Utilitarianism
movement which
suggested that laws should be evaluated to ensure that they are
ethical
and useful. He designed a model prison which was referred to as
the
"Panopticon".
Parole began at the end of the 1800s. When it was instituted,
many
prisoners were already receiving clemency, pardons and early
release for
good behavior. Parole began with reformatories but spread to all
prisons.
Fry worked to improve conditions for women who were
imprisoned.

Eastern State Penitentiary was built on the outskirts of
Philadelphia.
Prisoners were in solitary confinement. This model was referred
as an
isolate system. The solitary confinement and penance would
lead to
rehabilitation of prisoners. Prisoners were also given a work
detail which
consisted of hanidcrafts.
A congregate system was used. A rule of silence was enforced
to keep
the prisoners from corrupting one another.
Strict control and severed discipline was common.
Whipping was common.
This was the first separate female prison. Before instituting the
first
female prison, women were housed with men. They also
received the
same punishment as men. For that reason, women were preyed
upon by
both inmates and prison guards. In the early female prisons,
women were
often housed in cottages. The conditions for women in state
prisons
remained the same. They were subject to abuse and often
required to
endure long hours of hard labor.
This was a prison system designed to house young men. It was
believed
that younger prisoners were capable of rehabilitation. An

academic
program was put in place and athletics was encouraged. The
silent
system was not used. A rewards system was used. Corporal
punishment
was used to control behavior.
John Augustus was a humble shoemaker who advocated for fair
treatment of criminals. He would house offenders who were
sentenced to
prison. After helping them get back on their feet, he would go
to court
with them. If their probationary program was satisfactory, the
original
sentence was suspended. The acutal legal statute for probation
was
passed first by Massachussets in 1878. Probation still exists
today as a
community based correction model.
Early Punishments
1700
The Hospice of San Michele (Rome), Maison de
Force (Ghent, Belgium)
1704
Reform (John Howard)
1726
Gaols (England) Early Jails
1770
Philadelphia Prison Society (Benjamin Rush)
1787

Inspection House (Panopticon)
1790
Parole
1800 - Present
Elizabeth Gurney Fry
1813
Eastern State Penitentiary
1822
Auburn and Sing Sing Penitentiary (Mass
Prisons)
1825
The Indiana State Reformatory (First Separate
Prison for Women)
1873
Reformatory (Elmira System)
1876
Probation (John Augustus)
1878 - Present
In an effort to meet the demands of the increasing prison
population, the
industrial prisons emerged. These prisons had heightend

security via high
brick walls and guard towers. Prisoners worked with steel, made
cabinets
and other goods to be sold on the market.
A special court for under age offenders was established. This
type of
court was informal and the goal was for young offenders to be
rehabilitated. Vocational and academic programs were
encouraged.
Judges were expected to avoid custody if possible.
This law put limits on prison manufacturing. The interstate
transportation
of goods made in prisons was prohibited. This resulted in a
decrease of
industrial prisons.
The nation was economically secure. During this postwar boom,
there
was an interest to reform prisons. After conducting research, it
was
determined that a "medical model" should be used in the prison
system.
Prisoners were considered ill and the cure would be
rehabilitation
through treatment.
A more humanistic approch was invisioned. The community
base
approach would help the inmate and it would help solve the
problem of

overcrowding prisons. Inmates took part in half-way houses and
job
release programs. Some were even allowed week end furloughs
to visit
family and loved ones.
After many studies showed that efforts to rehabilitate criminals
were
failing miserably, it was evident that a new approach should be
used. This
led to the "nothing works" doctrine. The new approach would be
to
simply put criminals away so they would no longer be a menace
to
society. This is when the term "warehousing" began to surface.
Prisoners
were put away for determined periods of time without the
earlier frills of
treatment and "coddling".
The "just deserts" doctrine goes back to the basics. Prisoners
are held
responsible for their actions.There is no attempt to explain away
their
criminality. If a person commits a crime, they will pay. This
plain and
simple approach emerged because of the embarrising recidivism
rates.
One study showed it was high as 70%.
The Industrial Prison
1890
Juvenile Court

1899
Ashburn Summers Act
1935
The Treatment Era
1945
The Community Based Era
("Deinstitutionalization"
1967
The Warehousing Model
1980
The "Just Deserts Era"
1995 - Present
History and Development of Corrections 1700-PresentHistory
and Development of Corrections from 1700 - PresentEarly
PunishmentsThe Hospice of San Michele (Rome), Maison de
Force (Ghent, Belgium)Reform (John Howard)Gaols (England)
Early JailsPhiladelphia Prison Society (Benjamin
Rush)Inspection House (Panopticon)ParoleElizabeth Gurney
FryEastern State PenitentiaryAuburn and Sing Sing Penitentiary
(Mass Prisons)The Indiana State Reformatory (First Separate
Prison for Women)Reformatory (Elmira System)Probation (John
Augustus)The Industrial PrisonJuvenile CourtAshburn Summers
ActThe Treatment EraThe Community Based Era
("Deinstitutionalization"The Warehousing ModelThe "Just
Deserts Era"
Running Head: CASE STUDY 1

CASE STUDY 4
Week 2 CPSS400
By
[Name of Student]
Course
Professor
[Name of Institution]
January 24, 2019
Main components of the scenario
The current case study is based on the problem of a 23
years old women who is a mother, but she has been convicted of
purse theft and keeping heroin. She has also been found to use
heroin and intermittent alcohol use, but she denies to abuse of
drugs. She is a mother of a four years old child, but her mother
is taking the responsibility of taking care of the boy. Moreover,
the irresponsible behavior of the Cassandra has resulted in the
loss of job; she has denied the charges of drug abuse. Her
presenting complaints are comprised of feelings of depression
or anxiety that she has been facing, but she has not received any
formal treatment for the issue she has reported. She has not
been convicted of any violence to other or neither of suffering
from mental disease.

Risks and Needs Assessment
In order to identify the risk and needs firstly it is
important to separate the static and dynamic factors of the
individual. Static factors are those factors that cannot be
changed, and they would go along the life, in the current
scenario the static factors are first theft and going to jail, the
second static factor is the arrest on keeping the heroin. Now
both these factors have been the reason of arrest in her life and
cannot be changed. Now coming towards the dynamic risk
factors that mean these are factors that can be changed or
controlled by planning an intervention plan. The dynamic risk
factors are also known as criminogenic needs. These factors are
comprised of using heroin and intermittent use of alcohol. Next
stealing and theft is the behavior that needs to be corrected
through an intervention plan. Depression and anxiety are the
feelings that are needed to be taken under consideration in
detail that whether they are the cause of theft and drug abuse
behavior or these are emerging as a result of the theft and drug
abuse behavior. She is the mother of a four years son, but she
has not been responsible for bringing up her son, now this status
also needed to be changed in the sense of taking responsibility
as she has been removed from her job because she has been not
responsible enough to show up at the job. Her current age, her
presented issues are all those factors that can be changed if
managed through correctional intervention program (James ,
2018).
The assessment of needs and risk are done in two ways
based on the clinical assessment by the help of a mental health
professional, psychologist or psychiatrists who are trained to
assess the mental health condition of the offender in the context
of the society and culture on the basis of their knowledge and
the existing experience. Furthermore, the actuarial assessments
are also an important part of the assessment that focusses on
examining the behavior of offender and viewing how others
have acted in those situations. The assessment is done through
using the standardized inventories that are valid and reliable in

order to complete the process of basement on an authentic and
logical basis (LowenKamp & Latessa, 2004).
Relation of needs and risk with the treatment
The information that has been presented is related to the
risks and needs of the Cassandra, her presented history has been
helpful in identifying her current internal status that is based on
the feeling of depression and anxiety, moreover her previous
arrest, conviction, and release has provided any evidence that
she has is need of help, her issues have not been resolved and
she is not able to adjust according to norms and values
appropriate for the society and her own personal life. Drug use
is not a healthy habit, and she has denied the abuse of heroin
and alcohol. There is a need for acceptance to move toward the
correction of behavior. Her personal and professional life is
disturbed due to her irresponsible behavior. Risks have been
identified through the presented information. Moreover, the
identified risks also play an important role in identifying the
level of intervention that is necessary to deal with the risk. The
needs that have been identified from the given information
focuses on the perspective that dynamic risk factors are needed
to be dealt with on an urgent basis. Hence the criminogenic
needs are the essentials that can help to devise the invention
plan to provide the goals to achieve for correctional invention
program. The intervention plan would be designed on the basis
of currently available risk and needs along with considering the
ability of the individual to learn and adapt to the intervention
program. The history cannot be altered now, but the risks and
needs that have been identified in the case are the key
identifiers for the areas of work.
References
James , N. (2018). Risks and Needs assessment in Fedral prison
system . Congressional Reserch Service , 1-18.
LowenKamp, C. T., & Latessa, E. (2004). Understanding the
risk principle, How and why correctional intervention can harm
low-risk offenders. Topics in community corrections, 1-6.

Running Head: CASE STUDY 1
CASE STUDY 4
Week 2 CPSS400
By
[Name of Student]
Course
Professor
[Name of Institution]
January 24, 2019
Main components of the scenario
The current case study is based on the problem of a 23
years old women who is a mother, but she has been convicted of
purse theft and keeping heroin. She has also been found to use
heroin and intermittent alcohol use, but she denies to abuse of
drugs. She is a mother of a four years old child, but her mother
is taking the responsibility of taking care of the boy. Moreover,
the irresponsible behavior of the Cassandra has resulted in the

loss of job; she has denied the charges of drug abuse. Her
presenting complaints are comprised of feelings of depression
or anxiety that she has been facing, but she has not received any
formal treatment for the issue she has reported. She has not
been convicted of any violence to other or neither of suffering
from mental disease.
Risks and Needs Assessment
In order to identify the risk and needs firstly it is
important to separate the static and dynamic factors of the
individual. Static factors are those factors that cannot be
changed, and they would go along the life, in the current
scenario the static factors are first theft and going to jail, the
second static factor is the arrest on keeping the heroin. Now
both these factors have been the reason of arrest in her life and
cannot be changed. Now coming towards the dynamic risk
factors that mean these are factors that can be changed or
controlled by planning an intervention plan. The dynamic risk
factors are also known as criminogenic needs. These factors are
comprised of using heroin and intermittent use of alcohol. Next
stealing and theft is the behavior that needs to be corrected
through an intervention plan. Depression and anxiety are the
feelings that are needed to be taken under consideration in
2018).
The assessment of needs and risk are done in two ways
based on the clinical assessment by the help of a mental health
professional, psychologist or psychiatrists who are trained to
assess the mental health condition of the offender in the context

of the society and culture on the basis of their knowledge and
the existing experience. Furthermore, the actuarial assessments
are also an important part of the assessment that focusses on
examining the behavior of offender and viewing how others
have acted in those situations. The assessment is done through
using the standardized inventories that are valid and reliable in
order to complete the process of basement on an authentic and
logical basis (LowenKamp & Latessa, 2004).
Relation of needs and risk with the treatment
The information that has been presented is related to the
risks and needs of the Cassandra, her presented history has been

References
James , N. (2018). Risks and Needs assessment in Fedral prison
system . Congressional Reserch Service , 1-18.
LowenKamp, C. T., & Latessa, E. (2004). Understanding the
Cassandra Case Study
Cassandra Jones is a 23-year-old female from Los Angeles,
California, and was recently admitted to the county jail for
stealing a purse at a coffee shop. She is unmarried and has a 4-
year-old son who is being cared for by her mother. Cassandra
completed 10th grade, but she did not graduate from high
school. She has worked as a cashier at a grocery store in the
past but was terminated for not showing up to work.
Cassandra has reported using heroin in the past but reports that
she has not used the substance for approximately 8 months.
Cassandra also reported intermittent alcohol use but does not
believe that she abuses the substance.
Cassandra has 2 close friends who she considers to be like
sisters. She reported that they spend quite a bit of time together,
as they live in the same studio apartment. Both friends were
arrested at the same time as Cassandra and have entered the
same correctional facility with the same charges.
Cassandra has been arrested 2 times in the past: once for
possession of heroin, and once for theft. She served her time for
both charges and was released.
She reported feelings of depression and anxiety but has not
received any formal treatment. She reported no other history of

mental illness and has shown no history of violence towards
herself or others.
Note. This assignment serves as the basis for the Week 4
Treatment Plan and Facilitation Skills assignment.
Risk and needs assessment is a key process that must occur to
determine what programs may assist each individual. In this
assignment, you will review a case study and identify the risk
and needs for this individual based on the information provided.
You are part of a team of case managers who must determine
the proper program placement for individuals involved with the
correctional system.
Review the Cassandra Case Study.
Determine the risks, and research the needs of this individual
based on the information in the scenario.
Write a 700- to 1,050-word report describing how the risk and
needs assessment will influence the case management and
treatment planning for the individual in the case study. Include
the following:
· Briefly summarize the main components of the scenario that
you see are the most important items to consider in this
individual's treatment.
· Describe the risks and needs of this individual based on the
research you conducted.
· Describe how the information about this individual's risk and
needs relates to the individual's treatment.
Cite a minimum of two sources.
Format your report according to APA guidelines.

Submit your completed report to the Assignment Files tab.
Materials
Treatment Plan and Facilitation Skills Report
PART 2 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT OF WEEK 2
Review the Cassandra Case Study along with your completed
Risk and Needs Assessment Report assignment from Week 2.
Conduct research to determine treatment programs that will
meet the individual's identified needs based on both the
information in the case study and in your assessment of needs.
Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word report on your plan for working
with this individual. Include the following:
· Describe the treatment and program needs of the individual in
the case study.
· Describe two to three correctional programs for this
individual, based on identified needs.
· Explain the role of the helping process in correctional
programs for this individual.
· Identify the types of skills needed to facilitate the helping
process with assisting this individual through the program.
Cite a minimum of 2 sources.
Format your paper according to APA guidelines.
Submit your paper to the Assignment Files tab.
Running head: Background of Correctional Programs 1
CORRECTIONAL PROGRAMS
5

Background of Correctional Programs
Chalyne Arvie
CPSS/400
Jennifer Friedrich
21JAN19
Background of Correctional Programs
1. What is the concept behind correctional programs? Why do
correctional programs exist? What goal(s) do most programs
have in common? What is the relationship between institutional
and community-based programs?
The correctional program involves a kind of plan to which
submission of criminal offenders is conducted. In context, the
program has both educational training and supervision which
are given with purposes of correcting the criminal offenders.
Conceptually, the designing of correctional program tends to
aim at addressing various factors that have been linked up with
criminal behavior. The programs exist to equip the participant

offenders with applied skills and strategies that aid in
preventing future crimes.
The most common goal of these programs is to provide to
criminal offenders with supervision and educational training for
purposes of correcting their criminal behavior (Bayer, et al.
2009). Further, they both tend to increase the availability,
effectiveness and quality of community-based programs and
educational programs in preventing criminal offenders from
committing crimes again in their future.
Significantly, the transition plan requires for efficient
collaborations between both external and internal providers. For
that reason, both institutional programs often are linked to
community-based programs to provide social service providers
with advanced education in serving specific communities within
a particular environment.
2. What theories or methodologies have helped shape
correctional programs? What do these theories or methodologies
state? How do these theories or methodologies differ between
institutional and community-based programs?
One of the most significant theories that have contributed to
shaping correctional programs is labeling theory. The approach
was developed in 1960 by Howard Becker who was an
interactionist theorist then. It has helped in shaping people’s
sense of self lies in their collective interpretation of the social
definition. Based on the theory, a deviant labeled behavior
individual should be punished and made to recognize
themselves as deviance (Akers, 2013). As such, it creates types
of stigmas or in other words social labels which are then applied
to criminally deviant as well as communicative deviants.
Correctional theories involve the use of sanctions in either
positive or negative form and they stand to be a fundamental to
the entire criminal theories which tends to come along with
major goals in social control as well as deviant behavior
deterrence. On the contrary, the most common goal of

community and educational programs is to provide the criminal
offenders with supervision and educational training to correct
their criminal behavior. Additional, correctional theories are
based on individuals within their communities’ social life while
community and educational programs are based on correcting
behavior of individuals who are held up in prisons. They both
also tend to increase availability, effectiveness and quality of
community-based programs and educational programs in
preventing criminal offenders from committing crimes again in
their future.
3. How have correctional programs evolved? What are some of
the specific changes that have occurred in the last 15 years?
Correctional programs have a long history especially in the
United States where there used to be two offenders on probation
in each person who served in prison then. The long history of
these programs has yielded to numerous evidence-based
practices in various communities by minimizing recidivism
(Lowenkamp et al. 2006). Besides, they are considering being
less costly when compared to incarceration. Correctional
programs started way back in 1700s England where judges used
to afford the discretion to provide a judicial reprieve. In
essence, this was considered a way of convicting crime
offenders while at the same time allowed them in enjoying
citizenship freedoms (Hylton, 2015). In 1841, there was a
temperance movement that acted in a full impact on alcoholism,
intoxication and criminalizing. Recently, some countries like
the United States have most significant incarcerated population
worldwide.

References
Lowenkamp, C. T., Latessa, E. J., & Holsinger, A. M. (2006).
The risk principle in action: What have we learned from 13,676
offenders and 97 correctional programs?. Crime & Delinquency,
52(1), 77-93.
Bayer, P., Hjalmarsson, R., & Pozen, D. (2009). Building
criminal capital behind bars: Peer effects in juvenile
corrections. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(1), 105-
147.
Akers, R. L. (2013). Criminological theories: Introduction and
evaluation. Routledge.
Hylton, J. H. (2015). Rhetoric and reality: A critical appraisal
of community correctional programs. Crime & Delinquency,
28(3), 341-373.
Running Head: EVOLUTION OF THE PRISON SYSTEM IN
AMERICA 1
EVOLUTION OF THE PRISON SYSTEM IN AMERICA
2

Evolution of the Prison System in America
Name
Institution
Evolution of the Prison System in America
Changes in the US the prison system
Stanko, Gillespie & Crews (2004) observe that the US prison
system has evolved so much since the institution was
established immediately after independence. In 1860s, the
prison system experienced massive overcrowding. During the
same time, a research done on the state prisons revealed that
none was seeking reformation of inmates as the primary goal.
To address these two factors, an educational program was
introduced. Prisoners who did well in the program would be
released early. In early 1900s, a probation system was
introduced while in 1913, recreation and entertainment was
introduced in the prisons. Bosworth (2002) points out that In
1950s, riots in prisons due to poor hygiene, guard brutality,
poor food quality as well as poor facilities led to recognition of

those demands as rights by courts. In addition, the American
Prison Association changed to American Correctional
association with a focus on rehabilitative processes. Last year,
various organizations formed a partnership to combat over-
criminalization as well as over-incarceration of individuals from
minority and low-income communities.
Changes that have benefited the US prison system
Although much needs to be done to the prison system, most of
the changes in the past have positively transformed the system.
For instance, changes in state and federal sentencing laws on
various offenses like drug abuse have led to reduction of
overcrowding in the cells. States have also softened policies on
parole such that re-sentencing is no-longer the automatic
punishment for violation of parole. Improvement of facilities
has also created an enabling environment for prisoners to learn
life skills that help them once out of the prison (Edge, 2009).
Additional changes I would implement
The mission of the US prison system needs to change from
governing prisoners via threats of harsher punishments to
encourage prisoners to work towards earning their freedom via
incentive programs (Edge, 2009).). To achieve this, I would
expand parole eligibility and solve delays in parole processing.
This will reduce overcrowding of prisons and give helpful skills
to prisoners. I would also ensure post- release supervision for
all offenders. This is necessary to reduce recidivism and to
ensure that adequate assistance is given to offenders after they
are released.

References
Stanko, S., Gillespie, W., & Crews, G. A. (2004). Living in
prison: A history of the correctional system with an insider's
view. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
Bosworth, M. (2002). The U.S. federal prison system. Thousand
Oaks, Calif. [u.a.: Sage Publ.
Edge, L. B. (2009). Locked up: A history of the U.S. prison
system. Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-First Century Books.
Case Study
Learning Team C
CPSS/400
January 28, 2019
Jennifer Friedrich
Running head: CASE STUDY
1
CASE STUDY
2

Case Study
In this case study, the 23 year old woman is a single mother
who has past substance abuse and alcohol abuse issues. She
also has allowed her mother to care for her 4 year old child
because she is unable to care for him. She has been convicted
of drug related offenses, as well as theft. Her current charges
are for stealing a purse, of which her two roommates that she is
close to were arrested for the same offense. The offender
cannot hold a job for extended periods of time due to her poor
time and attendance. The offender also suffers from depression
and anxiety; however, she has not received treatment for either
condition.
In order to identify the risk and needs firstly it is important to
separate the static and dynamic factors of the individual.
“Static risk factors are factors that do not change or which
change in only one direction,” (Coid, Ullrich, Kallis, et al.,
2016). An example of static risk factors is past criminal
offenses because they cannot be changed. In Cassandra’s case
study, the static risk factors involved is her criminal history and
her current charge of stealing a purse. Cassandra’s dynamic
risk factors, which is defined as the factors that can be changed
or controlled by planning an intervention plan, include her
current depression, anxiety, and educational issues. These
factors can be changed or adjusted to improve Cassandra’s
overall environment and attitude. Other dynamic factors
include changing Cassandra’s behavior for her to decline in
future stealing and substance abuse. Depression and anxiety are
the feelings that are needed to be taken under consideration in

2018).
The assessment of needs and risk are done in various ways.
One way is using clinical assessments in combination with
mental health professionals who can identify an offender needs
and risks that the offender needs assistance with. Another way
is using actuarial assessments examine the behavior patterns of
the offender compared to other individual behavior in similar
scenarios. Certain tools may be applied to address her needs.
Such as, in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders- 4th edition (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric
Association, 2000). A mental assessment would be done to
determine how much or if Casandra needed treatment in this
area.
The information that has been presented is related to the risks
and needs of the Cassandra, her presented history has been

References:
· Taxman, F., Cropsey, K., Young, D., and Wexler, H.
(September 2007). Screening, assessment, and referral practice
in adult correctional setting: a national perspective. Retrieved
from https://journals-sagepub-com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/
· James, N. (2018). Risks and Needs assessment in Federal
prison system. Congressional Research Service, 1-18.
· LowenKamp, C. T., & Latessa, E. (2004). Understanding the
· Coid JW, Ullrich S, Kallis C, et al. Improving risk

management for violence in mental health services: a
multimethod approach. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals
Library; 2016 Nov. (Programme Grants for Applied Research,
No. 4.16.) Chapter 17, Construction and validation of new static
risk assessment instruments. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396457/

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