Continental Drift Theory-Abhinav gupta
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The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of continental drift and the existence in the past of the supercontinent Pangaea. It provides examples of matching geological formations and fossil records found across continents now separated by oceans, including similar coal deposits in Antarctica, North America and the UK from the Carboniferous period; glacial striations matching between Brazil and West Africa; and the reptile Mesosaurus fossilized in sediments in South America and South Africa dated to around 280 million years ago. It also describes how Jack Oliver's 1968 research paper provided further evidence that finally convinced the scientific community to accept continental drift.
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Continental drift
Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching coastlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits in separated areas; and paleomagnetic data showing continents were once joined. Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1915, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing evidence of plate tectonics and explaining the driving force behind continental drift.
Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1910, which hypothesized that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support this theory: geological formations of continents matched together, matching plant and animal fossils found on different continents, and evidence that glaciers had extended farther than current climates would allow indicating continents had moved. While initially rejected, Wegener's theory helped establish the modern theory of plate tectonics.
Continental Drift Theory by Rajkumar
1. CONTINENTAL DRIFT
“Father” of this theory is Alfred Wegener.
2. The Theory of Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912):-
A large super-continent PANGEA split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago. These then drifted apart to form the present arrangement of continents.
Most geologists were highly skeptical and the idea was NOT widely accepted.
3. This is what Wegener thought Pangea looked like 200-300 million years ago.
4. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Wegener provided four main pieces of evidence to support his theory that the continents had been drifting over time.
5. 1. JIGSAW PUZZLE
Wegener noticed that if we could move present day continents around, several continents look like they would fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
6. 2. FOSSILS
Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on different continents now separated by vast oceans. They could only be found this way if the continents had once been joined together.
7. 3. ROCK SEQUENCE
Wegener also found that mountain ranges have a similar sequence of type of rock and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting they were once part of the same mountain range.
8. 4. GLACIAL SCARS
Wegener found evidence of glacial scars left behind by giant ice sheets from the same time period in Southern Africa, India, Australia and South America.
The white areas were covered by ice and tundra about 300 million years ago (arrows show the direction of ice movement).
the continents were once part of a single larger continent that then split apart, drifting to their present positions over the last 300 million years.
9. WHAT COULD MOVE THE CONTINENTS?
Unfortunately for Wegener, he could not explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents around the planet.
For reasons was he can't explain
Alfred Wegener died on expedition in Greenland in 1930 still searching for answers to the question of what force could be responsible for the movement of the continents.
10. Reason for Support Continental Drift?
Fit of continents
Apparent discrepancy in inferred latitudes of ancient rocks
Rocks of same age and similar characteristics on different continents
Distribution of similar plants and animals on different continents
11. WEGENERS CONCLUSIONS:
The continents have drifted over the past 300 million
years to their present positions!
(not a very popular idea at the time!!!)
Continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support his theory: the matching shapes of continental coastlines, matching fossil distributions across continents, and evidence that past climates did not match current continental positions. While his theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a mechanism, it was later supported by the discovery of seafloor spreading in the 1960s, which provided a process to explain how and why continents move over Earth's surface.
PLATE TECTONICS
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century. He noticed that the continents appeared to fit together and were once attached in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence from matching coastlines, fossil and rock formations, and paleoclimatic data to support his theory. However, he was unable to explain the mechanism of continental drift. Most geologists at the time rejected his theory due to the lack of a clear explanation for how and why the continents would move. It was not until the 1950s when the theory of plate tectonics was developed that Wegener's concept of continental drift became widely accepted.
Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic
I am a student of SUST and my subject is "Geography & Environment". Topic of this presentation is " Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic ".
Continental drift theory discuss
Continental Drift Theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Evidence for this theory included:
1) The matching coastline edges of continents like Africa and South America, and geological features that lined up across continents.
2) Similar fossil species found in matching geological formations along coastlines now separated by oceans.
3) Identical aged rock formations and tillite deposits along the separated coastlines, indicating they were once attached.
This theory was initially rejected due to the lack of an explained physical mechanism for continental drift, but was later supported by the development of plate tectonic theory.
Recommended
Continental drift
Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching coastlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits in separated areas; and paleomagnetic data showing continents were once joined. Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1915, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing evidence of plate tectonics and explaining the driving force behind continental drift.
Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1910, which hypothesized that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support this theory: geological formations of continents matched together, matching plant and animal fossils found on different continents, and evidence that glaciers had extended farther than current climates would allow indicating continents had moved. While initially rejected, Wegener's theory helped establish the modern theory of plate tectonics.
Continental Drift Theory by Rajkumar
1. CONTINENTAL DRIFT
“Father” of this theory is Alfred Wegener.
2. The Theory of Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912):-
A large super-continent PANGEA split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago. These then drifted apart to form the present arrangement of continents.
Most geologists were highly skeptical and the idea was NOT widely accepted.
3. This is what Wegener thought Pangea looked like 200-300 million years ago.
4. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Wegener provided four main pieces of evidence to support his theory that the continents had been drifting over time.
5. 1. JIGSAW PUZZLE
Wegener noticed that if we could move present day continents around, several continents look like they would fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
6. 2. FOSSILS
Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on different continents now separated by vast oceans. They could only be found this way if the continents had once been joined together.
7. 3. ROCK SEQUENCE
Wegener also found that mountain ranges have a similar sequence of type of rock and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting they were once part of the same mountain range.
8. 4. GLACIAL SCARS
Wegener found evidence of glacial scars left behind by giant ice sheets from the same time period in Southern Africa, India, Australia and South America.
The white areas were covered by ice and tundra about 300 million years ago (arrows show the direction of ice movement).
the continents were once part of a single larger continent that then split apart, drifting to their present positions over the last 300 million years.
9. WHAT COULD MOVE THE CONTINENTS?
Unfortunately for Wegener, he could not explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents around the planet.
For reasons was he can't explain
Alfred Wegener died on expedition in Greenland in 1930 still searching for answers to the question of what force could be responsible for the movement of the continents.
10. Reason for Support Continental Drift?
Fit of continents
Apparent discrepancy in inferred latitudes of ancient rocks
Rocks of same age and similar characteristics on different continents
Distribution of similar plants and animals on different continents
11. WEGENERS CONCLUSIONS:
The continents have drifted over the past 300 million
years to their present positions!
(not a very popular idea at the time!!!)
Continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support his theory: the matching shapes of continental coastlines, matching fossil distributions across continents, and evidence that past climates did not match current continental positions. While his theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a mechanism, it was later supported by the discovery of seafloor spreading in the 1960s, which provided a process to explain how and why continents move over Earth's surface.
PLATE TECTONICS
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century. He noticed that the continents appeared to fit together and were once attached in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence from matching coastlines, fossil and rock formations, and paleoclimatic data to support his theory. However, he was unable to explain the mechanism of continental drift. Most geologists at the time rejected his theory due to the lack of a clear explanation for how and why the continents would move. It was not until the 1950s when the theory of plate tectonics was developed that Wegener's concept of continental drift became widely accepted.
Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic
I am a student of SUST and my subject is "Geography & Environment". Topic of this presentation is " Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic ".
Continental drift theory discuss
Continental Drift Theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Evidence for this theory included:
1) The matching coastline edges of continents like Africa and South America, and geological features that lined up across continents.
2) Similar fossil species found in matching geological formations along coastlines now separated by oceans.
3) Identical aged rock formations and tillite deposits along the separated coastlines, indicating they were once attached.
This theory was initially rejected due to the lack of an explained physical mechanism for continental drift, but was later supported by the development of plate tectonic theory.
Continental drift theory and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift theory and seafloor spreading. Continental drift theory states that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations, as well as coal deposits. Seafloor spreading theory developed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposes that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as the continents separate. Evidence includes the age of ocean rocks decreasing with distance from ridges and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
Continental Drift Plate Tectonics
Continental drift theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence like matching fossil and rock formations across continents, but his theory was rejected due to lacking an explanation for how the continents moved. Later studies of the seafloor using sonar revealed mid-ocean ridges where new crust was formed, explaining continental drift through the process of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Earthquake data showed seismic activity occurs at plate boundaries, confirming the Earth's surface is composed of shifting tectonic plates.
Continental drift theory
The Continental Drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 suggested that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener did not have proof of his theory at the time, but later evidence from matching fossil distributions, identical rock formations between continents, and the same mountain ranges provided support. This included fossils of Glossopteris found across regions of the former supercontinent Gondwanaland. Although controversial when first introduced, the development of the theory of plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate movement driven by convection currents to explain how the continents could drift apart.
Theory+of+continental+drift
This document summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Wegener noticed that the continents seemed to fit together like puzzle pieces. He gathered evidence from matching landforms, identical fossil distributions, and past climate patterns on separated continents to support his hypothesis of continental movement. While his theory was initially rejected due to lacking an explanation for the driving mechanism of drift, Wegener's extensive evidence helped revive consideration of plate tectonics and continental drift.
Continental drift &and sea floor spreading
The document discusses the theories of continental drift, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics. It provides details on the original proponent of continental drift theory, Alfred Wegener, in 1915. It also outlines various geological, climatic, and biological evidence that supports continental drift. The document then discusses the sea floor spreading theory proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960s, which helped explain continental drift. It notes evidence that the ocean floor becomes progressively younger near mid-ocean ridges. Finally, it describes how the theories of continental drift and sea floor spreading were combined into the comprehensive theory of plate tectonics.
Continental drift and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift was first proposed in the 16th century and was further developed and advocated for by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time, interacting through processes like seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction at convergent boundaries, and lateral movement at transform boundaries.
Plate Tectonics: History and Boundaries
1. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart.
2. Wegener provided four lines of evidence to support his theory - similar rock formations and fossils on separated continents, matching coastlines, correlated climate indicators like coal deposits, and plant and animal distributions that could not have crossed oceans.
3. However, Wegener's theory was initially rejected because he could not explain what caused the continents to move. It was not until the 1950s-60s that seafloor spreading and plate tectonics were discovered, providing a mechanism to explain continental drift.
Plate Tectonics Notes
- The Earth's crust is made up of tectonic plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle.
- There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates separate and new crust is formed, convergent where plates collide and oceanic plates are subducted, and transform where plates slide past each other.
- Evidence for plate tectonics includes magnetic patterns in ocean crust, matching fossils and rock formations on separated continents, and the fit of continental shelves. Plate movements have caused continents like Pangaea to break apart over millions of years.
Plate Tectonics
This ppt is about 3 theories of plate tectonics: Continental drift, seafloor spreading and theory of plate tectonics
Continental drift
- Alfred Wegener developed the hypothesis of continental drift in 1910, proposing that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. This idea is known as continental drift.
- Wegener provided evidence from matching fossil distributions, rock formations, and past climate patterns between continents now separated by oceans that supported his hypothesis of continental movement over time.
- However, Wegener's hypothesis was rejected by most geologists in the early 1900s due to lack of mechanisms to explain continental motion and discrepancies with existing geological theories. It was not widely accepted until new evidence emerged in the 1950s.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY PPT
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.
Wegener argued that there was once a super continent (which he named Pangea -meaning ''all land ) which split up over millions of year and gradually drifted over to their current place on earth at a rate of a few centimeter year.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift in 1915, noting that continents seem to fit together. Over decades, further evidence was collected from matching fossil records, mountain ranges, and coastline shapes between separated continents. In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics emerged to explain these observations, proposing that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over Earth's asthenosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where new crust forms, convergent where plates collide, and transform where plates slide past each other.
Plate tectonics notes
Plate tectonics describes how the Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that move relative to each other. The movement of plates is caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere and results in major geological events at plate boundaries like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, transform where they slide past each other, and convergent where they push together.
Seafloor spreading theory discuss 3
1. Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading in 1962, which provided evidence that Wegener's theory of continental drift was correct. Hess theorized that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic eruptions and then spreads outwards, pushing older crust farther away.
2. Evidence for seafloor spreading includes rock formations only possible from cooled lava, magnetic stripe patterns in ocean crust recording reversals of Earth's magnetic field, and drilling samples showing younger rock nearer to ridges.
3. Seafloor spreading is driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle; subduction zones allow parts of ocean crust to sink back into the mantle and regulate ocean size.
Continental drift theory
According to the continental drift hypothesis, the continents have slowly moved over time to their current positions. Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912. Seafloor spreading provided insight into the mechanism of plate tectonics, with magma pushing the plates apart at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones pulling them under. About 225 million years ago, nearly all land was part of the supercontinent Pangaea, which has since broken apart, forming the continents in their current positions.
Sea-Floor Spreading
1. The document discusses sea-floor spreading, which is the process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move away from each other.
2. Evidence that supports sea-floor spreading includes magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean floor and samples from ocean crust that show it is younger near ridges and older further away.
3. Oceanic crust is basaltic rock that forms at ridges and is then recycled in subduction zones, making it generally younger than continental crust which does not undergo this recycling process.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence supporting continental drift. It describes how Wegener first proposed the hypothesis of continental drift in 1912 based on observations that the continents seemed to fit together. The document outlines several pieces of evidence that supported Wegener's hypothesis, including matching coastlines, shared fossil distributions, and geological and climatic similarities between separated continents. It then describes how the theory of seafloor spreading provided further evidence when studies in the 1940s and 1950s showed the ocean floor was younger than the continents and spreading occurred at mid-ocean ridges. Paleomagnetic data from the seafloor also supported seafloor spreading and continental drift. Today the theory of plate tectonics unifies
Plate boundaries stresses faults ppt
This document discusses plate tectonics and the three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. It describes how each boundary type results in different stresses on rocks and the formation of different geological features. Divergent boundaries result in tension stresses that cause normal faults and the formation of rift valleys or sea floor spreading. Convergent boundaries result in compression stresses that cause reverse faults and the uplifting of folded mountains or subduction zones and volcanoes. Transform boundaries result in shearing stresses that cause strike-slip faults like the San Andreas Fault in California.
Plate Tectonics
The movement of earth's plate is responsible for the formation of continents.How it works ? what are the principle's?
Continental drift - A2 Geography
Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface over geological time due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching continental outlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits between continents; and paleomagnetic data showing continents have moved over time. The theory of continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915 but was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading and plate tectonics were discovered, providing a mechanism to explain continental drift.
evidences_plate.ppt
1. In 1912, Alfred Wegener proposed the continental drift theory which hypothesized that around 200 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea which later broke apart.
2. Evidence from fossils of the same plants and animals found across continents now separated by oceans, matching rock formations, and coal deposits provided support for continental drift.
3. In the 1960s, the theory of seafloor spreading was developed which helped explain continental drift as new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and pushed continents apart.
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What's hot
Continental drift theory and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift theory and seafloor spreading. Continental drift theory states that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations, as well as coal deposits. Seafloor spreading theory developed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposes that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as the continents separate. Evidence includes the age of ocean rocks decreasing with distance from ridges and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
Continental Drift Plate Tectonics
Continental drift theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence like matching fossil and rock formations across continents, but his theory was rejected due to lacking an explanation for how the continents moved. Later studies of the seafloor using sonar revealed mid-ocean ridges where new crust was formed, explaining continental drift through the process of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Earthquake data showed seismic activity occurs at plate boundaries, confirming the Earth's surface is composed of shifting tectonic plates.
Continental drift theory
The Continental Drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 suggested that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener did not have proof of his theory at the time, but later evidence from matching fossil distributions, identical rock formations between continents, and the same mountain ranges provided support. This included fossils of Glossopteris found across regions of the former supercontinent Gondwanaland. Although controversial when first introduced, the development of the theory of plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate movement driven by convection currents to explain how the continents could drift apart.
Theory+of+continental+drift
This document summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Wegener noticed that the continents seemed to fit together like puzzle pieces. He gathered evidence from matching landforms, identical fossil distributions, and past climate patterns on separated continents to support his hypothesis of continental movement. While his theory was initially rejected due to lacking an explanation for the driving mechanism of drift, Wegener's extensive evidence helped revive consideration of plate tectonics and continental drift.
Continental drift &and sea floor spreading
The document discusses the theories of continental drift, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics. It provides details on the original proponent of continental drift theory, Alfred Wegener, in 1915. It also outlines various geological, climatic, and biological evidence that supports continental drift. The document then discusses the sea floor spreading theory proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960s, which helped explain continental drift. It notes evidence that the ocean floor becomes progressively younger near mid-ocean ridges. Finally, it describes how the theories of continental drift and sea floor spreading were combined into the comprehensive theory of plate tectonics.
Continental drift and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift was first proposed in the 16th century and was further developed and advocated for by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time, interacting through processes like seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction at convergent boundaries, and lateral movement at transform boundaries.
Plate Tectonics: History and Boundaries
1. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart.
2. Wegener provided four lines of evidence to support his theory - similar rock formations and fossils on separated continents, matching coastlines, correlated climate indicators like coal deposits, and plant and animal distributions that could not have crossed oceans.
3. However, Wegener's theory was initially rejected because he could not explain what caused the continents to move. It was not until the 1950s-60s that seafloor spreading and plate tectonics were discovered, providing a mechanism to explain continental drift.
Plate Tectonics Notes
- The Earth's crust is made up of tectonic plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle.
- There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates separate and new crust is formed, convergent where plates collide and oceanic plates are subducted, and transform where plates slide past each other.
- Evidence for plate tectonics includes magnetic patterns in ocean crust, matching fossils and rock formations on separated continents, and the fit of continental shelves. Plate movements have caused continents like Pangaea to break apart over millions of years.
Plate Tectonics
This ppt is about 3 theories of plate tectonics: Continental drift, seafloor spreading and theory of plate tectonics
Continental drift
- Alfred Wegener developed the hypothesis of continental drift in 1910, proposing that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. This idea is known as continental drift.
- Wegener provided evidence from matching fossil distributions, rock formations, and past climate patterns between continents now separated by oceans that supported his hypothesis of continental movement over time.
- However, Wegener's hypothesis was rejected by most geologists in the early 1900s due to lack of mechanisms to explain continental motion and discrepancies with existing geological theories. It was not widely accepted until new evidence emerged in the 1950s.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY PPT
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.
Wegener argued that there was once a super continent (which he named Pangea -meaning ''all land ) which split up over millions of year and gradually drifted over to their current place on earth at a rate of a few centimeter year.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift in 1915, noting that continents seem to fit together. Over decades, further evidence was collected from matching fossil records, mountain ranges, and coastline shapes between separated continents. In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics emerged to explain these observations, proposing that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over Earth's asthenosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where new crust forms, convergent where plates collide, and transform where plates slide past each other.
Plate tectonics notes
Plate tectonics describes how the Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that move relative to each other. The movement of plates is caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere and results in major geological events at plate boundaries like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, transform where they slide past each other, and convergent where they push together.
Seafloor spreading theory discuss 3
1. Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading in 1962, which provided evidence that Wegener's theory of continental drift was correct. Hess theorized that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic eruptions and then spreads outwards, pushing older crust farther away.
2. Evidence for seafloor spreading includes rock formations only possible from cooled lava, magnetic stripe patterns in ocean crust recording reversals of Earth's magnetic field, and drilling samples showing younger rock nearer to ridges.
3. Seafloor spreading is driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle; subduction zones allow parts of ocean crust to sink back into the mantle and regulate ocean size.
Continental drift theory
According to the continental drift hypothesis, the continents have slowly moved over time to their current positions. Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912. Seafloor spreading provided insight into the mechanism of plate tectonics, with magma pushing the plates apart at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones pulling them under. About 225 million years ago, nearly all land was part of the supercontinent Pangaea, which has since broken apart, forming the continents in their current positions.
Sea-Floor Spreading
1. The document discusses sea-floor spreading, which is the process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move away from each other.
2. Evidence that supports sea-floor spreading includes magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean floor and samples from ocean crust that show it is younger near ridges and older further away.
3. Oceanic crust is basaltic rock that forms at ridges and is then recycled in subduction zones, making it generally younger than continental crust which does not undergo this recycling process.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence supporting continental drift. It describes how Wegener first proposed the hypothesis of continental drift in 1912 based on observations that the continents seemed to fit together. The document outlines several pieces of evidence that supported Wegener's hypothesis, including matching coastlines, shared fossil distributions, and geological and climatic similarities between separated continents. It then describes how the theory of seafloor spreading provided further evidence when studies in the 1940s and 1950s showed the ocean floor was younger than the continents and spreading occurred at mid-ocean ridges. Paleomagnetic data from the seafloor also supported seafloor spreading and continental drift. Today the theory of plate tectonics unifies
Plate boundaries stresses faults ppt
This document discusses plate tectonics and the three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. It describes how each boundary type results in different stresses on rocks and the formation of different geological features. Divergent boundaries result in tension stresses that cause normal faults and the formation of rift valleys or sea floor spreading. Convergent boundaries result in compression stresses that cause reverse faults and the uplifting of folded mountains or subduction zones and volcanoes. Transform boundaries result in shearing stresses that cause strike-slip faults like the San Andreas Fault in California.
Plate Tectonics
The movement of earth's plate is responsible for the formation of continents.How it works ? what are the principle's?
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Similar to Continental Drift Theory-Abhinav gupta
Continental drift - A2 Geography
Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface over geological time due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching continental outlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits between continents; and paleomagnetic data showing continents have moved over time. The theory of continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915 but was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading and plate tectonics were discovered, providing a mechanism to explain continental drift.
evidences_plate.ppt
1. In 1912, Alfred Wegener proposed the continental drift theory which hypothesized that around 200 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea which later broke apart.
2. Evidence from fossils of the same plants and animals found across continents now separated by oceans, matching rock formations, and coal deposits provided support for continental drift.
3. In the 1960s, the theory of seafloor spreading was developed which helped explain continental drift as new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and pushed continents apart.
Unit 1. 2. 2 continental drift
Earthquakes occur when energy is rapidly released due to movement along faults in the Earth's crust. Fossils found across different continents provide evidence that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which has since broken apart due to continental drift. The theory of continental drift was initially proposed in the early 20th century but was rejected due to the lack of a proposed driving mechanism until the development of the theory of plate tectonics.
Evidence... notes
1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea and have since drifted apart.
2) Evidence supporting continental drift includes matching rock formations and fossil records found across separated continents, as well as similar fossils of tropical plants found in arctic regions, indicating past warmer climates.
3) The theory of plate tectonics emerged as scientists discovered that the ocean floors are formed through sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, with the youngest rocks found at the ridges and increasing in age further away. This supported Wegener's theory that continents have moved over time.
2019 tg lithosphere1 earth
The document discusses the structure and evolution of the Earth. It describes the Earth's interior as being composed of a crust, mantle, and core. The crust and upper mantle form tectonic plates that move over Earth's surface. Evidence for plate tectonics includes matching continental margins and the distribution of fossils, rocks, and glacial deposits across continents. The Earth formed over 4.6 billion years ago from a solar nebula. Life evolved around 3.8 billion years ago and photosynthesis emerged 2.5-3 billion years ago. The atmosphere and climate have changed over geological eras from the Archean to present day.
Continental Drift
1) Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart over millions of years.
2) To support his theory, Wegener presented four pieces of evidence: the matching shapes of continental edges, identical fossil distributions, matching rock formations, and evidence of past climate zones that no longer align with the continents' current locations.
3) Despite this evidence, Wegener's contemporaries rejected his theory because he could not explain the mechanism that caused the continents to move. Acceptance of the theory required understanding how and why continental drift occurred.
Alfred Wegener, Pangea, A+.ppt.pptxhshsh
Alfred Wegener originally proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century, hypothesizing that the continents are slowly drifting around the Earth. He suggested that hundreds of millions of years ago, all the continents were joined together in a single landmass called Pangea. Pangea has since broken apart, with evidence found in matching fossil and rock formations between separated continents and the way the continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces. While initially criticized, Wegener's theory of continental drift has since been supported by further evidence of plate tectonics showing how the movement of tectonic plates can cause the continents to drift apart over millions of years.
Continental drift
1) Early scientists like Bacon and Snider-Pellegrini noticed similarities between continents like Africa and South America, but it was Wegener who first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915.
2) Evidence for continental drift includes matching coastlines, similarities in fossils found on different continents, matching rock types along coastlines, and geological features lining up across continents.
3) In the mid-20th century, discoveries of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate tectonics to explain continental drift, with ocean floors being created at mid-ocean ridges and spreading outward over time.
Evidence... notes
1. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea and have since moved to their current locations.
2. Evidence such as matching rock formations and fossil distributions across continents supports continental drift. Fossils of the same plants and animals have been found on separated continents.
3. The theory of plate tectonics emerged in the 1950s with the discovery of seafloor spreading at ocean ridges, where new crust is formed and plates move apart, providing a mechanism for continental drift.
Plate Tectonics is the driving force of geologic structures th.docx
Plate Tectonics is the driving force of geologic structures that shape the world that we live in. The
first indication that continents might have been linked physically took place as soon as there was
mapping. It was known by the sixteenth and seventeenth century that the continents fitted together like
pieces of a puzzle. This and other proofs listed below lead to the concept of continental drift, that the
large continents had once been linked together. The scale movements of continents across the across
the surface of the planet was mind boggling.
By the close of the nineteenth century the geologist Edward Suess postulated that the southern
continents were joined together. This was from evidence seen by fossil animal distribution. Ancient life
forms have ranges just as modern animals. Tigers are found in India and Siberia, not in North America.
These ancient animals couldn’t get from South America to Africa, from Antarctica to Australia to India.
There were rock layers both sedimentary and igneous that were continuous on all of the five continents.
He christened this large continent Gondwanaland.
In 1915 Alfred Wegener wrote a book on continental drift. He proposed another super continent
called Pangaea. This continent included all of the modern continents. His mechanism for the movement
of the continents was that the continents moved through ocean crust, drifting until they joined then
breaking apart again. Wegener and others argued for their evidence pointing out rock similarities
type, similarities in rock trends and ages using all of the information gathered from Steno's laws and
fossil assemblages. They also showed that certain distant continents had similar plants and animals that
entered a different evolutionary path after the continents separated. An example of this is the fresh
water fish the Arowana found in both South America and Australia. Another example of this is the large
amount of marsupial
fossils found in South
America and Australia.
Placental mammals
were the dominant
mammalian life forms
in Eurasia, North
America and Africa.
Only in South America
and Australia were
marsupial fossils
dominated. It wasn't
until 3 million years ago
North and South
America joined
allowing placental
mammals to gain
dominance in South America. Despite this evidence Wegener and his followers mechanism for
continental movement was badly flawed. They proposed that the tidal forces from the Sun and Moon
like the tides in the ocean. This force is much too weak to move a continent so the theory was rejected.
Fossil plants and animal distribution on southern continents
In 1928 a geologist Arthur Holmes proposed the convection currents split the continents and that
these currents were in the mantel. Remember the knowledge of a mantel was already known at this
time. Ironically this was a mechanism had been proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1782. Many
geologi.
Chapter 14.1: The Continental Drift Hypothesis
8th Grade Integrated Science Chapter 14 Lesson 1 on the Continental Drift Hypothesis. This is a short introduction to Alfred Weger and the current evidence used to support his theory. There is a short explanation of the fossil and rock evidence found.
2012 updated plate tectonics new one use this one backup
Plate tectonics theory proposes that Earth's outermost layer is broken into rigid tectonic plates that constantly move atop the asthenosphere in response to convection currents in the mantle, interacting along plate boundaries through divergent, convergent, and transform motion that creates geologic features like mid-ocean ridges, trenches, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Mapping of the seafloor revealed evidence like magnetic stripes and the ages of rocks that supported seafloor spreading and subduction, leading scientists in the 1960s to combine these ideas with continental drift into the unified theory of plate tectonics.
Time traveling alfred wegener essay
Alfred Wegener traveled through time to collect evidence to prove his theory of continental drift. He discovered that plate tectonics caused the continents to drift apart. Wegener found six key pieces of evidence to support continental drift: 1) the coastlines of continents fit together like puzzle pieces, 2) matching rock sequences and ages across continents, 3) matching diamond patterns across oceans, 4) mountain ranges torn apart by continental movement, 5) matching past glacier patterns, and 6) matching fossil distributions across continents. Wegener concluded that billions of years ago the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which later broke apart due to plate tectonics.
Sci 10 - Lesson 4.pdf
The document summarizes evidence that supports plate tectonic theory and continental drift. It describes how the continents fit together like puzzle pieces, examples of matching rock formations and fossil distributions between continents, and patterns in magnetic stripes on ocean floors that support the ideas of seafloor spreading and plate movement over time. New ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through convection currents in the mantle, which also act to push and pull plates along tectonic boundaries.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
Continental Drift - Plate tectonic - Theory evidences.pptx
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, suggesting that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. He provided evidence from matching landforms, fossil distributions, and past climate patterns. However, his theory was rejected by many geologists at the time due to lack of explanation for the driving forces. It was not until the 1950s and discoveries of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics that Wegener's theory became widely accepted.
nla.news-article130570301.3.pdf
1) Scientists have discovered that the Indo-Australian tectonic plate is breaking into two pieces. Measurements along faults in the seafloor show that blocks of crust are being thrust upward twice as much in the eastern part of the plate compared to the western part, providing direct evidence that the eastern part is splitting off as it rotates counter-clockwise.
2) Around 200 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangaea broke into two pieces, and then further broke apart over time, resulting in the drifting of continents including Australia, Africa, South America, and Antarctica.
3) This ongoing splitting of the Indo-Australian plate provides scientists a rare opportunity to study how the Earth's crust
continental-drifting.pptx
The document summarizes the continental drift theory, which proposes that the Earth's continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. It discusses how Pangaea broke into Laurasia and Gondwanaland, and the evidence that supports the theory, including matching coastlines, matching fossil and rock formations found across oceans, deposits that require adjacent landmasses, and tillite glacial deposits found on separate continents. The theory explains that the lithosphere is made of plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle.
Continental drift 2
Continental drift is the movement of Earth's continents relative to each other over geological time. Abraham Ortelius first hypothesized in 1596 that continents 'drift' and were torn apart by earthquakes and floods. Alfred Wegener formally proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, suggesting that continents had once formed a single landmass that broke apart and drifted to their current positions. Key evidence Wegener cited included matching fossil distributions, complementary continental margins, and consistent rock sequences across continents now separated by oceans, providing support for the notion that continents had drifted apart over time. However, the theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a proposed driving mechanism for continental motion.
The Theory of Pangaea, by : Rebecca
The document summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of Pangaea from 1910, which proposed that all the continents were originally joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. It describes how Pangaea broke apart over millions of years, drifting the continents to their current locations. Fossil, geological, and geographical evidence from matching coastlines, mountain ranges, and glacial deposits on different continents supported the theory that they were once joined.
Similar to Continental Drift Theory-Abhinav gupta (20)
Plate Tectonics is the driving force of geologic structures th.docx
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2012 updated plate tectonics new one use this one backup
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Continental Drift - Plate tectonic - Theory evidences.pptx
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Continental Drift Theory-Abhinav gupta
- 2. The very slow movement of the continental plates on the surface of the Earth due to tectonic activity through geological time.
- 3. PANGAEA The large landmass that included all of Earth’s present day continents
- 5. Some continents such as the Western seaboard of Africa and the Eastern seaboard of South America seem to fit together as if placed beside each other.
- 6. • Rocks of the same age and type and displaying the same formations are found in south-east Brazil and South Africa. • The trends of the mountains in the eastern USA and north-west Europe are similar when placed in their old positions. • Similar glacial deposits are found in Antarctica, South America and India, now thousands of km apart. • Striations showing the same orientation when the continents are reunited, are found in Brazil and West Africa. • Striations means a series of ridges, furrows or linear marks, and is used in several ways
- 7. Parts of Antarctica, North America and the UK all contain coal deposits of similar age that were formed in tropical conditions. These areas are no longer in tropical climates which suggests that they have drifted apart since the Carboniferous period. Glacial Striations (scratches in the rocks) can be found that match in Brazil and West Africa Glacial deposits are also very similar in India, South America and in the Vaal Valley in South Africa These landmarks suggest that although these areas are very far apart now they once had a very similar climate
- 8. Similar fossil formations are found on either side of the Atlantic. For example, a reptile called Mesosaurus, is found only in South America and Southern African sediments. These are dated from the Permian age (approx. 280million years ago). Plant remains from the humid swamps that later formed coal deposits have been found in India and Antarctica. Marsupials are found only in Australia because it drifted away from the main supercontinent Before the predators that wiped them out elsewhere had migrated there.
- 13. Jack Oliver Jack Oliver provided a research paper on plate tectonics that proved vital in providing hard evidence for the existence of continental drift, which was released in 1968. The 1968 paper finally proved Wegener right and continental drift was accepted by the world of science.
- 14. CONTINENTAL DRIFT IN DOUBT Why didn’t people believe in continental drift? People couldn’t image how the earth could be millions of years old People couldn’t image a force great enough to move the continents BUT by the 1960’s evidence would prove continental drift is TRUE and…. The story continues (as does all good science!)