The document summarizes the Consumer Protection Act and its relevance to dentistry in India. It outlines key definitions in the Act, such as complainant, complaint, consumer, and deficiency. It describes the three-tier quasi-judicial system established by the Act at the district, state, and national levels to handle consumer complaints and disputes. The forums have jurisdiction over complaints based on the value of services and compensation claimed. Their roles include referring complaints to the opposite party, settling disputes based on evidence, and issuing orders directing relief such as refunds or compensation. Losing parties can appeal higher forums' decisions.
Role of diagnosis and treatment planning in pediatric dentistrylamiselghareb
This document outlines the importance of a thorough case history and examination for pediatric dental patients. It emphasizes collecting information from the child, parent, and medical practitioner to understand the child's social, medical, and dental background. A complete examination involves assessing extraoral and intraoral soft tissues, teeth, and occlusion. Factors like the child's behavior and ability to cooperate with treatment should be considered when creating a treatment plan. Simple procedures should be done first to ensure the child's continued care.
School dental health programs aim to improve children's oral health through education, prevention, and treatment services directly in schools. The key aspects of such programs include conducting dental inspections and health education, providing preventive interventions like fluoride varnish and sealants, and making referrals for treatment when needed. Evaluations show such programs can reduce dental caries by 20-30% through approaches like water fluoridation, fluoride tablets, and toothbrushing programs in schools. The community benefits from improving children's oral health as it helps establish healthy habits that can last a lifetime.
Copra(consumer protection act) public health dentistryabhishek singh
This document summarizes the key points of the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) as it relates to the medical profession in India. It discusses how COPRA was established to protect consumers and provide a mechanism for resolving disputes through consumer forums. It outlines the inclusion and exclusion criteria for medical services under COPRA as well as the structure of the consumer forums that handle complaints. The document also discusses arguments for and against the application of COPRA to the medical field and provides guidance on what doctors should and should not do if subject to a complaint.
The dentist was found liable for extracting the wrong tooth and was directed to compensate the patient for medical negligence and deficiency in service.
The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 aims to better protect consumer interests in India. It establishes three-tier quasi-judicial mechanisms - District Forum, State Commission and National Commission - to settle consumer disputes and ensure defective goods/services are rectified. It defines key terms like consumer, goods, services, defects, deficiencies, unfair/restrictive trade practices. Complaints can be filed within 2 years with the appropriate body based on the value of goods/compensation claimed. The Act also constitutes Consumer Protection Councils at district, state and central levels to promote consumer rights and education.
This document describes several school oral health programs from different locations and time periods. It provides details on the goals, implementation, and evaluation of programs in the US, Texas, Minnesota, North Carolina, and globally through the WHO. The programs generally aim to educate children about oral health, develop healthy habits, and reduce dental disease through activities in schools. Evaluation of many programs found reductions in tooth decay and positive changes in knowledge and behaviors.
pedodontics.....non pharmacological methods of behaviour managementSurabhi Desai
This document discusses various behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It defines behavior management as the means by which the dental team performs treatment to instill a positive dental attitude. Factors that influence a child's cooperative behavior like parental anxiety, medical experiences, and communication techniques are described. Methods of behavior shaping include desensitization, modeling, and contingency management. Specific behavior management techniques addressed include audio analgesia, biofeedback, voice control, hypnosis, humor, coping, and aversive conditioning.
Dental caries is caused by acid-forming bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize fermentable carbohydrates. The process involves alternating periods of demineralization and remineralization of tooth enamel based on the pH level in the mouth. Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacteria. Risk factors include frequent sugar consumption, poor oral hygiene, fluoride deficiency, and low saliva flow. Caries can be detected clinically, radiographically, and newer methods involving electrical resistance, light illumination, and digital imaging. Remineralization through fluoride and controlling bacteria and diet can prevent or reverse early caries.
Role of diagnosis and treatment planning in pediatric dentistrylamiselghareb
This document outlines the importance of a thorough case history and examination for pediatric dental patients. It emphasizes collecting information from the child, parent, and medical practitioner to understand the child's social, medical, and dental background. A complete examination involves assessing extraoral and intraoral soft tissues, teeth, and occlusion. Factors like the child's behavior and ability to cooperate with treatment should be considered when creating a treatment plan. Simple procedures should be done first to ensure the child's continued care.
School dental health programs aim to improve children's oral health through education, prevention, and treatment services directly in schools. The key aspects of such programs include conducting dental inspections and health education, providing preventive interventions like fluoride varnish and sealants, and making referrals for treatment when needed. Evaluations show such programs can reduce dental caries by 20-30% through approaches like water fluoridation, fluoride tablets, and toothbrushing programs in schools. The community benefits from improving children's oral health as it helps establish healthy habits that can last a lifetime.
Copra(consumer protection act) public health dentistryabhishek singh
This document summarizes the key points of the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) as it relates to the medical profession in India. It discusses how COPRA was established to protect consumers and provide a mechanism for resolving disputes through consumer forums. It outlines the inclusion and exclusion criteria for medical services under COPRA as well as the structure of the consumer forums that handle complaints. The document also discusses arguments for and against the application of COPRA to the medical field and provides guidance on what doctors should and should not do if subject to a complaint.
The dentist was found liable for extracting the wrong tooth and was directed to compensate the patient for medical negligence and deficiency in service.
The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 aims to better protect consumer interests in India. It establishes three-tier quasi-judicial mechanisms - District Forum, State Commission and National Commission - to settle consumer disputes and ensure defective goods/services are rectified. It defines key terms like consumer, goods, services, defects, deficiencies, unfair/restrictive trade practices. Complaints can be filed within 2 years with the appropriate body based on the value of goods/compensation claimed. The Act also constitutes Consumer Protection Councils at district, state and central levels to promote consumer rights and education.
This document describes several school oral health programs from different locations and time periods. It provides details on the goals, implementation, and evaluation of programs in the US, Texas, Minnesota, North Carolina, and globally through the WHO. The programs generally aim to educate children about oral health, develop healthy habits, and reduce dental disease through activities in schools. Evaluation of many programs found reductions in tooth decay and positive changes in knowledge and behaviors.
pedodontics.....non pharmacological methods of behaviour managementSurabhi Desai
This document discusses various behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It defines behavior management as the means by which the dental team performs treatment to instill a positive dental attitude. Factors that influence a child's cooperative behavior like parental anxiety, medical experiences, and communication techniques are described. Methods of behavior shaping include desensitization, modeling, and contingency management. Specific behavior management techniques addressed include audio analgesia, biofeedback, voice control, hypnosis, humor, coping, and aversive conditioning.
Dental caries is caused by acid-forming bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize fermentable carbohydrates. The process involves alternating periods of demineralization and remineralization of tooth enamel based on the pH level in the mouth. Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacteria. Risk factors include frequent sugar consumption, poor oral hygiene, fluoride deficiency, and low saliva flow. Caries can be detected clinically, radiographically, and newer methods involving electrical resistance, light illumination, and digital imaging. Remineralization through fluoride and controlling bacteria and diet can prevent or reverse early caries.
Dental veneers are custom shells made of tooth-colored materials that are bonded to the front of teeth to improve their color, shape, size or alignment, and can be made of either composite or porcelain; they are used to treat issues like discoloration, crooked teeth, gaps or cracks and improve the aesthetics and function of the smile. The document discusses the different types of veneers, their applications, benefits and risks, as well as the procedures for applying both composite and porcelain veneers.
https://userupload.net/yk8shpcpwk19
Dentistry can do so much these days to improve a person’s health, appearance and self-confidence. From barely noticeable braces that straighten crooked smiles to dental implants that replace missing teeth, there is a state-of-the-art solution to virtually any dental problem. Of course, like anything that involves the time and resources of skilled professionals, highly technical and sophisticated dental treatment doesn’t come inexpensively; indeed, the phrase “you get what you pay for” probably applies doubly to dentistry. Also, the types of treatment mentioned above, as well as many others, are often considered elective and therefore may not be covered (or only partially covered) by dental insurance. This can be the case even when a given procedure offers proven health benefits.
Biomechanical principles of TOOTH PREPARATIONSonia Sapam
This document provides an overview of biomechanical principles of tooth preparations. It discusses five main principles that govern tooth preparation design: preservation of tooth structure, retention and resistance form, structural durability of the restoration, marginal integrity, and preservation of the periodontium. The document outlines requirements of tooth preparations and discusses various factors that influence retention and resistance form, such as taper, surface area, area under shear, and surface roughness. It emphasizes minimizing removal of tooth structure and avoiding pulpal damage during preparation.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Dentist Act of India from 1948. It discusses the five chapters of the act including the constitution of the Dental Council of India and State Dental Councils, procedures for registration of dentists, dental hygienists and dental mechanics, requirements for recognized dental qualifications, and penalties for misrepresenting dental qualifications. The act established the regulatory framework for the dental profession in India.
The concept of a dental home, however, is too new to have been studied as a predictor of oral health.In 1999,Nowak described the term in relation to the desired recurrence of preventive oral health supervisory services as propagated by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry.
The document discusses strategies for managing teeth with irreversible pulpitis, known as "hot teeth", including supplemental injections like intra-ligamentary (PDL), intra-osseous, articaine buccal infiltration, and intra-pulpal when conventional injections fail to provide anesthesia. It provides details on techniques for different supplemental injections using devices like the Wand or Stabident system and recommends strategies based on tooth location, such as inferior alveolar nerve block plus lingual and intra-osseous for mandibular posterior teeth.
Mouth preparation for removable partial dentures /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses the removal of separated instruments from root canals. It begins by defining instrument separation and describing types of instruments that can cause obstruction. Common causes of separation include improper use, limitations in physical properties, inadequate access, root canal anatomy, and manufacturing defects. Factors associated with NiTi rotary instrument fracture include rotational speed, canal curvature, instrument design/technique, torque, manufacturing process, and absence of a glide path.
The document then describes a new three-step technique for removing separated instruments using specialized cutting burs, an ultrasonic tip, and a file removal device. It presents four case reports where this technique was used to successfully remove separated instruments from the apical third of root canals in
Restorative management of worn dentition (PART 1)- AETIOLOGYAshish Choudhary
This document provides an overview of tooth wear and its various etiological factors including abrasion, abfraction, attrition, bruxism, and erosion. It discusses the characteristics and mechanisms of each factor in detail. The document emphasizes that tooth wear is usually caused by multiple overlapping factors. It also outlines the steps in evaluating tooth wear, including determining the severity, making a diagnosis, and developing a treatment plan. Treatment options discussed include both preventive measures and various restorative techniques.
This document discusses young permanent teeth and their characteristics compared to mature teeth. It notes that young permanent teeth are those that have recently erupted and have not completed root development and closure of the apical foramen. The root development process can take 2-3 years after eruption. These young teeth are still developing and possess stem cells that can aid in continued root development. Factors like deep caries or trauma can lead to pulp necrosis in an immature tooth and result in an open apex. The document also discusses various classifications and stages of root development in young permanent teeth.
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
This document provides an introduction to pedodontics. It discusses the history and founders of pedodontics, including Robert Burton and Dr. BR Vacher. Pedodontics is defined as the study of children's teeth. The objectives of pedodontics include overall health, prevention, comprehensive care, developing good habits, and providing quality care. Characteristics of an ideal pedodontist include patience, empathy, kindness, and a gentle approach. There are physical, emotional, and treatment differences between children and adults that a pedodontist must consider. Current trends in pedodontics focus on preventive care, restorative dentistry, orthodontics, special needs patients, and child abuse/forensics.
This document describes a case study of hemisection of the distal root of tooth 36 in a 46-year-old male patient with localized chronic periodontitis. The patient presented with pain and sensitivity in the left, lower, posterior region for 3 months. Intraoral examination revealed 13mm probing depth and grade III furcation involvement on tooth 36. Radiographs showed bone loss obliterating the distal root. After hemisection of the distal root and extraction, bone grafting was performed and the area healed well. At 8 months post-op, a fixed prosthesis involving teeth 35-38 was placed, restoring the hemisected tooth 36. The case study demonstrates that hemisection can be a conservative treatment
This document discusses early childhood caries (ECC), providing definitions, statistics, risk factors, prevention strategies, and recommendations. ECC is a biofilm-induced acid demineralization of enamel or dentin in young children, typically under age 3. It affects 40% of US children by kindergarten. Risk is highest in low-income children and those whose mothers have untreated dental disease. Prevention strategies include daily oral hygiene, limiting sugary drinks and snacks, dental visits by age 1, and educating caregivers. A personalized prevention plan tailored to a child's risk factors can help reduce ECC.
This document provides information on full crown tooth preparations, including definitions, biological and mechanical principles, and guidelines. It discusses the importance of margin location in relation to the biologic width to maintain gingival health. It also covers principles such as preservation of tooth structure, retention and resistance form, and considerations for different crest relationships to minimize risk of tissue recession. Guidelines are provided for preparation taper, height and diameter to enhance durability and resistance to dislodging forces.
This document discusses the classification, composition, properties, and uses of direct composite restorations for class III, IV, and V cavities. It describes the different types of composites including conventional, microfilled, hybrid, flowable, and packable composites. The key differences between these types relate to their filler particle size, filler loading, viscosity, and resulting mechanical properties. Hybrid composites are now predominantly used due to their balance of esthetics, strength, and universal applicability in moderate stress restorations.
The document summarizes the consumer dispute redressal agencies in India. It outlines three levels of agencies established under the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 to handle consumer complaints - district forums established by state governments, state commissions established by state governments, and a national commission established by the central government. It provides details on the jurisdiction and authority of each agency to entertain consumer complaints regarding defective goods or deficient services based on the value of claims. The document also describes the composition, procedures to file and hear complaints, and rights to appeal orders at each level of the consumer dispute redressal system in India.
In this competitive business world consumer is treated as a king.so the consumer is protected for consuming the product for the help of consumer protection act.
Dental veneers are custom shells made of tooth-colored materials that are bonded to the front of teeth to improve their color, shape, size or alignment, and can be made of either composite or porcelain; they are used to treat issues like discoloration, crooked teeth, gaps or cracks and improve the aesthetics and function of the smile. The document discusses the different types of veneers, their applications, benefits and risks, as well as the procedures for applying both composite and porcelain veneers.
https://userupload.net/yk8shpcpwk19
Dentistry can do so much these days to improve a person’s health, appearance and self-confidence. From barely noticeable braces that straighten crooked smiles to dental implants that replace missing teeth, there is a state-of-the-art solution to virtually any dental problem. Of course, like anything that involves the time and resources of skilled professionals, highly technical and sophisticated dental treatment doesn’t come inexpensively; indeed, the phrase “you get what you pay for” probably applies doubly to dentistry. Also, the types of treatment mentioned above, as well as many others, are often considered elective and therefore may not be covered (or only partially covered) by dental insurance. This can be the case even when a given procedure offers proven health benefits.
Biomechanical principles of TOOTH PREPARATIONSonia Sapam
This document provides an overview of biomechanical principles of tooth preparations. It discusses five main principles that govern tooth preparation design: preservation of tooth structure, retention and resistance form, structural durability of the restoration, marginal integrity, and preservation of the periodontium. The document outlines requirements of tooth preparations and discusses various factors that influence retention and resistance form, such as taper, surface area, area under shear, and surface roughness. It emphasizes minimizing removal of tooth structure and avoiding pulpal damage during preparation.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Dentist Act of India from 1948. It discusses the five chapters of the act including the constitution of the Dental Council of India and State Dental Councils, procedures for registration of dentists, dental hygienists and dental mechanics, requirements for recognized dental qualifications, and penalties for misrepresenting dental qualifications. The act established the regulatory framework for the dental profession in India.
The concept of a dental home, however, is too new to have been studied as a predictor of oral health.In 1999,Nowak described the term in relation to the desired recurrence of preventive oral health supervisory services as propagated by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry.
The document discusses strategies for managing teeth with irreversible pulpitis, known as "hot teeth", including supplemental injections like intra-ligamentary (PDL), intra-osseous, articaine buccal infiltration, and intra-pulpal when conventional injections fail to provide anesthesia. It provides details on techniques for different supplemental injections using devices like the Wand or Stabident system and recommends strategies based on tooth location, such as inferior alveolar nerve block plus lingual and intra-osseous for mandibular posterior teeth.
Mouth preparation for removable partial dentures /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses the removal of separated instruments from root canals. It begins by defining instrument separation and describing types of instruments that can cause obstruction. Common causes of separation include improper use, limitations in physical properties, inadequate access, root canal anatomy, and manufacturing defects. Factors associated with NiTi rotary instrument fracture include rotational speed, canal curvature, instrument design/technique, torque, manufacturing process, and absence of a glide path.
The document then describes a new three-step technique for removing separated instruments using specialized cutting burs, an ultrasonic tip, and a file removal device. It presents four case reports where this technique was used to successfully remove separated instruments from the apical third of root canals in
Restorative management of worn dentition (PART 1)- AETIOLOGYAshish Choudhary
This document provides an overview of tooth wear and its various etiological factors including abrasion, abfraction, attrition, bruxism, and erosion. It discusses the characteristics and mechanisms of each factor in detail. The document emphasizes that tooth wear is usually caused by multiple overlapping factors. It also outlines the steps in evaluating tooth wear, including determining the severity, making a diagnosis, and developing a treatment plan. Treatment options discussed include both preventive measures and various restorative techniques.
This document discusses young permanent teeth and their characteristics compared to mature teeth. It notes that young permanent teeth are those that have recently erupted and have not completed root development and closure of the apical foramen. The root development process can take 2-3 years after eruption. These young teeth are still developing and possess stem cells that can aid in continued root development. Factors like deep caries or trauma can lead to pulp necrosis in an immature tooth and result in an open apex. The document also discusses various classifications and stages of root development in young permanent teeth.
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
This document provides an introduction to pedodontics. It discusses the history and founders of pedodontics, including Robert Burton and Dr. BR Vacher. Pedodontics is defined as the study of children's teeth. The objectives of pedodontics include overall health, prevention, comprehensive care, developing good habits, and providing quality care. Characteristics of an ideal pedodontist include patience, empathy, kindness, and a gentle approach. There are physical, emotional, and treatment differences between children and adults that a pedodontist must consider. Current trends in pedodontics focus on preventive care, restorative dentistry, orthodontics, special needs patients, and child abuse/forensics.
This document describes a case study of hemisection of the distal root of tooth 36 in a 46-year-old male patient with localized chronic periodontitis. The patient presented with pain and sensitivity in the left, lower, posterior region for 3 months. Intraoral examination revealed 13mm probing depth and grade III furcation involvement on tooth 36. Radiographs showed bone loss obliterating the distal root. After hemisection of the distal root and extraction, bone grafting was performed and the area healed well. At 8 months post-op, a fixed prosthesis involving teeth 35-38 was placed, restoring the hemisected tooth 36. The case study demonstrates that hemisection can be a conservative treatment
This document discusses early childhood caries (ECC), providing definitions, statistics, risk factors, prevention strategies, and recommendations. ECC is a biofilm-induced acid demineralization of enamel or dentin in young children, typically under age 3. It affects 40% of US children by kindergarten. Risk is highest in low-income children and those whose mothers have untreated dental disease. Prevention strategies include daily oral hygiene, limiting sugary drinks and snacks, dental visits by age 1, and educating caregivers. A personalized prevention plan tailored to a child's risk factors can help reduce ECC.
This document provides information on full crown tooth preparations, including definitions, biological and mechanical principles, and guidelines. It discusses the importance of margin location in relation to the biologic width to maintain gingival health. It also covers principles such as preservation of tooth structure, retention and resistance form, and considerations for different crest relationships to minimize risk of tissue recession. Guidelines are provided for preparation taper, height and diameter to enhance durability and resistance to dislodging forces.
This document discusses the classification, composition, properties, and uses of direct composite restorations for class III, IV, and V cavities. It describes the different types of composites including conventional, microfilled, hybrid, flowable, and packable composites. The key differences between these types relate to their filler particle size, filler loading, viscosity, and resulting mechanical properties. Hybrid composites are now predominantly used due to their balance of esthetics, strength, and universal applicability in moderate stress restorations.
The document summarizes the consumer dispute redressal agencies in India. It outlines three levels of agencies established under the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 to handle consumer complaints - district forums established by state governments, state commissions established by state governments, and a national commission established by the central government. It provides details on the jurisdiction and authority of each agency to entertain consumer complaints regarding defective goods or deficient services based on the value of claims. The document also describes the composition, procedures to file and hear complaints, and rights to appeal orders at each level of the consumer dispute redressal system in India.
In this competitive business world consumer is treated as a king.so the consumer is protected for consuming the product for the help of consumer protection act.
The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 aims to protect consumer interests in India. It established consumer councils at central and state levels to provide remedies to consumers. The Act defines key terms and sets up a three-tier system for consumer dispute resolution - district forums, state commissions, and a national commission. It allows consumers to file complaints against businesses for defective goods or deficient services.
The document discusses the Consumer Protection Act in India and its provisions regarding consumer protection and dispute resolution related to medical negligence cases against doctors, including anaesthesiologists. It outlines the objectives and structure of consumer protection councils established at national, state, and district levels. It also describes the jurisdiction and processes of consumer disputes redressal agencies. The document then discusses specifics of negligence cases against anaesthesiologists, including standards of care, informed consent, record keeping, burden of proof, expert witnesses, and the res ipsa loquitur doctrine.
The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 aims to better protect consumer interests in India through establishing consumer councils and dispute resolution authorities. It defines key terms like "consumer", "defect", and "deficiency" and sets up 3 levels of consumer courts - district forums, state commissions, and a national commission - to hear consumer complaints based on the value of goods/services and appeals. The act provides remedies for consumers if complaints are proven and penalties for non-compliance with court orders.
The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 aims to better protect consumer interests in India through establishing consumer councils and dispute resolution authorities. It defines key terms like "consumer", "defect", and "deficiency" and sets up 3 levels of consumer courts - district forums, state commissions, and a national commission - to hear consumer complaints based on the value of goods/services and appeals. The act provides remedies for consumers if complaints are proven and penalties for non-compliance with court orders.
The document provides an overview of consumer protection laws in India. It discusses the key aspects of the Consumer Protection Act 1986 such as who qualifies as a consumer, the objectives of the act, and the three-tier quasi-judicial system for consumer dispute redressal at the district, state, and national levels. It also outlines the rights and responsibilities of consumers, common consumer exploitation issues, and ways to raise complaints including appropriate forums and limitation periods. Overall, the document aims to educate readers about consumer rights and the legal framework for protecting consumers in India.
The Consumer Protection Act was enacted in 1986 to protect consumer interests in India except Jammu and Kashmir. It established Consumer Councils and authorities to resolve disputes. The objectives include protecting rights to life, information, choice, voice and redress. It defines consumers, complaints, defects, deficiencies and services. Complaints can be filed by individuals or organizations. The Act created three-tier consumer dispute redressal mechanisms - District Forums, State Commissions and the National Commission - to resolve disputes through inquiries and order remedies like replacements, refunds or compensation. Appeals of orders can be made to higher forums within 30 days.
The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 was established to better protect consumer interests and establish consumer councils and authorities to resolve disputes. It aims to promote consumer rights and set up quasi-judicial bodies at district, state, and national levels to efficiently resolve consumer complaints. The act establishes a hierarchy of forums - district consumer forums for claims under 20 lakhs, state commissions for 20 lakhs to 1 crore, and the national commission for over 1 crore. It outlines the rights of consumers and definitions. It also provides relief measures for proven complaints and penalties for non-compliance with forum orders.
Consumer protection act in Medical ProfessionHar Jindal
This document provides an overview of the Consumer Protection Act in relation to the medical profession in India. It discusses the rights of consumers under the act, where consumers can file complaints against doctors or hospitals, key definitions, and the laws that govern medical liability. It explains that the 1986 Consumer Protection Act established a 3-tier system for filing complaints - at the district, state, and national levels - depending on the value of the claim. It also outlines who can be held liable under the act, the process for adjudicating complaints, provisions for appeal, and the timelines for resolving complaints and appeals.
This document provides an overview of the key aspects of the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 in India, including what constitutes a complaint, who is considered a consumer, definitions of defects and deficiencies, the consumer dispute redressal process, and some case laws related to the act. The act was passed to better protect consumer interests and established 3 levels of consumer courts - district, state, and national - to allow for speedy resolution of complaints. It defines the rights of consumers and outlines the process and remedies available for complaints related to defective goods, deficient services, or unfair/restrictive trade practices.
CONSUMER PROTECTION (AMENDMENT) ACT, 1986CHARAK RAY
This document provides an overview of the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 in India, including amendments. It discusses key definitions such as what constitutes a complaint, consumer, defect, deficiency, service, and hazardous goods. It outlines the consumer dispute redressal agencies and their jurisdictions. It also summarizes procedures for filing complaints, powers of forums, types of relief that can be provided, appeals process, dismissal of frivolous complaints, penalties, and some case laws related to the act.
The Central Consumer Protection Council is the apex body for consumer protection in India. It consists of the Minister in charge of Consumer Affairs in the Central Government as its Chairman, along with other official and non-official members as prescribed. Its key functions include advising the Central Government on consumer protection issues and promoting consumer rights through awareness campaigns.
The Consumer Protection Act was enacted in 1986 and establishes consumer protection councils at the district, state, and national levels to settle consumer disputes in a timely manner. It defines a consumer as someone who buys goods or services for personal use. The Act seeks to promote consumer rights like protection from defective goods, full information about products, and access to goods at fair prices. It allows consumers to file complaints with the appropriate district, state, or national forum based on the monetary value of the complaint. If a complaint is found to be valid, the forums can offer remedies like replacements, refunds, compensation, and penalties against companies for non-compliance.
National Dispute Redressal Commission under Consumer Protection.pptxAkashNavale6
The document discusses the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) in India. It provides an overview of the NCDRC's role as the apex consumer court, including adjudicating high-value disputes, handling appeals, and establishing legal precedent. The NCDRC aims to protect consumer rights and ensure redress for violations through its rulings. However, it faces challenges like case backlogs that reforms seek to address.
This document provides an overview of consumer protection laws in India. It defines key terms like consumer and consumer rights. It describes the objectives of consumer protection like the right to safe goods and redressal. It outlines the three-tier structure of consumer protection councils at national, state and district levels, and redressal agencies like district forums, state and national commissions. It details the composition, jurisdiction and powers of these redressal bodies. The document also explains the process for filing consumer complaints and potential remedies.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Consumer Protection Act 1986 in India. It was enacted to provide simpler, quicker and cheaper remedies to consumer grievances compared to civil courts. The Act established Consumer Dispute Redressal Forums at district, state and national levels to hear complaints. It defines a consumer and covers goods and services. The remedies under the Act include replacement, refunds, compensation. Non-compliance of forum orders can lead to fines or imprisonment.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Consumer Protection Act 1986 in India. It outlines the objectives of protecting consumer rights and interests through establishing councils at the district, state, and central levels. It defines who constitutes a consumer and their rights. It also describes the process for filing complaints related to defective goods or deficient services and having them addressed by the appropriate consumer disputes redressal agencies at the district, state, and national levels.
Similar to CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT & Its RELEVANCE IN INDIA.ppt (20)
The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland located in the neck. It produces thyroid hormones such as T4 and T3 that regulate metabolism. The thyroid follicles contain colloid made of thyroglobulin, which iodine is attached to in order to produce the hormones. The hormones are then released into circulation and have widespread effects increasing the basal metabolic rate and promoting growth and development. Thyroid hormone production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland in a negative feedback loop. Disorders can result from too much or too little thyroid hormone production and affect many body systems.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the visual system. It discusses the major parts of the eye including the sclera, cornea, iris, retina, rods and cones. It describes how light is focused on the retina through the lens system and how visual signals are transmitted via the optic nerve and pathways to the visual cortex. It also covers topics like color vision, accommodation, dark adaptation and various eye movements.
This document summarizes the transport and exchange of respiratory gases in the body. It discusses the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes, factors that affect diffusion, and the roles of hemoglobin and bicarbonate ions in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and factors that can shift it are also described.
Spermatogenesis is the process by which male germ cells develop into mature sperm cells. It begins at puberty and continues throughout a man's life. The process occurs in the testes and epididymis. In the testes, spermatogonia undergo mitosis and meiosis to form haploid spermatids. Spermatids then undergo spermiogenesis to form mature sperm, acquiring motility and other structures. Hormones like FSH, LH and testosterone regulate spermatogenesis, which produces several hundred million sperm daily.
Alveolar bone forms the sockets that hold teeth in place and is a component of the periodontium. It develops during tooth formation and is resorbed when teeth are lost. Alveolar bone consists of alveolar bone proper that lines tooth sockets and supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone. It undergoes remodeling to accommodate tooth movement and is sensitive to pressure and functional demands, making it important for orthodontics and adapting to tooth loss.
Dentin is the hard tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth beneath enamel. It consists of a bone-like matrix with dentinal tubules that contain odontoblast processes and nerves. Dentin is less mineralized than enamel but provides strength and protects the pulp. The three main theories of dentin hypersensitivity are direct neural stimulation, transduction, and the most accepted hydrodynamic theory, which proposes that fluid movement in the dentinal tubules causes mechanical stimulation of intratubular nerves when exposed dentin is subjected to stimuli.
This document summarizes the specialized mucosa and papillae found on the dorsal surface of the tongue. It describes the four main types of papillae - filliform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae. It details their locations, histological features, and functions. The document also discusses taste buds and their role in gustation. Finally, it covers the clinical significance of some variations in tongue morphology and the differences seen in other species.
The document provides information on the structure and functions of the dental pulp. It begins with definitions and general anatomy, describing the pulp as a soft connective tissue enclosed within dentin. It then discusses the zones and structural features of the pulp in more detail. This includes the odontoblastic zone containing odontoblasts and nerve endings, the cell-free zone with capillaries and nerves, and the cell-rich zone with fibroblasts and blood vessels. Key cell types like odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and immune cells are also described. The functions of the pulp in dentin formation, nutrition, and defense are highlighted.
This document discusses the various sequelae that can result from pulpitis, including both acute and chronic forms of pulpitis, apical periodontitis, periapical abscess, osteomyelitis, and periapical cysts. It provides details on the etiology, clinical features, and treatment for each condition. Pulpitis can lead to further inflammation of the surrounding tissues like the apical periodontium and bone. Without proper treatment, pulpitis risks developing into more serious conditions such as apical abscesses or osteomyelitis that require surgical intervention.
This document provides an overview of forensic odontology and the role of dental evidence in various contexts. It discusses personal identification using dental records, identification in mass disasters, extracting dental DNA for identification, analyzing bite marks, and the duties of forensic odontologists, such as documenting evidence, comparing records, and testifying as expert witnesses. The key applications of forensic odontology include identifying unknown remains, assisting in mass disasters, and analyzing bite marks and other dental evidence in legal cases.
1. Amelogenesis involves the life cycle of ameloblasts from the pre-secretory to post-secretory phases as they form enamel.
2. In the secretory phase, ameloblasts deposit enamel matrix proteins and undergo partial mineralization, developing Tome's process which is responsible for enamel rod and interrod formation.
3. Enamel maturation then occurs, fully mineralizing the enamel from the dentin-enamel junction outward in a gradual process modulated by alternating ameloblast types.
The document discusses the periodontal ligament. It describes the periodontal ligament as the connective tissue that surrounds the root and connects it to the alveolar bone. It is made up of principal fibers, cells, ground substance, blood vessels and nerves. The principal fibers are organized into groups like the alveolar crest fibers, horizontal fibers, oblique fibers, and apical fibers that provide support and resist various forces on the teeth. The periodontal ligament also contains cells like fibroblasts, cementoblasts and osteoblasts that allow for remodeling of the tissues. It carries out functions like shock absorption and sensation in addition to attachment of teeth to bone.
Odontogenic tumors arise from tooth-forming tissues and can be divided into three categories: tumors of odontogenic epithelium without mesenchyme, tumors with both epithelium and mesenchyme, and tumors of mesenchyme alone. Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic tumor, representing 1% of jaw tumors. It typically presents as a multilocular radiolucency in the mandible and is classified as solid/multicystic, unicystic, or peripheral. Histologically it demonstrates islands of epithelial cells resembling dental lamina. Treatment involves wide local excision due to its persistence and recurrence.
Dental caries is caused by acids produced by bacteria in the mouth that metabolize sugars. It is a chemoparasitic process involving tooth demineralization in two stages. Key factors are the "cariogenic" bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, along with frequent sugar consumption. Early theories attributed caries to worms, humoral imbalances, or chemical/parasitic causes. Current understanding involves the interplay of host tooth/plaque, carbohydrate substrates, and cariogenic microbes. Nursing bottle caries occurs when babies sleep with bottles containing sugars.
This document discusses ethics in research. It defines research ethics as applying ethical standards to all stages of research, from planning to evaluation. Key principles discussed include honesty, objectivity, integrity, care for participants, openness, respect for intellectual property, confidentiality, non-discrimination, and social responsibility. The document also covers issues like authorship, plagiarism, peer review, research with animals and humans, and addressing misconduct. Overall, it emphasizes that ethical research promotes values like trust, accountability and protecting participants.
This document discusses dental ethics and ethical principles that dental professionals should follow. It notes that dentistry, as a profession, is bound by an ethical code of conduct that seeks to determine what actions professionals should and should not take. The document outlines basic ethical principles like autonomy, justice, and confidentiality. It also provides examples of ethical and unethical behaviors. Additionally, it discusses professional codes of ethics, reasons for having codes, and how to resolve ethical dilemmas.
The document discusses stainless steel crowns, including their definition as prefabricated crown forms adapted to individual teeth and cemented. It covers the history, classifications, indications and contraindications for stainless steel crowns in both primary and permanent teeth. The clinical procedure section describes tooth preparation, crown selection and adaptation, and cementation."
This document defines and classifies oral habits such as thumb sucking and tongue thrusting. It discusses the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these habits. Specifically, it notes that oral habits can lead to dentofacial deformities if they persist for long periods. Diagnosis involves examining the patient's swallowing pattern and looking for signs like an open bite. Treatment may involve counseling, reminder appliances to interrupt the habit, or myofunctional exercises to train correct tongue and swallowing posture. The goal is to intercept oral habits before they cause dental or skeletal issues.
This document discusses space management and space maintainers. It begins by defining space management and explaining that premature loss of primary teeth is a common cause of malocclusion. It then discusses the objectives and indications of space maintenance, as well as causes of space loss. The document provides details on different types of space maintainers, including removable, fixed, band and loop, and lingual arch space maintainers. It discusses factors to consider for space maintenance such as the amount of space closure, eruption timing of permanent successors, and oral musculature. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of space management and different approaches to space maintenance.
This document provides information on managing medically compromised patients in dentistry. It discusses various conditions including heart diseases, leukemia, diabetes mellitus, and cystic fibrosis. For each condition, it describes clinical manifestations, oral manifestations, and important considerations for dental treatment. Key points discussed include the need for medical consultations, antibiotic prophylaxis if needed, and modifying treatment for patients with low platelet counts or susceptibility to infections.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
3. Relation b/n doctor & patient – trust &
confidence
In past – doctors have enjoyed the trust of people
With growing awareness and commercialization –
doctors often blamed
4. Necessity of Consumer Protection act, and
its application to the Medical Profession ?
foremost question
existing laws in cases of medical negligence under the
Law of Tort and Indian Penal Code, have problems
(i) Delay
(ii) the cost of bringing an action
(iii) limited access to the courts
(iv) success depends on proof of both negligence and causation
5. an alternate system – easily accessible, speed and
cheap, gave birth to the Consumer Protection Act
This was made applicable to doctors because there are
no provisions in the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956
(i) to entertain any complaint from the patient ;
(ii) to take action against the Medical Practitioner in case any
negligence has been committed ;
(iii) to award any compensation, etc. in case the negligence is
proved.
6. The Consumer Protection Act,
1986
came into force on 15th April,1987
It is a welfare legislation mainly titling towards the
consumer
the Act has been amended by the Consumer Protection
(Amendment) Act, 1993, w.e.f. 18.6.1993
7. The Act envisages a three-tier quasi-judicial
machinery
District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum at the
district level
State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission at
the state level
National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
at the National level
8. DEFINITIONS
Complainant means -
(i) a consumer ; or
(ii) any voluntary consumer association registered under
the Companies Act, 1956 or under any other law for
the time being in force; or
(iii) the Central Government or any State Government ;
(iv) one or more consumers, where there are numerous
consumers having the same interests ;
who or which makes a complaint
9. Complaint means -
Any allegation, in writing made by a complainant
that the services hired or availed of or agreed to
be hired or availed of by him suffer from
deficiency in any respect.
10. Consumer means -
Any "person" who hires or avails of any services
- For a consideration which has been paid or promised or partly
paid and partly promised and includes any beneficiary of such
services other than the person who hires or avails of the
services for consideration paid or promised,or partly paid and
partly promised, Or
- under any system of deferred payment,
when such services are availed of with the approval of the first
mentioned person.
11. A person who receives medical treatment in
Government hospital or charitable hospital free of
cost is not a consumer under the Act.
In case of death of patient who is a consumer, legal
heirs (representatives) of the deceased will be
considered as "consumer".
If the payment has been made by any person who is
not a legal heir of the deceased he too will be
considered as "consumer."
12. Deficiency means -
Any fault, imperfection, shortcoming or inadequacy
- in the quality, nature, and manner of the performance which is
required to be maintained by or under any law for the time
being in force or
- has been undertaken to be performed by a person in pursuance
of a contract or otherwise in relation to any service.
13. Service means –
Service of any description which is made available to
potential users and includes the provision of facilities
in connection with banking, financing, insurance,
transport, etc., but does not include the rendering of
any service free of charge or under a contract of
personal service.
14. Salient features of consumer protection act
A complaint should be decided with in 3-6 months
There is no court fee to file a case
The consumer himself can plead his case
There is opportunity for the person who is not
happy with the decisions of the lower court to file
a appeal in the higher court
15. Consumer protection Forum
Redressal Forums have been established at three different
levels :-
"District Forum" by State Government. At least one in
each district or in certain cases one District Forum may
cover 2 or more districts.
"State Commission" by State Government.
"National Commission" (National Consumer Disputes
Redressal Commission ) by Central Government.
16. DISTRICT FORUM
shall consist of :
a.President :a person who is, or has been, or is
qualified to be a District Judge,
b.two other members : who have adequate knowledge or
experience or have shown capacity, in dealing with
problems relating to economics, law, commerce,
accountancy, industry, public affairs or
administration,one of whom shall be a woman.
17. Jurisdiction of District forum
where the value of services and compensation claimed
does not exceed Rupees Five Lakhs
18. Manner in which complaint shall be made
Complaint may be filed with a District Forum by -
a.the consumer to whom such service is provided or is
agreed to be provided;
b.any recognized consumer association, whether the
consumer to whom the service is provided or is agreed
to be provided is a member of such association or not
c.one or more consumers, where there are numerous
consumers having the same interest, with the
permission of the district forum, on behalf of or for the
benefit of all consumers so interested ;
d.The Central or the State Government.
19. The District Forum shall -
a.refer a copy of complaint to the opposite party
directing him to give his version of the case within a
period of 30 days or such extended period not
exceeding 15 days as may be granted by the District
Forum ;
b.Where the opposite party, on receipt of a copy of the
complaint, denies or disputes the allegations
contained in the complaint, or if omits or fails to
take any action to represent his case within the time
given by the District Forum, then the District Forum
shall proceed to settle the consumer dispute,
Procedure on receipt of Complaint
20. i) On the basis of evidence brought to his notice by the
complainant and the opposite party, where the
opposite party denies or disputes the allegations
contained in the complaint ; or
ii) On the basis of evidence brought to its notice by the
complainant where the opposite party omits or fails to
take any action to represent his case within the time
given by the Forum ;
21. (iii) Where the complainant or his authorised agent fails to
appear before the District Forum on such day, the
District Forum may in its discretion either dismiss
the complaint in default or if a substantial portion of
the evidence of the complainant has already been
recorded, decide it on merits.
Where the opposite party or its authorised agent fails to
appear on the day of hearing, the District Forum may
decide the complaint ex-parte.
22. iv) Where any party, to whom time has been granted
fails to produce his evidence or to cause the attendance
of his witnesses or to perform any other act necessary to
the further progress of the complaint, for which time has
been allowed, the District Forum may notwithstanding
such default :-
a. If the parties are present, proceed to decide the complaint
forthwith ; or
b. if the parties or any of them is absent, proceed as mentioned
before
23. v) The District Forum may, on such terms as it may think
fit at any stage, adjourn the hearing of the complaint but
not more than one adjournment
the complaint should be decided
within 90 days from the date of notice received by the opposite
party where complaint does not require analysis or testing of
the goods and
within 150 days if it requires analysis or testing of the goods.
24. Findings of the District Forum
If, after the proceedings, the District Forum is satisfied &
the allegations are proved, it shall issue an order to the
opposite party directing him to do one or more of the
following things :
a. To return to the complainant the charges paid.
b. Pay such amount as may be awarded by it as compensation to
the consumer for any loss or injury suffered by the consumer
due to the negligence of the opposite party.
c. To remove the deficiency in the services in question.
d. To provide for adequate costs to parties.
25. Appeal against orders of the Dist. Forum
Any person aggrieved by an order made by the District
Forum may appeal against such order to the State
Commission
within a period of 30 days from the date of the order.
The State Commission may entertain an appeal after 30 days if
it is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not filing it
within that period.
26. STATE COMMISSION
It shall consist of -
a. President : person who is or has been a Judge of a High
Court ,
b. two other members ( as for District Forum).
27. Jurisdiction of the State Commission
The State Commission entertain -
a. Complaints where the value of services and compensation
claimed exceeds rupees 5 lakhs but does not exceed rupees 20
lakhs;
b. appeals against the orders of any District Forum within the
state ;
c. revision petitions against the District Forum.
28. Appeals against orders of State Commission
Any person aggrieved by an order made by the State
Commission may appeal against such order to the
National Commission
within a period of 30 days.
The National Commission may entertain an appeal after 30
days if it is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not filing
it within that period
29. NATIONAL COMMISSION
This shall consist of -
a. President : person who is or has been a Judge of the
Supreme Court,. (No appointment under this clause shall
be made except after consultation with the Chief Justice
of India) .
b. 4 other members ( qualifications : As for District Forum
/State Commission ).
30. Jurisdiction of the National Commission
The National Commission shall have jurisdiction –
(a) to entertain
(i) complaints where the value of services and
compensation claimed exceeds rupees 20 lakhs ; and
(ii) appeals against the orders of any State
Commission.
(b) to entertain revision petition against the State
Commission.
31. shall be presented by complainant in person or by his
agent to the National Commission or be sent by
registered post, addressed to National Commission :-
a. the name, description and the address of the complainant;
b. the name, description and address of the opposite party or
parties, as the case may be, so far as they can be ascertained ;
c. the facts relating to the complaint and when and where it
arose ;
d. documents in support of the allegations contained in the
complaint ;
e. the relief which the complainant claims.
Complaint at National Commission
32. Appeal against orders of the National
Commission
Any person, aggrieved by an order made by the National
Commission, may appeal against such order to the
Supreme Court within a period of 30 days from the date
of the order.
The Supreme Court may entertain an appeal after 30
days if it is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for
not filing it within that period.
33. Limitation Period
The District Forum , the State Commission or the
National Commission shall not admit a complaint unless
it is filed within 2 years from the date on which the cause
of action has arisen.
In case there are sufficient grounds for not filing the
complaint within such period, extension may be granted.
34. Dismissal of frivolous or vexatious complaints
Where a complaint instituted is found to be
frivolous or vexatious, it shall,
dismiss the complaint and make an order that the
complainant shall pay to the opposite party such cost,
not exceeding 10,000 rupees, as may be specified in
the order
35. Penalties
Where a person fails or omits to comply with any
order made by the District Forum, the State
Commission or the National Commission, such
person shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than
one month but which may extend to three years, or
with fine which shall not be less than 2,000 rupees but
which may extend to 10,000 rupees or with both.
In exceptional circumstances the penalties may be
reduced further.
36. CONSUMER PROTECTION COUNCILS
The Act provides for the establishment of –
(1) The central consumer protection council ( The
Central Council).
(2) The State Consumer Protection Council ( The State
Council).
Objectives of the Council shall be
To promote and protect the rights of the consumers
37. The Central Council shall consist of
150 members.
Chairman – The Minister In Charge of the Consumer Affairs in
the Central Government.
The State Council shall be
Chairman – Minister Incharge of Consumer Affairs in the State
Government.
The resolution passed by these Councils shall be
recommendatory in nature.
38. Rights of Patients
The eight rights as defined by the International
Organization of Consumers’ Union ( IOCU)
1. The Right to Safety
2. The Right to be Informed
3. The Right to Choose
4. The Right to be Heard
5. The Right to Redress
6. The Right to Consumer Education
7. The Right to a Healthy Environment
8. The Right to Basic Needs
The Consumer Rights No. 1 to 6 are included in our
Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
39. 15th March is celebrated as World Consumer Rights Day.
In 1962, President J.F. Kennedy declared four consumer
rights ( No.1 to 4 ) in the special message to the
American Congress.
Consumer rights number 5 to 8 were subsequently added by
IOCU.
40. Legal vulnerability in dental practice
Criminal
(Quasi-criminal)
Civil
Tort Contract
Unintentional Intentional
Negligence
(Professional Negligence
or Malpractice)
Assault
and
Battery
Misrepresentation
(Deceit)
Defamation
(Libel and
Slander)
Breach of
Confidentiality
41. Duties of the dentist
By accepting a patient for care it implies that the dentist
warrants that he/she will-
Use reasonable care in providing service as measured
against acceptable standards set by other practitioners with
the similar training in a similar community under similar
circumstances
Be registered and meet all other legal requirements
Maintain good level of knowledge in keeping with current
advances in the profession
42. Obtain informed consent from the patient before
starting an examination or treatment
Use techniques, procedures and methods which are
acceptable
Not leave the treatment halfway
Ensure that care is available in emergency
Charge a reasonable fee for the services based on the
community standards
Not exceed the scope of the practice authorized by
registration / not undertake any treatment for which
he is not qualified
43. Keep patient informed of the progress
Maintain complete records of the treatment rendered
Maintain confidentiality of the information
Inform any undesirable occurrence during the course
of the treatment
Make appropriate referrals and second opinions as
and when required
44. Duties of the patient
In accepting dentist and his treatment patient warrants –
Home care instructions will be followed
Appointment will be kept
Bills of the treatment will be paid as agreed, if no agreement,
then with in reasonable time
Will cooperate in the treatment
Will inform the dentist about the changes in health status
45. What to do if sued
Step taken immediately
Inform your insurance company at the earliest
Keep a photocopy of the papers & envelope received and send
the originals to the insurance company
Write the summary of treatment using treatment records –
refresh memory
Make a photocopy of complete records & lock the originals at a
safe place
Tell your staff about suit and instruct them not to talk about
case to anyone with out permission
Cooperate with your insurance company
46. Do not
Get upset
Tell patient that you are insured
Agree to or offer a settlement with out consulting
insurance company
Agree to or offer specialist treatment with out
consulting insurance company
Alter your patient records
Give the original treatment records to the patient or
anyone except court if required
Discuss about the patients treatment with anyone
Admit fault or guilt to anyone
Contact any other practitioner about the case
47. Relevant supreme court
decisions on COPRA
All services – are included in the act, except where the
dentist is offering services free of charge & is not
benefited in any manner directly or indirectly
Employee under contract of employment – outside the
purview
Non-governmental hospitals/nursing homes where
charges have to paid by the person – with in the purview
48. In non – governmental hospitals/nursing homes, if the
person is not able to pay – in the purview of the act
In governmental health centre (no charges) – out side the
purview
If the person availing service for medical care and the
charges are borne by the insurance company – in the
purview of service
49. NEGLIGENCE
Negligence – failure to exercise due care
Three essential elements –
A) Duty – the defendant owes a duty of care to the
plaintiff
B) Breach – the defendant has breached this duty of
care
C) Injury – the plaintiff has suffered an injury due to
defendents breach of duty
50. LIABILITY
Not when the patient has suffered injury, but when the
injury has resulted due to the conduct of the doctor,
which has fallen below that of reasonable care (breach
of his/her duty)
Law does not expect the doctor to to cure all cases, but
expects to make a reasonable attempt & take reasonable
care under the circumstances
51. REASONABLE CARE
The degree of care and competence which an
“ordinary competent member of the profession
who passes to have those skills would exercise in
the same circumstances in question”
52. CONSENT
Is a process which involves a treatment
relationship with effective agreement and
communication
53. Requirements of a valid consent
Patient must be legally competent to consent his or her
treatment
The patient must possess the mental capacity to authorize
care
The patient must receive a proper disclosure of
information from the care-giver
The authorization should be specific to the treatment and
the procedure to be performed
54. The patient should have an opportunity to ask questions
and receive understandable answers and be satisfied
The consent obtained should be free of undue influence
and forcible compulsion
The consent obtained should be free of misrepresentation
of material information to the patient or his guardian
55. Disclosure of information by doctor to patient ?
Nature, extent and purpose of proposed intervention
The probable risks and its severity and benefits of
proposed intervention
Reasonable alternative to treatment if any, and their
advantages and disadvantages
Impact of treatment on patient lifestyle if any
Economic considerations in all alternative plans
56. Consequences of refusing diagnostic tests or treatment if
any
Who is to perform the procedure and when
The doctor can with held the information when disclosure
poses a threat to the patients life, but not because
divulgence may prompt the patient to forego the therapy
57. Nature of the consent
Written
Oral
Partly written
Partly oral
Apparently implied by law
Implied by the action of the patient
58. In emergency –
The condition encountered after starting surgery could not be
diagnosed prior even after reasonable efforts
Sound medical practice dictates such an extension
No one of patient side is available to give necessary consent
Waiting for consent will be risky for the patient
In accidents –
Immediate action is necessary to protect the life
A reasonable person would give consent under such
circumstances
Implied Consent-
59. Consent Of Minors
The emancipated minor
The “mature minor rule”
In dental emergency
Minors away from home
Child of separated parents
60. Indian penal code
Section 90 – consent by below 12 yrs age – not a real
consent unless contrary appears from the context
Sections 88,89 and 92 – provide consents as a defence
only if an act is done by doctor for the patient benefit
Section 87 – provides consents as a defence to the act
which are not intended to cause death or grievous hurt
and which are not known by the person who does the act
to be likely to cause death
Below 18 yrs – not valid
61. Confidentiality
Most fundamental ethical obligations owed by the doctor
EXCEPTIONS -
Required by court or court has ordered for it
The patient or his legal advisor gives a written consent
On medical grounds – given in confidence to close relatives
62. When in doctor’s opinion disclosure to some third party other
than relatives would be in the best interest of the patient
To comply with a statutory requirement eg – notification of an
infectious disease
In public interest eg investigation by police of a serious crime
For medical research project approved by ethical committee, in
this the identity of patient is not disclosed
63. Cases involving allegation of
negligence
The duty to exercise “reasonable care & skill” begins
from the moment patient is accepted
Failure to examine correctly
Case report
A child – having fallen down in playground
Complained pain in front teeth pointing 21
Patient was uncooperative
Dentist felt the tooth & said – the tooth has loosened but it will
tighten up in few days & pain will gradually disappear
64. After few days the dentist gets a telephone that the
child was taken to other dentist and he diagnosed
fracture below the gum line in a radiograph and he
extracted the tooth
A solicitor’s letter – alleging negligence that led to
loss of tooth & pain experiences by the child, was
received by the dentist asking for compensation
65. The positioning & maintenance of the equipments
Case report
A girl aged 8 yrs – required extraction of a deciduous tooth
Dentist after reassuring her , raised the chair and her finger
got trapped b/n arm rest & spittoon. The chair was immediately
lowered but the finger was severely damaged
66. Many times in power actuated chairs – buttons being
pushed by auxiliaries or by child for fun – lead for
complication
The working area of the clinic should be spacious
Case report
A patient attended her dentist in an evening
Examination & oral prophylaxis was done
On the following day dentist noticed that the bur left in the
airotor handpiece was fractured
67. Later the same day the patient consulted a surgeon on
getting pain & swelling in the arm. The radiograph
showed a piece of bur , which had entered her arm
when she stretched her arm while sitting
Negligence in positioning of dental equipments
68. BURNS
Due to instruments – eg overheated handpieces
Due to chemicals
Use of excessive quantity of chemicals causing spreading to
areas other than that requiring the application
Inadvertent use of stronger solution
Accidental dripping or spilling of acidic solutions on exposed
areas of skin
69. HAZARDS OF LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
The fracture of a needle in situ
Hematoma
Syncope
Trismus
Injection of an incorrect fluid
Anaphylactic shock
70. INCORRECT TREATMENT
Extraction in wrong patient
Extraction of wrong tooth
Leaving roots behind during extraction
Wrong filling etc ,.
71. INHALATION OF FOREIGN BODIES
Root canal instruments; burs; calculus; fillings;
crowns; plaster impression material etc,.
Prev – use of rubber-dam
72. PRECAUTIONS WHILE EXTRACTING TEETH
Obtain Consent and use only agreed form of Anesthesia
Give preoperative instructions & medications as and when
required
Ensure correct teeth is being extracted
Check extracted teeth whether extraction is complete .if not the
patient should be informed and a decision taken on whether or
not to operate further
73. Check that the number of teeth extracted corresponds
to treatment plan. If the number doesn’t correspond &
teeth is not present in mouth, then a proper search
should be instituted
Give proper post operative instructions
74. RECORD KEEPING
Chief complaint, all treatments provided, pre & post operative
instructions, unusual sequelae, drugs prescribed (with dosage),
and any treatment advice given to which patient is not willing .
Every visit with date & time should be recorded
If two or more doctors are providing treatment then entries
should be initialed accordingly
75. OWNERSHIP OF RECORDS
Property of practitioners
Patient moving to another city – records will be made
available to their subsequent dentist on request
PRESERVATION OF RECORDS
Minimum of 7 yrs from the date of last entry
Children – atleast 7 yrs after the child has reached the
age of maturity (18 yrs)
76.
77. the Supreme Court has ruled that – if a patient dies due
to an error of judgement committed by the doctor, then
he is not criminally liable though could have to pay
damages.
Bench comprising – Justice YK Sabharwal and Justice
DM Dharmadhikari while quashing criminal
proceedings against a plastic surgeon who faced trial for
criminal charges for causing death of a person who had
wanted to remove a minor deformity in his nose.
For fixing criminal liability – negligence required to be
proved should be so high as could be described as "gross
negligence" or "reckless".
Doctor not criminally liable if patient dies of error
SC Press Trust of India New Delhi, August 5
78. "It is not merely lack of necessary care, attention and
skill," the Bench said and added "when a patient agrees
to go for medical treatment or surgical operation, every
careless act of the medical man cannot be termed as
'criminal'."
"Mere inadvertence or some degree of want of adequate
care and caution might create civil liability but would not
suffice to hold him criminally liable,".
79. Conclusions
Medical profession is a noble profession, the burden to
maintain its dignity lies on the members of the profession
Law should not be a source of fear or an obstruction in
the delivery of professional services
The fact should not be ignored that in our country there
are more quacks than qualified doctors, yet complaints
against quacks are occasional
Answers to all the problems lies in the strict self control
and standardization of professional care
80. Bibliography
Essentials of preventive & community dentistry
– Soben Petre
Community Dental Health – Jong
Text book of Community Dentistry - Satish chandra
Consumer Protection & the Medical Profession
– RK Chaube
Professional accountability & patients rights – module 4,
- the Institute of Law & Ethics in Medicine
The Week – Magazine – August 22, 2004
Various web sites on Consumer Protection Act in India