CONSTRUCTIVE METHODS OF PROTECTING BUILDINGS FROM SEISMIC EXPOSURE

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 05, May 2019, pp. 1–9, Article ID: IJCIET_10_05_001
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
CONSTRUCTIVE METHODS OF PROTECTING
BUILDINGS FROM SEISMIC EXPOSURE
Popov Ivan Aleksandrovich, Pervushina Maria Andreevna, Ermakova Anastasia
Alekseevna, Klunduk Mikhail Alekseevich, Krainov Kirill Nikolaevich, Kriventsov
Vladimir Alexandrovich, Kozin Aleksandr Alekseevich, Khaydukov Igor Andreyevich,
Yakimenko Anastasia Sergeevna, Bittenbinder Elena Vladimirovna
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU) National Research University
ABSTRACT
This article discusses approaches to assessing the seismic impact on the
underground parts of buildings and structures and analyzes possible measures to
minimize them.
The development of promising methods of constructive seismic protection dictated
by the imperative need and requirements of improving the safety of buildings and
structures of enhanced security is given. Without knowledge of the real geodynamic
risks (the impact of earthquakes, fluctuations in the level of groundwater), investing of
funds in seismic safety will be ineffective.
The main objective of the research is to develop a set of measures for assessing the
seismic-geotechnical situation of the construction site due to the fact that at present:
taking into account difficult ground conditions is estimated very roughly, the
seismicity of the territory is determined by averaged indicators; geodynamic data
(score) is insufficient for modeling and calculating the underground part of the
building; there is no practice of a comprehensive study of the system (the soil
foundation - the underground part - the upper structure) before and after
construction.
On the basis of detailed initial data of seismic micro zoning it is possible to
perform clarification of seismic hazard and to provide effective measures of seismic
protection of high-rise buildings. The analysis of modern methods of structural
protection of buildings in earthquake-prone areas. The classification of existing
systems of classical seismic protection on the principle of their work is presented. The
main methods are analyzed and the general conclusions and principles of seismic
protection of individual structures and buildings are formulated as a whole.
The variants of design solutions for the construction of foundations with a
separation layer, design and methods of construction of vertical and horizontal
geotechnical barriers are considered. The main advantages and disadvantages of the
described methods are given.
The main tendency of development of seismic protection of buildings is defined
and the direction of further researches is chosen: collecting and the analysis of

Popov Ivan Aleksandrovich, Pervushina Maria Andreevna, Ermakova Anastasia Alekseevna,
Klunduk Mikhail Alekseevich, Krainov Kirill Nikolaevich, Kriventsov Vladimir Alexandrovich,
Kozin Aleksandr Alekseevich, Khaydukov Igor Andreyevich, Yakimenko Anastasia Sergeevna,
Bittenbinder Elena Vladimirovna
experimental material on change of seismic rigidity of the soil bases modified by
reinforcement by rigid vertical ground concrete elements with a distributive layer.
Key words: construction in seismic areas, seismic protection of buildings, seismic
isolation methods, earthquake-resistant foundation, geotechnical barriers (screens).
Cite this Article: Popov Ivan Aleksandrovich, Pervushina Maria Andreevna,
Ermakova Anastasia Alekseevna, Klunduk Mikhail Alekseevich, Krainov Kirill
Nikolaevich, Kriventsov Vladimir Alexandrovich, Kozin Aleksandr Alekseevich,
Khaydukov Igor Andreyevich, Yakimenko Anastasia Sergeevna, Bittenbinder Elena
Vladimirovna, Constructive Methods of Protecting Buildings from Seismic Exposure,
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(5), 2019, pp. 1–9.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the increasing importance in the design of buildings and structures, in the
reconstruction of existing facilities have become problems associated with the dynamic
effects on the soil masses. One of the main dynamic loads is the load from the seism-
seismic exposure.
Federal Law 384-FL “Technical Regulations for the Safety of Buildings and Structures”
requires all participants in the construction process to carry out a complex of geological and
physical research that guarantees the safety of an object at all stages of its life cycle.
With lack of knowledge of the real geodynamic risks (the impact of earthquakes,
fluctuations in the level of groundwater), the investment of funds in seismic safety will be
ineffective.
On the basis of the detailed initial seismic zoning data, seismic hazard clarification can be
performed and effective seismic protection measures of high-rise buildings can be provided.
The development of promising techniques for constructive seismic protection is dictated
by the imperative need and requirements for improving the safety of buildings and structures
with increased security [1, 2].
The main task of further research is the development of a set of measures on assessing the
seismic-geotechnical situation of the construction site. Due to the fact that at present: difficult
ground conditions is estimated very roughly, the seismicity of a territory is determined by
averaged indicators, geodynamic data (score) is insufficient for modeling and calculating the
underground part of the building; there is no practice of a comprehensive study of the system
(the soil foundation - the underground part - the upper structure) before and after construction.
Solving this problem requires consideration of the possibilities of micro seismic isolation.
The principles for assessing the seismicity of the construction site, taking into account the
engineering-geological conditions and the nature of its loading, are outlined in the works of
A.S. Aleshina [3–5], N.P. Abovskiy [6].
After the seismic micro zonation of the construction area, the background seismicity for
the design of construction sites can be changed to points, depending on the local soil and
hydrogeological conditions.
So, if the seismicity of the area is 7, 8, 9 points, then for rocky soils of all types (the first
soil category), the seismicity of the site decreases and it is respectively 6, 7, 8 points. For
coarse-grained soils (the second category), the seismicity of the construction site does not
change and has the same values - 7, 8, 9 points. For loose gravel sands, wet and water-

Constructive Methods of Protecting Buildings from Seismic Exposure
saturated, the calculated seismicity of the construction site increases and is already 8, 9 or
more points (Pic. 1).
Thus, as follows from these data, a hard rock base reduces the risk of seismic exposure,
and weakens water-saturated soils increase it. The waterfall of the underlying rocks
(groundwater level), the consistency of the ground layers, and the variability of the site’s
topography have the greatest impact on the refinement of the background seismicity of the
construction site.
In the case of seismic micro zonation of the construction site, the normal amplitude
characteristics of the ground oscillations are additionally corrected for local geotechnical
conditions. A correction factor is introduced to modify the calculated values of the
displacement amplitudes, velocities and accelerations of the soil strata, which determine the
seismic effect on the structure.
Figure 1 Diagram of a cross-section of a territory with a seismicity of 8 points with the allocation of
individual zones (microseismization): 1 - the area of rock formation, seismicity is reduced by 1 point;
2 - landslides are possible on the slopes, seismicity is increased by 1 point; 3 - with a high position of
the groundwater level (GWL) seismicity increases by 1 point.
Microseism ionization of the construction site allows:
 - to note the special role of shear wave velocities and seismic rigidity as the most informative
characteristics of the seismic properties of soils;
 - to abandon the mandatory use of the amendment to the groundwater level using transverse-
wave seismic;
 - use design soil models that take into account both the elastic and elastic-plastic properties of
the soil with significant dynamic effects.
A great contribution to the development of the theory of seismic resistance was made by:
Ya.M. Eisenberg, A.M. Belostotsky, K.S. Zavriev, G.N. Kartsivadze, I.L. Korchinsky, V.L.
Mondrus, A.G. Nazarov, N.A. Nikolaenko, A.E. Sargsyan, E.I. Khachiyan, G.E. Shablinsky
et al. [7, 8].
To solve the problem of ensuring the integrity of structures or minimizing damage from
seismic loads by increasing the cross sections of structural elements of buildings is
completely impossible. The construction will become more durable, but not necessarily cost-
effective, because the weight and inertial seismic load may increase even more. Therefore,
there is a need to develop new effective structures and methods of seismic protection.
When building in difficult ground conditions, taking into account increased seismicity, it
is rational to use other constructive solutions instead of adapting traditional structures:
rational spatial formation of a single system “foundation - building”; development of
structures that are insensitive to negative seismic exposure; the use of geotechnical barriers
that minimize the transfer of seismic energy to the underground part of the building.

V.A. Il'ichev [9–11] studied the theory of oscillations and the propagation of waves in the
ground, developed the first regulatory documents governing the design and construction of
structures exposed to dynamic (seismic) effects.
A.M. Uzdin [12] proposed a general classification of existing seismic protection systems,
which can be represented in the form of a modified scheme (Pic. 2).
According to this classification, seismic protection of buildings and structures can be
divided into two groups: traditional which allows increasing the strength and rigidity of
sections of structural elements, and special, which allows to reduce the seismic load due to
targeted changes in the dynamic scheme of the structure.
Figure 2 Classification of seismic protection systems based on their operation
Special seismic protection is divided into active, involving the use of an additional source
of energy and requiring significant costs for its construction and operation, and passive, which
includes two systems: seismic suppression and seismic isolation. The seismic suppression
system involves the use of dampers and dynamic absorbers, due to which the mechanical
energy that occurs when the structure oscillates, transfers to other forms of energy and leads
to damping of oscillations or the energy is redistributed from the protected structure to the
damper.
With seismic isolation, it is possible to reduce the mechanical energy propagating from
the base to the structure by detuning the structure's oscillation frequencies from the prevailing
impact frequencies. It is customary to divide for stationary and adaptive seismic isolation
systems.
In the first case, the dynamic characteristics are constant during the earthquake process. In
the second case, the dynamic characteristics of the structure are not constant and change
significantly during the earthquake.
Among stationary seismic isolation systems, seismic insulating foundations are the most
widespread, which, in turn, are divided into two groups depending on the manifestation or
absence of a restoring force during the mutual displacement of seismically insulated parts of
the structure: elastic and kinematic supports of the gravitational type - a design with an

emerging return force between the seismically insulated parts structures; a sliding belt is an
example of the use of seismic isolation that does not provide a restoring force.
2. STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS
We will consider the most interesting structural solutions for foundations using stationary
seismic isolation, given in the following patent materials:
 Copyright certificate SU No. 600252 Foundation of a seismic resistant building (Kranzfeld
Ya.L., et al., 1978). Increasing the elasticity of the elastic layer without changing the
dimensions of the foundation.
 Copyright certificate SU №1763580 A1. The foundation of a seismic resistant building,
structure (Kranzfeld J.L. et al., 1990). The foundation framework is made of several parts
(central and peripheral), the gap between them is filled with elastic material.
 Patent RU 2 119 012. The foundation for an earthquake-resistant building (Bezrukov Yu.I.,
Bezrukov O.Yu., 1994). The foundation consists of an upper and lower element, between
which there is an intermediate layer of bulk material.
 Patent RU 2 209 883. The foundation of the reservoir (Shadunz K.Sh., 2001). Base plate
mounted on a dirt pad. Supporting cords pass through a dirt pad.
 Patent RU 2 334 843. Seismic pile foundation (Stolyarov VG, 2005). A sliding layer is laid
between the sole of the grillage and the intermediate foundation of granular materials.
 Patent RU 55388. Spatial reinforced concrete foundation platform for low-rise buildings for
construction in special soil conditions and seismicity in precast and monolithic variants
(Abovskiy NP et al., 2006). The platform consists of an upper and lower slab installed on the
ground surface with a sliding layer, interconnected by beams.
 Patent RU 2 406 803. Method of seismic isolation of the foundations of structures (Pyshkin
B.A., Pyshkin AB, Pyshkin S.B., 2009). The formation of the distribution layer, the filling of
the foundation pad on the part of the depth of the pit, placing on the pad of the foundation
blocks and backfilling of the sinuses of the pit.
 Patent RU 136667. Earthquake-resistant pile foundation (Shulyatev OA, Bokov IA, 2013).
Between the piles, which have a wide head and reinforced concrete grillage, there is a sand
pad reinforced with two layers of geosynthetic mesh. A layer of crushed stone more than a
quarter of the distance between the axes of the piles is tamped into the soil surface.
 9. Patent RU 2 634 139. A frame universal full-assembly architectural and construction
system (Shpeter AK, Semenyuk P.N., Ovsyannikov S.N., 2016). Monolithic reinforced
concrete grillage is installed on an intermediate foundation pad of rubble with concrete
preparation, located on top of the pile foundation.
 Patent for invention RU 2 512 054 C1. Integrated system of seismic protection of a building or
structure (Abovskiy NP et al., 2012). A complex system of seismic protection of a building or
structure, including a seismic resistant building of a closed type on a spatial base platform
with a sliding layer at the base, having upper and lower plates.
In most of the patents, the authors proposed the design of the device foundations, which
includes a separating layer, most often elastic. Such a layer is used: moisture-proof material;
granular material; sand pad reinforced with two layers of geosynthetic mesh; bulk material;
crushed stone with concrete preparation.
The bulk layer is a damper in which part of the seismic energy is dissipated (dissipation
phenomenon). In the damper, due to the development of dry and viscous friction, damping of
the amplitude of oscillations occurs, which leads to a decrease in the strength of oscillations
by an amount from 0.5 to 2.5 points.

The effect of the use of an intermediate foundation pad is determined by its design
parameters (the thickness of the pad and the size of the material used) and is expressed in the
optimization of the operating range of “seismic damping”.
The upper level of damping properties of the scattering layer is set not lower than the
upper level of fluctuations of the predicted seismic hazard. Compliance with it is determined
based on the seismograms, according to the difference between the values of the upper and
lower oscillations in the "base – foundation pad - foundation" system, when a seismic wave
passes through a foundation pad of the discrete material. This allows limiting the seismic
exposure on the structure as much as possible, keeping it at the required level for a particular
type of seismic pad [13].
The optimal design variant of the foundation with a dispersing layer for the corresponding
seismic hazard in the area of foundation construction requires the selection of the working
range of “damping seismic vibrations” in accordance with their design parameters of the
foundation pad (its capacity, size of the fragmentary material).
Mathematical modeling of the base – seismic isolation – foundation system, including the
heterogeneity of the soil base and the intermediate foundation pad, the variety of foundation
types, their inertial and dynamic properties, is a rather difficult task [14].
3. VERTICAL GEOTECHNICAL BARRIERS (SCREENS)
The protection of a building against earthquakes can be realized without constructive
interference with its bearing skeleton by constructing a vertical protective geotechnical barrier
(screen) [15, 16].
Constructive solutions for vertical absorbing screens were reflected in the following patent
developments:
 USSR author's certificate SU No. 343000. A device for damping seismic waves (Vovk A.A.,
Cherny G.I., 1972) is a chain of wells filled with porous material and intended to protect
against bulk and surface waves. The wells are arranged in two rows in a staggered manner.
 USSR author's certificate SU No. 817150. Screen to protect the foundations of buildings and
structures from the effects of vibrations (Lapteva NN, Chernyshev Yu.G., 1979). The screen is
a trench made around the base of the foundation, filled with material that absorbs vibrations.
The disadvantage of this screen is the low effectiveness of protection due to the violation of
the integrity of the soil system - the foundation for the exhaustion of the damping properties of
the backfill.
 Copyright certificate SU№1744203 A1. Device to protect the object from seismic effects
(Balbachan I.P., 1989). The screen is placed in the ground around the protected object. The
acoustic rigidity of the screen is less than the rigidity of the soil. Forming the screen creates in
the vertical plane a triangular contour.
 Copyright certificate SU No. 1612060. A device for protecting an object from seismic
exposure (LK Malyshev, Ya.I. Natarius, 1990). It is a continuous or discontinuous hole gap in
the plan, filled with an acoustically more rigid material (concrete) than the ground.
 Copyright certificate SU No. 1629416. Screen to protect buildings and structures from seismic
effects (Shishkov Yu.A., et al., 1991). A screen including internal and external rows of wells
placed around a building, structures filled with material absorbing vibrations and arranged in
rows in a staggered pattern.

 Copyright certificate SU № 1776720 A2. Device to protect the object from seismic exposure
(Z. I. Berodze et al., 1992). The design includes an additional screen, completely adjacent to
the inner surface of the main screen. An additional screen is made of an elastoplastic material,
the density and modulus of deformation of which is less than the density and modulus of
deformation of the soil.
 Copyright certificate SU 1448090 A1. A screen to protect structures from the effects of
ground vibrations (Illichev, VA et al., 1992). The screen includes a rigid monolithic reinforced
concrete wall with protrusions placed in a trench between the source of oscillations and the
object to be protected. The height of the protrusions is equal to the half-length of the wave,
and their periodicity does not exceed the wavelength of the vibrations which have influence on
the screen.
 RF patent 2006553. Screen to protect buildings from seismic effects (Pronin E.S., Rusinov
A.V., 1994). The screen is located around the structure, in the form of a shell immersed in the
ground, made of connected reinforced concrete sections. The mass of the soil enclosed within
the shell corresponds to the mass of the structure, and the shape of shell is a star. The
disadvantage of this screen is the destruction of the structure of the soil adjacent to the inside
of the star, which reduces the efficiency, as well as the separation of the soil mass.
 Patent for invention RU 2 298 614 C1. The way to protect buildings and structures from
vibration (Aleshin, AS and others, 2006). The implementation of the main vertical screen
between the active zone of vibration and the building or structure is performed by drilling one
or several rows of wells, to a depth of at least half the surface wavelength. The device is an
additional screen under the base of the building or structure in the form of wells, drilled along
a uniform grid to a depth not exceeding the depth of the vertical screen. The wells of the
vertical and additional screens are pressed by the sealing solution.
A common feature in all constructive solutions is a device in soils of continuous or
intermittent rows of wells along the perimeter of the object, filled with a porous or solid
structure that absorbs vibrations. The disadvantage of the vertical screen is that the protective
circuit is placed around the building structure. The damping effect of seismic waves on the
soil foundation, located directly under the building itself, is minimal.
Common disadvantages of the proposed systems are: high consumption of materials,
manufacturing complexity and, as a result, the high cost of seismic isolation screens in the
form of wave barriers; the lack of a theory of calculation that would allow satisfactory
determination of the composition and parameters of the wave barrier and its influence on the
nature.
4. HORIZONTAL GEOTECHNICAL BARRIERS (WAVE SCREENS)
Wave barriers can be installed not only vertically, but also horizontally. Changing the
orientation of the air screen installation will not affect the ability of the air screen to reflect
and refract seismic waves. However, the horizontal production of screens is much easier and
cheaper.
The horizontal barrier is a surface layer with modified properties.
Modification of properties can be achieved by various methods. The most effective
method is the creation of a layer with specified properties [17, 18].
Constructive and technological methods of the device of such grounds are given in the
following patent materials:
 Copyright certificate SU 1506028 A1. The method of construction of the base in seismic areas
(Ilyichev VA and others, 1989). At the base, which is a layer of soil and the underlying layer
of subsiding soil, vertical elements are made by developing wells and filling them with
tamping with a gravel-pebble mixture. The height of the base is equal to 1/4 of the length of

the transverse seismic wave propagating in the ground, and the total cross-sectional area of the
piles is 8% or more from the total base area.
 Copyright certificate SU 1761876 A1. The seismic base of the building, structure (Ilyichev
VA, et al., 1992). The seismic base consists of a main bearing layer and an intermediate
gravel-pebble bed. The bearing layer is made of driven piles. The size of the base correlate
with the length of the transverse seismic wave and the total cross-sectional area ofthe piles is
5-7% from the total area of the base.
 The patent for invention RU 248776 C1. A way to strengthen the foundations in seismically
hazardous zones (Lubyagin AV, 2011). This method involves pressing injectors into the
ground and feeding hardening solution through them under pressure, first along the contour of
the reinforced area, and after hardening the solution - inside the resulting contour.
 Patent for invention RU 2 475 595. Barrier for protecting built-up areas from surface seismic
waves (Kuznetsov SV, Mkrtychev OV, Nafasov AE) Barrier for protecting built-up areas from
surface seismic waves surrounds the protected area , the upper edge of the barrier is on the
ground surface. The shape of the barrier is convex, the width of the barrier is not less than one
length of the surface wave, the depth of the barrier must be not less than 1/5 of the length of
the surface wave.
As a result of the presented comparative analysis of the design possibilities of the wave
barriers, it follows that only horizontal barriers are of practical interest: artificial grounds.
The most rational method of constructing such a base is the “structural geo-massif,”
performed with the use of the technology of jet grouting of the soil.
This assumption was verified by the authors in the geological conditions of the Krasnodar
Territory. During the construction of the high-rise building complex “Sailing regatta” a
horizontal geotechnical barrier was made using rigid soil-concrete reinforcing elements.
Micro seismic zoning before and after the geotechnical barrier device showed that the device
of the horizontal geotechnical barrier in the form of a “structural geo-massif” leads to an
increase in the seismic rigidity of the construction site, which reduces its categorization under
seismic conditions [19].
After analyzing the presented materials, we can conclude that seismic barriers have
advantages over more traditional seismic protection systems, in particular:
 Geotechnical barriers are located outside the protected buildings and structures, damage to the
barrier or its part will not entail damage to the protected object.
 Seism isolating devices are effective in a certain frequency range; geotechnical barriers are
invariant with respect to the frequency spectrum of an earthquake.
 Barriers can be used to protect buildings and structures built on foundations composed of
weak, water-saturated soils subject to vibro-liquefaction and vibro-creep.
 Model-based analysis of seismic exposure on underground parts of buildings when using soil-
concrete geotechnical barriers is performed by the static finite element method based on the
theory of the substructure method [20].
5. CONCLUSION
But for the practical application of geotechnical barriers the accumulation of experimental
data and the development of a complex calculation theory is needed. Thanks to that one could
calculate and select elements of the wave system (the structure and geometry of the

foundation, the foundation structure and the construction object itself), and determine the
effect they have on the bearing properties of the building system [21].
A promising direction of research, in our opinion, is the collection and analysis of
experimental material on changes in the seismic rigidity of soil foundations modified by
reinforcement with rigid vertical soil-concrete elements with a flexible distribution layer.
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2017. – 304 p.
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