This paper aims at studying the effect of earthquake loading on the constructional
design of a 20-storey reinforced concrete residential building from economical point
of view. This type of loading should be taken into considerations now in Iraq
especially after the earthquake of 7.3 magnitude that occurred in November 2017 near
the city of Halabja by about 31 kilometers. The same reinforced concrete multistory
building was designed twice; once with traditional gravity dead and live loading and
the second with adding earthquake loading in order to discuss the difference from
structural and economical points of view. A commercial package ETABS2018 was
used to analyze this 60-meter-high building. The building was analyzed according to
the American code ASCE7-10, while it was designed according to ACI 318-14. A huge
increase in the steel reinforcement amounts in columns, beams, slabs and shear walls
were recorded due to taking the seismic load into considerations. More specifically,
the reinforcing steel amounts increased by about 327%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for
columns, beams, slabs and shear walls, respectively. Therefore, cost was raised by
about 328%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for columns, beams, slabs and shear walls,
respectively. It is worth to mention here that the maximum increase in main
reinforcement of beams was observed on the storey 10. Whereas, in slabs, the
maximum increase that was recorded in main steel reinforcement was happened from
the storey 8 to the building top. In columns, the main reinforcement increase was seen
on the 9th, 10th and 11th storeys. Finally, in shear walls, the main reinforcement
increase was seen in the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
storey due to effect lateral shear forces
Study on Effect of Wind Load and Earthquake Load on Multi-storey RC Framed Bu...IJSRD
Now a day the increase in the construction of tall buildings, residential and commercial sector, and the new trend are towards taller and slender structures. Though the effect of wind and earthquake, forces becoming important for every structural designer to know. Every engineer is facing with the problem of providing stability, strength for loads like lateral loads. That’s the reason wind as well as earthquake loading have become the influential factors in tall buildings. Loads that are lateral loads play important role for drift. The drift must be taken into consideration for tall structure. The above mentioned are some of the key issues which affect the behavior of structure and economy of the building. This thesis focuses the effects of lateral loads on medium and tall buildings the storey forces, displacements, storey shear, story drift every part of are analyzed on every level of height on the building, Indian codal provision gives us the basic wind speed at 10m height for some important cities/towns. However it does not provide for all the cities in India. In the following work attempt is made to find the effect of lateral loads i.e. wind load and earth quake loads for various models having shear walls and without shear wall. For the study a symmetrical building plan is used with 16 storeys and 31 storeys are analyzed and designed by using structure analysis software tool ETABS-2013. The study also includes the determination of base shear, displacement, storey drift, storey forces and the results are compared with them. These parameters have also considers the effect of shear wall. In order to design a structure to resist wind and earthquake loads, the forces on the structure must be specified.
Effect of Impulsive Loads on G+3 RCC BuildingIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The study of response of structures subjected to impulse loads is of utmost importance in civil engineering. These are the forces with large magnitude that act for relatively very short interval of time. These forces are dynamic in nature that may impart out of plane deformations to the building and hence the stability of the building may be under scrutiny. Bomb blast is the best example for impulsive load. In this paper an attempt has been made to determine the response of a G+3 RCC building modeled in STAAD Pro subjected to triangular, rectangular and sinusoidal impulsive force for 0.5 seconds with maximum magnitude of 100kN. The effect of such loads on front, roof and side surface of the building was studied. It was observed that the critical deformations were obtained on the front and roof surface of the building. The variation of deformation along the height of the building were parabolic in nature with maximum deformations at the top surface of the building. It was also concluded that sufficient reinforcement should be provided in beam, columns and slabs to impart ductility to the building against impulse loads..
Analysis and design of high rise building frame using staad proeSAT Journals
Abstract The Aim of present study “Analysis and design of high rise building by staad pro 2008” is to define proper technique for creating Geometry, cross sections for column and beam etc, developing specification and supports conditions, types of Loads and load combinations. In this study a 30- storey high rise structure is analyzed for seismic and wind load combination using staad pro 2008 and comparison is drawn. Keywords: Analysis, Geometry, Structure, Wind load
Study on Effect of Wind Load and Earthquake Load on Multi-storey RC Framed Bu...IJSRD
Now a day the increase in the construction of tall buildings, residential and commercial sector, and the new trend are towards taller and slender structures. Though the effect of wind and earthquake, forces becoming important for every structural designer to know. Every engineer is facing with the problem of providing stability, strength for loads like lateral loads. That’s the reason wind as well as earthquake loading have become the influential factors in tall buildings. Loads that are lateral loads play important role for drift. The drift must be taken into consideration for tall structure. The above mentioned are some of the key issues which affect the behavior of structure and economy of the building. This thesis focuses the effects of lateral loads on medium and tall buildings the storey forces, displacements, storey shear, story drift every part of are analyzed on every level of height on the building, Indian codal provision gives us the basic wind speed at 10m height for some important cities/towns. However it does not provide for all the cities in India. In the following work attempt is made to find the effect of lateral loads i.e. wind load and earth quake loads for various models having shear walls and without shear wall. For the study a symmetrical building plan is used with 16 storeys and 31 storeys are analyzed and designed by using structure analysis software tool ETABS-2013. The study also includes the determination of base shear, displacement, storey drift, storey forces and the results are compared with them. These parameters have also considers the effect of shear wall. In order to design a structure to resist wind and earthquake loads, the forces on the structure must be specified.
Effect of Impulsive Loads on G+3 RCC BuildingIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The study of response of structures subjected to impulse loads is of utmost importance in civil engineering. These are the forces with large magnitude that act for relatively very short interval of time. These forces are dynamic in nature that may impart out of plane deformations to the building and hence the stability of the building may be under scrutiny. Bomb blast is the best example for impulsive load. In this paper an attempt has been made to determine the response of a G+3 RCC building modeled in STAAD Pro subjected to triangular, rectangular and sinusoidal impulsive force for 0.5 seconds with maximum magnitude of 100kN. The effect of such loads on front, roof and side surface of the building was studied. It was observed that the critical deformations were obtained on the front and roof surface of the building. The variation of deformation along the height of the building were parabolic in nature with maximum deformations at the top surface of the building. It was also concluded that sufficient reinforcement should be provided in beam, columns and slabs to impart ductility to the building against impulse loads..
Analysis and design of high rise building frame using staad proeSAT Journals
Abstract The Aim of present study “Analysis and design of high rise building by staad pro 2008” is to define proper technique for creating Geometry, cross sections for column and beam etc, developing specification and supports conditions, types of Loads and load combinations. In this study a 30- storey high rise structure is analyzed for seismic and wind load combination using staad pro 2008 and comparison is drawn. Keywords: Analysis, Geometry, Structure, Wind load
Performance Levels of RC Structures by Non-Linear Pushover AnalysisIJERA Editor
In the recent earthquakes in which many concrete structures have been severely damaged or collapsed, have indicated the need for evaluating the seismic adequacy of existing buildings. About 60% of the land area of our country is susceptible to damaging levels of seismic hazard. We can’t avoid future earthquakes, but preparedness and safe building construction practices can certainly reduce the extent of damage and loss. In order to strengthen and resist the buildings for future earthquakes, the behavior of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its overall shape, size and geometry. The nonlinear pushover analysis is becoming a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. The weak zones in the structure can be examined by conducting this push over analysis and then it will be decided whether the particular part is to be retrofitted or rehabilitated according to the requirement. This method determines the base shear capacity of the building and performance levels of each part of building under varying intensity of seismic force. The results of effects of different plan on seismic response of buildings have been presented in terms of displacement, base shear and plastic hinge pattern
Design & Analysis of High rise Building With & Without Floating Column Using ...IJSRD
At present buildings with floating column is a typical feature in the modern multistory construction in urban India. There are many projects in which floating columns are adopted, especially above the ground floor, where transfer girders are employed, so that more open space is available in the ground floor. As the load path in the floating columns is not continuous, they are more vulnerable to the seismic activity. Sometimes, to meet the requirements these type of aspects cannot be avoided though these are not found to be of safe. Hence, an attempt is taken to study the behavior of a G+15 multi storey building in which some storey’s are considered for commercial purpose and remaining storey’s are for residential purpose. This paper studies the comparison & seismic analysis of the multistory buildings with floating column and without floating column. Finally, analysis & results in the high rise building such as storey drifts, storey displacement, and Base shear were shown in this study. Design and Analysis was carried out by using Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems (ETABS) Software.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGH RISE STRUCTURES UNDER DIFFERENT TYPE OF REINFORCED C...AM Publications
Shear walls are a type of structural system that provides lateral resistance to a building or structure. They resist in-plane loads that are applied along its height. The applied load is generally transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or collector or drag member. In the present work thirty story building with C Shape, Box shape, E Shape, I shape and Plus shape RC Shear wall at the center in Concrete Frame Structure with fixed support conditions under different type of soil for earthquake zone V as per IS 1893 (part 1) : 2002 in India are analyzed using software ETABS by Dynamic analysis. All the analyses has been carried out as per the Indian Standard code books. This paper aims to Study the behaviour of high rise structure with dual system with Different Type of RC Shear Walls (C,Box,E,I and Plus shapes) under different type of soil condition with seismic loading. Estimation of structural response such as; storey displacements, storey stiffness, Lateral loads, Mode shape of shear wall, Time period and frequency is carried out. In dynamic analysis; Response Spectrum method is used.
WIND ANALYSIS OF A MULTI STOREY BUILDING WITH AND WITHOUT MASS IRREGURALITY B...Divya Swapna Nallajeru
Structural Analysis is a branch which involves in the determination of behaviour of structures in order to predict the responses of different structural components due to effect of loads. Each and every structure will be subjected to either one or the groups of loads, the various kinds of loads normally considered are dead load, live load, earth quake load and wind load.
ETABS (Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building System) is a software which is incorporated with all the major analysis engines that is static, dynamic, Linear and non-linear, etc and especially this Software is used to analyze and design the buildings. Our project “Wind Analysis of a Multi-storey building with and Without Mass Irregularity” is an attempt to analyze a multi storey building with Mass irregularity. A G+10 storey building is considered for this study. Irregularities are not avoidable in construction of buildings; Adequate precautions can be taken. A detailed study of structural behavior of the buildings with irregularities is essential for design and behavior. Civil engineering structures are mainly designed to resist static load. Generally the effect of dynamic loads acting on structure is not considered. This feature of neglecting the dynamic forces sometimes becomes the cause of disaster, Over the last two decades, Wind engineering has increasingly focused on the modest low rise and high rise structures, since much of the damage and financial loss associated with extreme wind events happens to these minimally engineered buildings like low rise buildings and also huge loss if encountered by the high rise buildings. As some of these model- and full - scale wind engineering data filters into the design codes and standards, one may expect to see reduced hurricane/cyclone damage. However, when one combines the more rapid increase in population along the world's tropical coasts with a generally unacceptably low standard of new building construction inspection, it seems quite likely that loss of life, as well as insured and uninsured property losses will continue to be the norm in the foreseeable future. The wind engineering community needs to be more responsible in forcefully transferring our technical knowledge to the designer and builder. In this present work the analysis for G+l0 Reinforced cement concrete building having mass irregularity in 9th floor and building without mass irregularity are analyzed. This thesis highlights the effects on floor which has different loads (mass irregularity) in multistorey building.
EFFECT OF SEISMIC LOAD ON RCC STRUCTUREAbhinav Verma
I am Abhinav Verma Student of B.Tech. [Civil Engineering] form ASHOKA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT , VARANASI Affiliated to Dr.A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY , LUCKNOW , UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA.
In this Project Work my role as Groupleader with our Project Member Kuwar Limay Siddhartha ,Avinash Singh Suraj Kumar Arya.and our Guide Er.Rahul Singh ,Associate Professor , Our Head of Department Er.Dharmendra Dubey with all the Faculties Department of Civil Engineering.
Select the Model for Case Study Collected data and analyzed model in STAAD Pro and study about its behavior against seismic load and also concern the preventive measures taken to overcome the effect of seismic loading on RCC Structure.
Effect of Stiffening System on Building Resistance to Earthquake ForcesIOSRJMCE
Multi-story steel buildings of various heights under the action of earthquake force are analyzed by using time-history analysis technique. The ground motion records of El Centro, California in 1940 are considered in this study. Different types of stiffening systems (bracing and shear walls) are used for the considered buildings. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the response of steel structures subjected to earthquake excitation and to investigate the effect of various stiffening systems in improving the response of these buildings. The finite element method of SAP 2000 V17program is used in the analysis. A static analysis is conducted to obtain an indication on the stiffness of the studied stiffening models in order to interpret the stiffness effect on the response of the structures under the seismic load. It is found that, the natural period of a structure is highly affected by the height of the structure and the used stiffeningsystem. It is inversely proportional with the stiffness and directly proportional with the height of the structure. It is concluded that the roof displacement andits maximum value at a specific momentdoes not give a clear indication for the behavior of building. Therefore the full time response of the building must be considered. Also it has been concluded that it is not necessarily when the stiffness of a building increases, the roof or any story displacement of the building decreases under earthquake load.
A performance-based Analysis is aimed at controlling the structural damage based on precise estimations of proper response parameters. Performance-based seismic design explicitly evaluates how a building is likely to perform; given the potential hazard it is likely to experience, considering uncertainties inherent in the quantification of potential hazard and uncertainties in assessment of the actual building response. It is an iterative process that begins with the selection of performance objectives, followed by the development of a preliminary design, an assessment as to whether or not the design meets the performance objectives, and finally redesign and reassessment, if required, until the desired performance level is achieved. In this present study three new R.C.C buildings unsymmetrical in plan (L-shape) (designed according to IS 456:2000) is taken for analysis: 4, 8 and 20 storey to cover the broader spectrum of low rise, medium rise & high rise building construction. Different modelling issues were incorporated through six model for each building were; bare frame (without infill), having infill as membrane, replacing infill as an equivalent strut in previous model. The pushover analysis has been carried out using ETABS, a product of Computers and Structures International. Buildings located in Zone-III have been analyzed Comparative study made for bare frame (without infill), having infill as membrane, replacing infill as an equivalent strut. The results of analysis are compared in terms of Base Shear, Storey Displacement and Drift Ratio.
Performance Levels of RC Structures by Non-Linear Pushover AnalysisIJERA Editor
In the recent earthquakes in which many concrete structures have been severely damaged or collapsed, have indicated the need for evaluating the seismic adequacy of existing buildings. About 60% of the land area of our country is susceptible to damaging levels of seismic hazard. We can’t avoid future earthquakes, but preparedness and safe building construction practices can certainly reduce the extent of damage and loss. In order to strengthen and resist the buildings for future earthquakes, the behavior of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its overall shape, size and geometry. The nonlinear pushover analysis is becoming a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. The weak zones in the structure can be examined by conducting this push over analysis and then it will be decided whether the particular part is to be retrofitted or rehabilitated according to the requirement. This method determines the base shear capacity of the building and performance levels of each part of building under varying intensity of seismic force. The results of effects of different plan on seismic response of buildings have been presented in terms of displacement, base shear and plastic hinge pattern
Design & Analysis of High rise Building With & Without Floating Column Using ...IJSRD
At present buildings with floating column is a typical feature in the modern multistory construction in urban India. There are many projects in which floating columns are adopted, especially above the ground floor, where transfer girders are employed, so that more open space is available in the ground floor. As the load path in the floating columns is not continuous, they are more vulnerable to the seismic activity. Sometimes, to meet the requirements these type of aspects cannot be avoided though these are not found to be of safe. Hence, an attempt is taken to study the behavior of a G+15 multi storey building in which some storey’s are considered for commercial purpose and remaining storey’s are for residential purpose. This paper studies the comparison & seismic analysis of the multistory buildings with floating column and without floating column. Finally, analysis & results in the high rise building such as storey drifts, storey displacement, and Base shear were shown in this study. Design and Analysis was carried out by using Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems (ETABS) Software.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGH RISE STRUCTURES UNDER DIFFERENT TYPE OF REINFORCED C...AM Publications
Shear walls are a type of structural system that provides lateral resistance to a building or structure. They resist in-plane loads that are applied along its height. The applied load is generally transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or collector or drag member. In the present work thirty story building with C Shape, Box shape, E Shape, I shape and Plus shape RC Shear wall at the center in Concrete Frame Structure with fixed support conditions under different type of soil for earthquake zone V as per IS 1893 (part 1) : 2002 in India are analyzed using software ETABS by Dynamic analysis. All the analyses has been carried out as per the Indian Standard code books. This paper aims to Study the behaviour of high rise structure with dual system with Different Type of RC Shear Walls (C,Box,E,I and Plus shapes) under different type of soil condition with seismic loading. Estimation of structural response such as; storey displacements, storey stiffness, Lateral loads, Mode shape of shear wall, Time period and frequency is carried out. In dynamic analysis; Response Spectrum method is used.
WIND ANALYSIS OF A MULTI STOREY BUILDING WITH AND WITHOUT MASS IRREGURALITY B...Divya Swapna Nallajeru
Structural Analysis is a branch which involves in the determination of behaviour of structures in order to predict the responses of different structural components due to effect of loads. Each and every structure will be subjected to either one or the groups of loads, the various kinds of loads normally considered are dead load, live load, earth quake load and wind load.
ETABS (Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building System) is a software which is incorporated with all the major analysis engines that is static, dynamic, Linear and non-linear, etc and especially this Software is used to analyze and design the buildings. Our project “Wind Analysis of a Multi-storey building with and Without Mass Irregularity” is an attempt to analyze a multi storey building with Mass irregularity. A G+10 storey building is considered for this study. Irregularities are not avoidable in construction of buildings; Adequate precautions can be taken. A detailed study of structural behavior of the buildings with irregularities is essential for design and behavior. Civil engineering structures are mainly designed to resist static load. Generally the effect of dynamic loads acting on structure is not considered. This feature of neglecting the dynamic forces sometimes becomes the cause of disaster, Over the last two decades, Wind engineering has increasingly focused on the modest low rise and high rise structures, since much of the damage and financial loss associated with extreme wind events happens to these minimally engineered buildings like low rise buildings and also huge loss if encountered by the high rise buildings. As some of these model- and full - scale wind engineering data filters into the design codes and standards, one may expect to see reduced hurricane/cyclone damage. However, when one combines the more rapid increase in population along the world's tropical coasts with a generally unacceptably low standard of new building construction inspection, it seems quite likely that loss of life, as well as insured and uninsured property losses will continue to be the norm in the foreseeable future. The wind engineering community needs to be more responsible in forcefully transferring our technical knowledge to the designer and builder. In this present work the analysis for G+l0 Reinforced cement concrete building having mass irregularity in 9th floor and building without mass irregularity are analyzed. This thesis highlights the effects on floor which has different loads (mass irregularity) in multistorey building.
EFFECT OF SEISMIC LOAD ON RCC STRUCTUREAbhinav Verma
I am Abhinav Verma Student of B.Tech. [Civil Engineering] form ASHOKA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT , VARANASI Affiliated to Dr.A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY , LUCKNOW , UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA.
In this Project Work my role as Groupleader with our Project Member Kuwar Limay Siddhartha ,Avinash Singh Suraj Kumar Arya.and our Guide Er.Rahul Singh ,Associate Professor , Our Head of Department Er.Dharmendra Dubey with all the Faculties Department of Civil Engineering.
Select the Model for Case Study Collected data and analyzed model in STAAD Pro and study about its behavior against seismic load and also concern the preventive measures taken to overcome the effect of seismic loading on RCC Structure.
Effect of Stiffening System on Building Resistance to Earthquake ForcesIOSRJMCE
Multi-story steel buildings of various heights under the action of earthquake force are analyzed by using time-history analysis technique. The ground motion records of El Centro, California in 1940 are considered in this study. Different types of stiffening systems (bracing and shear walls) are used for the considered buildings. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the response of steel structures subjected to earthquake excitation and to investigate the effect of various stiffening systems in improving the response of these buildings. The finite element method of SAP 2000 V17program is used in the analysis. A static analysis is conducted to obtain an indication on the stiffness of the studied stiffening models in order to interpret the stiffness effect on the response of the structures under the seismic load. It is found that, the natural period of a structure is highly affected by the height of the structure and the used stiffeningsystem. It is inversely proportional with the stiffness and directly proportional with the height of the structure. It is concluded that the roof displacement andits maximum value at a specific momentdoes not give a clear indication for the behavior of building. Therefore the full time response of the building must be considered. Also it has been concluded that it is not necessarily when the stiffness of a building increases, the roof or any story displacement of the building decreases under earthquake load.
A performance-based Analysis is aimed at controlling the structural damage based on precise estimations of proper response parameters. Performance-based seismic design explicitly evaluates how a building is likely to perform; given the potential hazard it is likely to experience, considering uncertainties inherent in the quantification of potential hazard and uncertainties in assessment of the actual building response. It is an iterative process that begins with the selection of performance objectives, followed by the development of a preliminary design, an assessment as to whether or not the design meets the performance objectives, and finally redesign and reassessment, if required, until the desired performance level is achieved. In this present study three new R.C.C buildings unsymmetrical in plan (L-shape) (designed according to IS 456:2000) is taken for analysis: 4, 8 and 20 storey to cover the broader spectrum of low rise, medium rise & high rise building construction. Different modelling issues were incorporated through six model for each building were; bare frame (without infill), having infill as membrane, replacing infill as an equivalent strut in previous model. The pushover analysis has been carried out using ETABS, a product of Computers and Structures International. Buildings located in Zone-III have been analyzed Comparative study made for bare frame (without infill), having infill as membrane, replacing infill as an equivalent strut. The results of analysis are compared in terms of Base Shear, Storey Displacement and Drift Ratio.
The optimum location of shear wall in high rise r.c bulidings under lateral l...eSAT Journals
Abstract Shear walls are the structural elements of the horizontal force resisting system .shear walls have high influence stiffness and strength and provided to resist gravity loads as well as lateral loads caused by seismic and wind. So many literatures are available to analyze and design of shear wall. However the optimum location and its effects in high rise r.c.buildings is not much discussed in any literatures. In this paper the main aim is to find the effective, efficient, and optimum location of shear walls in high rise irregular R.C building. In this present study the optimum location of shear wall has been investigated with the help of three different models. Model 1 is bare frame structural system and other two models are dual type structural system with central core wall and corner shear wall. An earthquake load is calculated as per IS 1893(PART-1)-2002 and applied to (G+20) storey R.C building in zone-2 and zone-5. The analysis is performed using ETABS 9.7.4 Software package. Keywords: Shear wall, Irregular building, ETABS, analysis of structure, High rise building
Seismic Retrofitting of a RC Building by Adding Steel Plate Shear WallsIOSR Journals
This paper deals with the step-by-step retrofitting of buildings by using steel plate shear walls
(SPSWs) with the aid of SAP2000 programme. One type of reinforced concrete building is selected for
evaluation. This building represents the most used forms of residential buildings in the Sudan, in terms of
geometric form, and dimensions. This paper uses the equivalent static method provided in the regulations
proposed by the Egyptian Society for Earthquake Engineering. One typical model was selected from the existing
residual buildings in Khartoum city, as a case study. The proposed methodology that has been used to evaluate
the seismic resistance of chosen building is done through the design of the structural elements of the buildings
before and after adding the seismic forces. The retrofitting of building was done by using steel plate shear walls
with thicknesses of 5mm, 7mm and 10mm. From the results obtained, it was found that the use of two additional
SPSWs with 7 mm thickness placed at the internal frame of the existing system, resulted in a reduction of
bending moments in the columns and beams. The increase of thickness has a clear effect on the bending moment
of the columns, but has little effects on the bending moments of the beams.
Comparative Study of Seismic Analysis of Building with Light Weight and Conve...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In recent decades, the lightweight materials are used
in construction instead of conventional material. Lightweight
construction is considered to be favourable due to the saving
in construction cost and materials. AAC block is a lightweight
structural material with excellent acoustic and thermal
insulation properties. Due to the use of lightweight material in
construction in seismic zone reduce the percentage of
damages. In this paper the attempt has been made to carry out
the project comparative study of seismic analysis of building
with lightweight and conventional material. Structural model
of multi storey building (G+3) and analysis is carried out in
STAAD-Pro by RSM (Response Spectrum Method). Building
using infill AAC (Autoclaved aerated concrete) block and
conventional clay brick masonry are designed for the same
seismic hazard in accordance with the applicable provisions
given in Indian codes. The analytical results of the buildings
will be compared. The project is also aimed at getting
familiarity with STAAD-Pro.2008.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Ali Kifah Kadhum and Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 589 editor@iaeme.com
Cite this Article: Ali Kifah Kadhum and Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq Effect of
Seismic Load on Reinforced Concrete Multistory Building from Economical Point of
View, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(11),
2018, pp. 588–598.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=11
1. INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes are a real threat to people's lives and property. The recent earthquake in Halabja
city is the best proof that it is time to take seismic load seriously. Therefore, it is a must now
to predict the strength of the quake and prepare for it to avoid or minimize damage. It should
be noted here that strengthening the building against seismic load increases its cost, so this
work was done.
The earthquake leads to random ground movements, which occur in all possible directions
originating from the epicenter. Vertical motion is rare, but horizontal movement is more
common. The earthquake leads the building to vibrate and develop inertial forces in the
building itself. Because the motion of the earth is vibratory, it generates contradictory effects,
as tensile stresses can become compressive and compressive stresses can become tensile ones.
Consequently, the earthquake can lead to the compressive failure of concrete or yield of
reinforcing steel in addition to the destruction of the building's decorations. In addition, the
vibration movement leads to storey drift that hurt the inhabitants and their propertys [1].
Usually in Iraq, people do not tend to build high structures due to the foundations problems,
but the high structures in Iraq immune to earthquakes in three ways [2]: 1.Bare frame, 2.Shear
wall frame and 3.Brace frame.
Earthquake analysis is a dynamic analysis since earthquake force is dynamic in nature
whose acceleration fairly changes with time compared to the structure’s natural frequency.
Dynamic analysis gives real time results for earthquake loading in terms of dynamic
displacements, time history results and the modal analysis. The analysis is done manually for
simple structures or by using Finite element analysis for complex structures to find out the
mode shapes and frequencies [3]. In the present study, the effect of earthquake loading on
reinforced concrete beams, slabs, columns and shear walls is calculated and discussed from
constructional and economical points of view. The main parameters that were taken into
considerations in the present study in the seismic performance of model are story drift, base
shear, story deflection and time period.
2. OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the current research is to analyze and design a reinforced concrete 20
multi-storey building twice, once without taking the seismic loads into consideration, and
second, with taking seismic loads into considerations. The goal is finding and discussing the
difference between the two cases from the constructional and economical points of view.
ETABS software was used to carry out this question. The structure was subjected to traditional
gravity self-weight, finishing additional dead load, live load and seismic loads. The applied
loads on the building were calculated using ACI 318-14 Code. Seismic loads are calculated
using ASCE 7-10 and dynamic analysis of the building was conducted using response
spectrum method.
3. CASE STUDY BUILDING
The present work is carried out on the high-rise building shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3. For
analysis and design, ETABS2018 software was used depending on ACI 318-14 and ASCE 7-
10. The plan of multi-story building is 41m in length and 24m in width. The building has a
3. Effect of Seismic Load on Reinforced Concrete Multistory Building from Economical Point of
View Copper Ions from Simulated Aqueous Solution
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 590 editor@iaeme.com
reinforced concrete lift section that contains four shear walls. There are eight flats in the first
eight floors, and then, there are four flats in each story up to the top. Table 1 shows the three
dimensional model of the building, while Table 2 shows the applied load in detail.
Figure 1 3D model of the building
Figure 2 2D plan model case study Figure 3 Side view case study
4. Ali Kifah Kadhum and Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 591 editor@iaeme.com
Table 1 Specification of models for 60 m height of the building
Table 2 The applied loads in detail for the two loading cases
Load Case 1st
Loading case 2nd
Loading case
Self-weight Density of the reinforced concrete is 24 kN/m3
Additional dead load Flooring load is 200 kg/m2
Live load Live load on the floors is 250 kg/m2
Earthquake load - according to ASCE 7-10 Code
4. ANALYSIS
The analysis of reinforced concrete structure has been done considering the entire structure as
a three-dimension model framed structure using ETABS [4]. Beam and columns are
considered as beam elements, while the slabs and shear walls are considered as thin plate
elements. There are 2508 joints, 1432 beams and 222 thin plate elements for slabs and shear
walls in the ETABS modeling. The main objective of modeling the whole structure as 3D
model is to take into account the behavior of each and every component in space structure
environment. The slab is modeled as a thin plate element to carry its own weight, additional
dead load and the live load as gravity distributed pressures. Lift well and staircase walls are
modeled as thin plate shear wall to resist the lateral loads like earthquake load. When seismic
loads were applied, the natural frequencies and time periods in first 10 modes are found to be
1.565, 1.46, 0.929, 0.798, 0.68, 0.401, 0.347, 0.345, 0.319, 0.24 period sec as show in Figure
4.
5. DESIGN
4-a: mode 1
period 1.565
4-b: mode 2
period 1.46
4-c: mode 3
period 0.929
4-d: mode 6
period 0.401
Figure 4 Time periods
5. Effect of Seismic Load on Reinforced Concrete Multistory Building from Economical Point of
View Copper Ions from Simulated Aqueous Solution
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 592 editor@iaeme.com
5.1. Design Considerations
The detailed design stage defines a complete solution for all subsystems, which are reinforced
concrete beams, slabs, columns and shear walls according to ACI 318-14. Calculating total
amounts and costs of constructional materials such as reinforcing steel bars are a
complementary step that was conducted in this study.
5.2. Seismic Analysis Procedure
The basic concepts of design theory for earthquake resistant are [6]:
i. The buildings should resist small earthquakes without causing significant damage.
ii. The buildings should resist medium earthquakes with small non-structural damage.
iii. The buildings must resist strong earthquakes with some non-structural and structural
damage.
iv. To avert damage during a strong earthquake, members must be ductile enough to dissipate
and absorb energy by post-elastic deformation.
v. In the case of the key elements failure, the structural system redundancy allows internal
forces redistribution.
vi. If the primary system or element fails or yields, the lateral force can be redistributed to a
secondary system to stop developing collapse.
5.3. Response Spectrum Method
Engineers prefer the response spectrum to deal with earthquakes for several reasons [7]:
i. Provides a real representation of earthquake in the form of a static equivalent load.
ii. Permits an obvious understanding of different vibration modes contributions to the whole
seismic response of the structure.
iii. Provides an easy way to find forces in the members that are exposed to an earthquake.
iv. Provides a beneficial approximate estimation of the safety and reliability of structures
subjected to earthquake.
5.4. Design Load Combinations
The design loading combinations are number of combinations of the pre-scribed response
cases for which the building is to be checked/designed, Table 3. The ETABS software
generates some default design load combinations for the design of reinforced concrete
structures [8].
Table 3 Load combinations
1 4.1DL 7 0.8DL+ EQ+X
2 1.2DL+1.6LL 8 0.8DL+ EQ+X
3 1.3DL+LL+ EQ+X 9 0.8DL+ EQ+Y
4 1.3DL+LL- EQ+X 10 0.8DL+ EQ-Y
5 1.3DL+LL+ EQ+Y 11 1.3DL+LL+ EQRS
6 1.3DL+LL+ EQ+Y 12 0.8DL+EQRS
6. Ali Kifah Kadhum and Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq
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6. SEISMIC LOAD
ASCE 7-10 Auto Seismic Load Calculation Code was used to determine the lateral loads
caused by earthquake. These loads were calculated automatically through generating lateral
seismic loads for load pattern according to ASCE 7-10, as calculated by ETABS, assuming
that the Eccentricity Ratio is 5% for all diaphragms [9].
6.1. Structural Period
The structural period is detailed as follows [9]:
Period Calculation Method Program Calculation
Coefficient, Ct [ASCE, Table 12.8-2]
Coefficient, x [ASCE, Table 12.8-2]
Structure Height Above Base, hn
Long-Period Transition Period, TL [ASCE 11.4.5]
6.2. Factors and Coefficients
The response factor and coefficients are detailed as follows [9]:
Response Modification Factor, R [ASCE Table 12.2-1]
System Overstrength Factor, Ω0 [ASCE Table 12.2-1]
Deflection Amplification Factor, Cd [ASCE Table 12.2-1]
Importance Factor, I [ASCE Table 11.5-1]
Ss and S1 Source User Specified
Mapped MCE Spectral Response Acceleration, Ss [ASCE 11.4.1]
Mapped MCE Spectral Response Acceleration, S1 [ASCE 11.4.1]
Site Class [ASCE Table 20.3-1] D - Stiff Soil
Site Coefficient, Fa [ASCE Table 11.4-1]
Site Coefficient, Fv [ASCE Table 11.4-2]
6.3. Seismic Response
The seismic response is detailed as follows [9]:
MCE Spectral Response Acceleration, SMS [ASCE 11.4.3, Eq. 11.4-1]
MCE Spectral Response Acceleration, SM1 [ASCE 11.4.3, Eq. 11.4-2]
Design Spectral Response Acceleration, SDS [ASCE 11.4.4, Eq. 11.4-3]
Design Spectral Response Acceleration, SD1 [ASCE 11.4.4, Eq. 11.4-4]
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
7.1. Reinforced Concrete Columns
Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 in addition to Table 4 show the amount of increase in reinforcing steel
bars for the columns of the storeys 9, 10 and 12. The storeys 9, 10 and 11 are the most
earthquake-affected storeys by the seismic impact. They are at heights of 27-33 meters.
7. Effect of Seismic Load on Reinforced Concrete Multistory Building from Economical Point of
View Copper Ions from Simulated Aqueous Solution
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
C10 C43 C42 C46 C49 C54 C47 C18 C21
AreaofSteel(mm2)
Column No.
Area of Steel in the Columns of the 10th Storey
Without EQ EQ
Figure 5 The columns of the 9th
storey Figure 6 The columns of the 10th
storey
Figure 7 The columns of the 11th
storey
Table 4 Column reinforcement details
Storey Area of longitudinal steel, mm2
Area of shear reinforcement, mm2
C 50 Without Earthquake With Earthquake Without Earthquake With Earthquake
Storey 11 1250 6565 235 474
Storey 10 1250 6266 235 416
storey9 1250 4984 235 263
Figure 8 Column reinforcement details
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
C46 C2 C8 C50 C12
AreaofSteel(mm2)
Column No.
Area of Steel in the Columns of the 9th Storey
WITHOUT EQ EQ
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
C50 C12 C46
AreaofSteel(mm2)
Column No.
Area of Steel in the Columns of the 11th Storey
WITHOUT EQ EQ
8. Ali Kifah Kadhum and Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq
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7.2. Reinforcement of the 10th
Storey Beams
Figures 8, 9 and 10 in addition to Table 5 show the top and bottom reinforcement increase
in the beams of the storey 10, the most affected storey. These beams are at 30 meters high.
Figure 9 Top reinforcement area of the beams of storey 10
Figure 11 Reinforcement beam details
Figure 10 Bottom reinforcement area of the beams of storey 10
509 509 467 509 466 509 465 509
227
509
61
134
619 619
135
509
217
60
509
134
509
11791216
1088
898
1224
1422
1223
1457
743
1454
769
257
945
890
214
1179
509
721
1178
251
1214
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
AreaofSteel(mm2)
Beam No. of Sorey 10
Bottom reinforcement area of beam in the storey 10 without EQ
EQ
799 772
576
778
581
778
584
799
376
805
168 195
595 595
197
799
376
187
805
196
771
1497
1618
1216
1885
1366
1873
1363
1735
1169
1727
1089
407
936 899
320
1497
826
1039
1492
407
1609
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
B5 B7 B15 B31 B73 B88 B94 B17 B104 B86 B72 B92 B108 B56 B12 B5 B24 B27 B34 B41 B35
AreaofSteel(mm2)
Beam No. of storey 10
Top reinforcement area of the beams in storey 10
WITHOUT EQ
EQ
9. Effect of Seismic Load on Reinforced Concrete Multistory Building from Economical Point of
View Copper Ions from Simulated Aqueous Solution
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7.3. Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Table 6 shows the increase in reinforcing steel bars for the slabs of the 11-20 storeys, the most
affected storeys by the earthquake.
Table 6 The increase in the reinforcing steel in the slabs of the storeys 11-20
Without Earthquake With Earthquake
5@12 per 1 m (top & bottom) X, Y 7@12 per 1m (top & bottom) X, Y
7.4. Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
Figure 12 shows the increase in reinforcing steel bars in shear walls on the storeys 1, 2 and 3,
the most affected storeys by earthquakes.
B- Without EarthquakeA- With Earthquake
Figure 12 Shear wall reinforcement area of the storeys 1, 2 & 3
7.5. Displacement
Figure 13 shows the maximum displacement values generated by the earthquake load that is
described by the response spectrum method. Based on the above, Table 7 summarizes the
differences that took place in reinforcing steel bars between the case of no earthquake and the
case of earthquake. It was found that, due to including earthquake loading, the addition in
reinforcement was by about 327%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for columns, beams, slabs and
shear walls, respectively. Therefore, cost was raised by about 328%, 165%, 40% and 91.3%
for columns, beams, slabs and shear walls, respectively. In other words, the total cost
increased by about 624.3% due to taking earthquake into considerations.
Table 5 Beam reinforcement details
Beam No. Area of longitudinal Steel, mm2
Area of shear reinforcement, mm2
Story 11
Without
Earthquake
With Earthquake
Without
Earthquake
With Earthquake
B 30 562 1106 171 1218
B 44 903 1252 324 1520
B 94 908 1401 353 1639
10. Ali Kifah Kadhum and Khattab Saleem Abdul-Razzaq
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Figure 13 Maximum Story Displacement
Table 7 Difference Summery
Member
type
No Earthquake With Earthquake Comparisons
Number
of elements
Reinforcing
Steel
Amount
(ton)
Cost
(unit)
Numbers
of elements
Reinforcing
Steel
Amount
(ton)
Cost*
(unit)
%
Increase
in
steel reinf.
%
Increase
in
total cost
Columns 992 33 24.7 992 141 105.7 327 328
Beams 1432 54 40.5 1432 143 107.3 165 165
Slabs 20 183 124.4 20 256 174 40 40
Shear wall 520 23 15.6 520 44 29.9 91.3 91.3
Total increase in cost 624.3
*Cost =235,750 U.S. Dollars
8. CONCLUSIONS
The earthquake applied affective lateral forces on the building side. This effect was obvious in
the columns, beams and shear walls, especially in the joints among them. These joints have
been strengthened by additional reinforcement to withstand the lateral forces of the
earthquake. The slabs were surrounded monolithically by the beams, so the impact of the
earthquake was obvious, but less than that took place in columns, beams and shear walls. The
addition in reinforcement was by about 327%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for columns, beams,
slabs and shear walls, respectively. Therefore, cost was raised by about 327%, 165%, 40%
and 91.3% for columns, beams, slabs and shear walls, respectively. More specifically, the
total cost of the building increased by 624.3% due to taking the earthquake into
considerations.
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11. Effect of Seismic Load on Reinforced Concrete Multistory Building from Economical Point of
View Copper Ions from Simulated Aqueous Solution
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 598 editor@iaeme.com
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